BeowN, J.
Tbe ruling of tbe Superior Court must be sustained. Tbe interpretation placed upon tbe will is manifestly correct, and tbe only assignment'of error we need discuss relates to the $2,100 dividend of tbe Bank of Farmville.
This question has been much discussed by text-writers and courts, and tbe weight of authority seems to be in favor of tbe proposition, as stated by tbe Supreme Court of tbe United States in
Gibbons v. Mahon,
137 U. S., 559: “Ordinarily, a dividend declared in stock is to be deemed
capital,
and a dividend in
money
is to be deemed income of each share.”
A stock dividend differs materially from a cash dividend. Tbe former takes nothing from tbe property of tbe corporation and adds nothing to tbe interests of tbe shareholders. Its property is not diminished' and their interests are not increased. Whereas a cash dividend declared on tbe then existing capital stock subtracts so much from tbe treasury of tbe corporation and transfers it to1 tbe pockets of tbe stockholders.
This is tbe view expressed by us in
Trust Co. v. Mason,
152 N. C., 660. Accumulated earnings of a corporation remain its property until
distributed, and until then remain liable for its debts and are under its control. They do not become the property of stockholders until distributed by the corporation. When so distributed, they become the property of stockholders, and not until then.
If distributed exclusively in the form of new or additional stock, they remain as capital, but if distributed in the form of cash or its equivalent, they are regarded as income, and belong to the life tenant. This is the consensus of judicial opinion in England, as well as in the United States.
In Paris
v. Paris,
10 Ves., 185, an extra dividend was declared by a bank from the profits of the previous years.
Lord Eldon
held that it was income, and went to the life tenant, and said it made no difference whether the dividend was in money or in stock; that the distinction in the language of his lordship was “too thin.” He cites and relies upon the case of
Brander v. Brander,
4 Ves., 800.
In
Clayton v. Gresham,
10 Ves., 288, the same rule was adopted in respect to an extraordinary dividend of profit made by a bank among its stockholders.
Lord Erskin
adopted the same rule in
Witts v. Steere,
13 Ves., 362, although expressing some doubt as to its correctness.
In
Barclay v. Wainwright,
14 Ves., 66,
Lord Eldon,
after reviewing the cases, decreed to the life tenant an extra dividend declared by the bank. The same ruling was followed in
Norris v. Harrison,
2 Madd., 279. In
Hooper v. Rosseter,
McClel., 527,
Lord Chief Baron Alexander
said that it seemed clear from all the eases, from the first to the last;, that wherever a division was made clearly and distinctly as a dividend only, the life tenant was to have it.
In
Price v. Anderson,
15 Sim., 473, an increased dividend made by an insurance company was held to be income. The
Vice Chancellor
said that as the company had declared the dividend, as a dividend, he held that it belonged to the tenant for life.
In the case of
Hopkins’ Trusts,
18 Equity Cases, L. K., 1874, a holder of shares in an insurance company bequeathed his personal estate to trustees in trust for his wife for life, the dividends and income thereof to go to her, with the remainder over. An extraordinary dividend was declared on the shares from accumulations of five years previous to his death; held that these dividends were income and belonged to the tenant for life.
In that case it was said that the testator, who was well acquainted with the value of the shares and. the condition of the company, as he had held the shares for many years, when he gave to his wife the dividends and income must have intended her to have all the dividends from the same, whatever they might be.
In
Brown v. Collins,
L. R., 12 Equity, 586, it is held that dividends in a public company, earned before but declared after the testator’s
death, are income and not capital. To the same effect is
Bates v. McKinley,
31 Beaver, 280;
Jones v. Ogle,
L. R., 8 Chancery, 192;
MacLaren v. Stainton,
27 Beaver, 460;
Preston v. Melville,
16 Sim., 163.
In this ease a large bonus on bank stock was held to belong to the life tenant. It is admitted that the company might have capitalized its profits by issuing additional shares, but having declared it as a dividend, it remained income. See, also,
Straker v. Wilson, L.
R. 6, Ch. 503;
Ibbotson v. Elam,
L. R., 1st Equity, 188.
Coming to the United States, we find that the courts of this country have very generally held with the English rule. Where the dividend is declared as a dividend, and in cash or its equivalent, it is to be regarded as income, and is not capital.
In
Minot v. Payne,
99 Mass., 108, it is said: “A simple rule is to regard
cash
dividends, however large, as income, and
stoclc
dividends, however made, as capital.” This rule is more in conformity with the decisions of the courts so far as the subject has been discussed. In this case many of the English cases have been cited and reviewed.
