Ed. F. McFaddin, Associate Justice.
This is a Workmen’s Compensation case. Mrs. Alta Hulsizer filed claim because of the death of her husband, Ivan Hulsizer, who suffered an attack and died while employed by Johnson-Brennan Construction Company at Rogers, Arkansas. The Referee allowed the claim; the Full Commission, reversing the Referee, disallowed the claim; the Circuit Court affirmed the Full Commission; and Mrs. Hulsizer appeals to this Court. Appellant recognizes the long established rule that if there be substantial competent evidence to support the finding of the Full Commission, then we will affirm such finding.
The appellant points out, however, that the Full Commission reversed the Referee and decided the case against Mrs. Hulsizer because of the testimony of Dr. Riggall; and the appellant urges that Dr. Riggall’s testimony was not competent evidence because, in answering a hypothetical question, he assumed facts not contained in the question or otherwise shown in the record. We reach the conclusion that the appellant is correct and the Circuit Court judgment must be reversed.
In allowing the claim the Referee delivered a written opinion from which we copy pertinent excerpts:
“The deceased, Ivan Hulsizer, was 51 years of age on the morning of September 27, 1957, and reported to work at his usual hour of 7:30 A.M. at Rogers, Arkansas. He was employed as a common laborer for said construction company and had been employed by it for a period of two years prior to the date of his death . . . On the morning of September 27,1957, the deceased commenced his work at 7:30 A.M. and continued his work until approximately 8:15 A.M., when he collapsed at work and was taken by ambulance to the Rogers Memorial Hospital in Rogers, Arkansas where he expired a few minutes after arrival in the emergency room of said hospital. An autopsy was performed on the body of the deceased and a finding was made by Dr. Grier Warren that the deceased had died from a cerebral hemorrhage . . . On the morning of September 27, 1957, the deceased, along with co-workers, was carrying and stacking wet or damp lumber tbat had been used in the laying of concrete floors and foundations. These pieces of lumber carried individually by the workers weighed from sixty to seventy pounds and were picked up from the floor and carried approximately twelve to sixteen feet where they were stacked. The deceased was in the process of carrying one of these pieces of lumber when he collapsed on the job. The death certificate, along with the autopsy report and various medical reports, was introduced and made a part of the record in this claim. This evidence, together with the testimony of Dr. John Eollow, Dr. Grier Warren, Dr. Neal Compton, Dr. Stewart Wilson, and Dr. D. H. Butler, together with the claimant’s widow and two lay witnesses, was presented for the benefit of the Eeferee in this claim . . .
“A great deal of time and effort have been devoted to reading and studying all of the testimony and evidence introduced and made a part of the record in this claim. The Eeferee is of the opinion that two decisions of the Arkansas Workmen’s Compensation Commission and of the Supreme Court of the State of Arkansas are determining factors in the decision of this claim. In the well known case of Bryant Stave Company v. White, 227 Ark. 147, 296 S. W. 2d 436, the Supreme Court defined the term ‘accidental injury’ to cover the condition of the deceased in this claim. In the later case of E. P. Bettendorf & Co. v. Kelly, 229 Ark. 672, 317 S. W. 2d 708, the Court went further in making a determination of what is an accidental injury arising out of and in the course of employment.
“A study of the evidence in this claim, taken together with the medical testimony, shows, in the opinion of the Eeferee, that the worker had a pre-existing condition which taken together with the work load that the deceased was undertaking on September 27, 1957, and the resulting death were all related to his work and that his work was the causal connection in his death. The medical evidence shows that if the claimant did have a preexisting condition it was a weakening of one of the vesseis near the brain which weakness was ruptured by the heavy work and stress and strain that were placed upon the workman on the date of his death causing his instant death. ’ ’
The cases cited by the Referee clearly sustained his conclusions. The facts here are strikingly similar to those in Bettendorf v. Kelly, 229 Ark. 672, 317 S. W. 2d 708, wherein we reaffirmed our unanimous holding in Bryant Stave Co. v. White, 227 Ark. 147, 296 S. W. 2d 438, and also said:
“Every time a mortal is born everyone knows that some time the mortal will die, so the death of a mortal is never unforeseen or unexpected in the light of human existence. But just when the death will occur and under what circumstances, is certainly unforeseeable and unpredictable. So it was with the heart attack of Mr. Kelly in the case at bar: no one could tell when it would occur. He was engaged in a line of work, he was exerting himself by the driving of nails into the pallets, he collapsed: his death was, therefore, accidental and within the scope of his employment.”