A leading cae on the subject is
Richardson v. Richardson,
46 American Reports, 430. In this case the Supreme Court of Maine says: “The decided preponderance of authority probably concedes the point that dividends of stock go to the capital, under all ordinary circumstances. But we are well convinced that the general rule deducible from the latest and wisest decisions declares all money dividends to be profits and income, belonging to the life tenant, including not only the usual annual dividend, but all extra dividends or bonuses payable in cash from the earnings of the company. We are satisfied that this can be the only safe, sound, just and practicable rule, and that any attempt to engraft refined and nice distinctions upon such rule will be productive of much more evil than any good that can come from it.”
In that case it is adjudged that the life tenant be entitled to the dividend, “irrespective of its source, amount, or the length'of time in which it was earned.” To the same effect is
Millen v. Guerrand,
67 Ga., 284;
Rand v. Hubbel,
115 Mass., 461.
In
DeKoven v. DeKoven,
205 Ill., 309, it is held that money earned by a corporation during a stockholder’s lifetime, but not distributed as dividends until after his death, is income, and goes to the life tenant under his will, and not to a remainderman, although the dividend amounts to 20 per cent of the face value of the stock.
In
Gilkie v. Payne,
80 Me., 319, the case of
Richardson v. Richardson, supra,
is cited and approved and followed.
In the case of
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BeowN, J.
Tbe ruling of tbe Superior Court must be sustained. Tbe interpretation placed upon tbe will is manifestly correct, and tbe only assignment'of error we need discuss relates to the $2,100 dividend of tbe Bank of Farmville.
This question has been much discussed by text-writers and courts, and tbe weight of authority seems to be in favor of tbe proposition, as stated by tbe Supreme Court of tbe United States in
Gibbons v. Mahon,
137 U. S., 559: “Ordinarily, a dividend declared in stock is to be deemed
capital,
and a dividend in
money
is to be deemed income of each share.”
A stock dividend differs materially from a cash dividend. Tbe former takes nothing from tbe property of tbe corporation and adds nothing to tbe interests of tbe shareholders. Its property is not diminished' and their interests are not increased. Whereas a cash dividend declared on tbe then existing capital stock subtracts so much from tbe treasury of tbe corporation and transfers it to1 tbe pockets of tbe stockholders.
This is tbe view expressed by us in
Trust Co. v. Mason,
152 N. C., 660. Accumulated earnings of a corporation remain its property until
distributed, and until then remain liable for its debts and are under its control. They do not become the property of stockholders until distributed by the corporation. When so distributed, they become the property of stockholders, and not until then.
If distributed exclusively in the form of new or additional stock, they remain as capital, but if distributed in the form of cash or its equivalent, they are regarded as income, and belong to the life tenant. This is the consensus of judicial opinion in England, as well as in the United States.
In Paris
v. Paris,
10 Ves., 185, an extra dividend was declared by a bank from the profits of the previous years.
Lord Eldon
held that it was income, and went to the life tenant, and said it made no difference whether the dividend was in money or in stock; that the distinction in the language of his lordship was “too thin.” He cites and relies upon the case of
Brander v. Brander,
4 Ves., 800.
In
Clayton v. Gresham,
10 Ves., 288, the same rule was adopted in respect to an extraordinary dividend of profit made by a bank among its stockholders.
Lord Erskin
adopted the same rule in
Witts v. Steere,
13 Ves., 362, although expressing some doubt as to its correctness.
In
Barclay v. Wainwright,
14 Ves., 66,
Lord Eldon,
after reviewing the cases, decreed to the life tenant an extra dividend declared by the bank. The same ruling was followed in
Norris v. Harrison,
2 Madd., 279. In
Hooper v. Rosseter,
McClel., 527,
Lord Chief Baron Alexander
said that it seemed clear from all the eases, from the first to the last;, that wherever a division was made clearly and distinctly as a dividend only, the life tenant was to have it.
In
Price v. Anderson,
15 Sim., 473, an increased dividend made by an insurance company was held to be income. The
Vice Chancellor
said that as the company had declared the dividend, as a dividend, he held that it belonged to the tenant for life.
In the case of
Hopkins’ Trusts,
18 Equity Cases, L. K., 1874, a holder of shares in an insurance company bequeathed his personal estate to trustees in trust for his wife for life, the dividends and income thereof to go to her, with the remainder over. An extraordinary dividend was declared on the shares from accumulations of five years previous to his death; held that these dividends were income and belonged to the tenant for life.
In that case it was said that the testator, who was well acquainted with the value of the shares and. the condition of the company, as he had held the shares for many years, when he gave to his wife the dividends and income must have intended her to have all the dividends from the same, whatever they might be.
In
Brown v. Collins,
L. R., 12 Equity, 586, it is held that dividends in a public company, earned before but declared after the testator’s
death, are income and not capital. To the same effect is
Bates v. McKinley,
31 Beaver, 280;
Jones v. Ogle,
L. R., 8 Chancery, 192;
MacLaren v. Stainton,
27 Beaver, 460;
Preston v. Melville,
16 Sim., 163.
In this ease a large bonus on bank stock was held to belong to the life tenant. It is admitted that the company might have capitalized its profits by issuing additional shares, but having declared it as a dividend, it remained income. See, also,
Straker v. Wilson, L.
R. 6, Ch. 503;
Ibbotson v. Elam,
L. R., 1st Equity, 188.
Coming to the United States, we find that the courts of this country have very generally held with the English rule. Where the dividend is declared as a dividend, and in cash or its equivalent, it is to be regarded as income, and is not capital.
In
Minot v. Payne,
99 Mass., 108, it is said: “A simple rule is to regard
cash
dividends, however large, as income, and
stoclc
dividends, however made, as capital.” This rule is more in conformity with the decisions of the courts so far as the subject has been discussed. In this case many of the English cases have been cited and reviewed.
A leading cae on the subject is
Richardson v. Richardson,
46 American Reports, 430. In this case the Supreme Court of Maine says: “The decided preponderance of authority probably concedes the point that dividends of stock go to the capital, under all ordinary circumstances. But we are well convinced that the general rule deducible from the latest and wisest decisions declares all money dividends to be profits and income, belonging to the life tenant, including not only the usual annual dividend, but all extra dividends or bonuses payable in cash from the earnings of the company. We are satisfied that this can be the only safe, sound, just and practicable rule, and that any attempt to engraft refined and nice distinctions upon such rule will be productive of much more evil than any good that can come from it.”
In that case it is adjudged that the life tenant be entitled to the dividend, “irrespective of its source, amount, or the length'of time in which it was earned.” To the same effect is
Millen v. Guerrand,
67 Ga., 284;
Rand v. Hubbel,
115 Mass., 461.
In
DeKoven v. DeKoven,
205 Ill., 309, it is held that money earned by a corporation during a stockholder’s lifetime, but not distributed as dividends until after his death, is income, and goes to the life tenant under his will, and not to a remainderman, although the dividend amounts to 20 per cent of the face value of the stock.
In
Gilkie v. Payne,
80 Me., 319, the case of
Richardson v. Richardson, supra,
is cited and approved and followed.
In the case of
James P. Kernochans eoscutors
it is held that the widow, a life tenant, was entitled to the whole of an extra dividend declared after the death of the testator, although made from net earnings
accumulated before tbat time; that, whenever earned, they were not profits until so declared. 104 N. Y., 619. The subject is very elaborately discussed in that case by
Mr. Justice Danforth.
See, also,
Kaufman v. Charlottesville Mills,
93 Va., 673.
In
Greene v. Bissell,
79 Conn., 547, it is held that cash dividends are regarded as income, passing to the life tenant, and stock dividends as capital, inuring fo the remainderman. In 40 Cyc., 1880, it is said: “That the distinction between profits which have accumulated before the testator’s death, but which have not been divided, and those subsequently accruing, has sometimes been discarded, it being held that all cash dividends declared from the profits go to the person entitled to the income, regardless of the time when they were earned or the size of the dividend by which they were sought to be distributed.” A large number of authorities are cited in support of the text. The very same expression in almost the same words is to be found in Gardner on Wills, page 489, together with a copious citation of cases in the notes.
The fact that the dividend declared by the Bank of Farmville was payable in stock or in cash at the option of the stockholder makes no difference. The identical point is decided in
Holbrook v. Holbrook,
74 N. H., 201, in which it is held that “An extra dividend by a corporation out of profits, which may be taken in cash or applied in payment of an increase of stock to which the stockholder is entitled to subscribe, is a cash dividend.”
In the case of
Davis v. Jackson,
152 Mass., 58, it is held that a dividend of $25 on each share of stock, with the privilege to each stockholder to take an additional share of stock for every four shares held by him instead of receiving his dividend in cash, is a cash dividend, and a dividend so declared is not a- stock dividend, but must be treated as income, to which the life tenant is entitled. In the note to that case, 23 Amer. State Eeports, 804, it is said by the author that the weight of authority is that dividends derived from the earnings of the company, no matter when such earnings were made, belong to the life tenant.
The fact that the dividend was declared payable in a certificate of deposit is immaterial. That is substantially- a cash dividend, to be credited to the stockholder upon the books of the company, and is no longer the property of the bank.
¥e might, in discussing this matter, cite a great many other authorities, but we think that we have demonstrated sufficiently that the great weight of authority fully sustains’the correctness of his Honor’s judgment.
The judgment of the Superior Court is
Affirmed.