One of the witnesses who testified before the Referee was Dr. Grier "Warren, who made the autopsy of Ivan Hulsizer; and the portion of that report germane to the issue here is as follows:
“BRAIN: The skull was opened and there was evidence of intra-cranial bleeding throughout. There was no evidence of fracture as noted on the entire surface of the skull which was smooth. Blood covered the whole area of the brain and extended down into the spinal column. The blood vessels could not be traced out due to the amount of blood and hematomas on the upper surfaces. No areas of hemorrhage or softening are noted on the cut surfaces of the brain.
' “GROSS PATHOLOGY: Specimen of brain revealed evidence of intra-cranial bleeding with large hematomas over entire surface of specimen. Entire brain was examined. No evidence of hemorrhage or softening within the brain tissue was noted.
" HIAGrNOSIS: Cerebral Hemorrhage. ’ ’ (Emphasis supplied.)
When the ease was heard before the Full Commission the transcribed testimony, heard before the Beferee, was presented and the only other additional witness was Dr. Biggall, who testified as an expert as to the cause of Ivan Hulsizer’s death. There is no claim that Dr. Biggall ever saw Ivan Hulsizer, alive or dead. The doctor stated that he had read a transcript of the testimony before the Beferee and was then asked a hypothetical question as to the cause of Ivan Hulsizer’s death. The hypothetical question incorporated in it the autopsy report about the brain of Hulsizer:
“And upon opening the cranium free blood covered the whole area of the brain and it was found throughout the cavity extending down into the spinal column. No ruptured vessels could be demonstrated and no areas indicative of previous trauma to the head were found and that death resulted from shock due to cerebral hemorrhage.” (Emphasis supplied.)
The hypothetical question ended:
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Ed. F. McFaddin, Associate Justice.
This is a Workmen’s Compensation case. Mrs. Alta Hulsizer filed claim because of the death of her husband, Ivan Hulsizer, who suffered an attack and died while employed by Johnson-Brennan Construction Company at Rogers, Arkansas. The Referee allowed the claim; the Full Commission, reversing the Referee, disallowed the claim; the Circuit Court affirmed the Full Commission; and Mrs. Hulsizer appeals to this Court. Appellant recognizes the long established rule that if there be substantial competent evidence to support the finding of the Full Commission, then we will affirm such finding.
The appellant points out, however, that the Full Commission reversed the Referee and decided the case against Mrs. Hulsizer because of the testimony of Dr. Riggall; and the appellant urges that Dr. Riggall’s testimony was not competent evidence because, in answering a hypothetical question, he assumed facts not contained in the question or otherwise shown in the record. We reach the conclusion that the appellant is correct and the Circuit Court judgment must be reversed.
In allowing the claim the Referee delivered a written opinion from which we copy pertinent excerpts:
“The deceased, Ivan Hulsizer, was 51 years of age on the morning of September 27, 1957, and reported to work at his usual hour of 7:30 A.M. at Rogers, Arkansas. He was employed as a common laborer for said construction company and had been employed by it for a period of two years prior to the date of his death . . . On the morning of September 27,1957, the deceased commenced his work at 7:30 A.M. and continued his work until approximately 8:15 A.M., when he collapsed at work and was taken by ambulance to the Rogers Memorial Hospital in Rogers, Arkansas where he expired a few minutes after arrival in the emergency room of said hospital. An autopsy was performed on the body of the deceased and a finding was made by Dr. Grier Warren that the deceased had died from a cerebral hemorrhage . . . On the morning of September 27, 1957, the deceased, along with co-workers, was carrying and stacking wet or damp lumber tbat had been used in the laying of concrete floors and foundations. These pieces of lumber carried individually by the workers weighed from sixty to seventy pounds and were picked up from the floor and carried approximately twelve to sixteen feet where they were stacked. The deceased was in the process of carrying one of these pieces of lumber when he collapsed on the job. The death certificate, along with the autopsy report and various medical reports, was introduced and made a part of the record in this claim. This evidence, together with the testimony of Dr. John Eollow, Dr. Grier Warren, Dr. Neal Compton, Dr. Stewart Wilson, and Dr. D. H. Butler, together with the claimant’s widow and two lay witnesses, was presented for the benefit of the Eeferee in this claim . . .
“A great deal of time and effort have been devoted to reading and studying all of the testimony and evidence introduced and made a part of the record in this claim. The Eeferee is of the opinion that two decisions of the Arkansas Workmen’s Compensation Commission and of the Supreme Court of the State of Arkansas are determining factors in the decision of this claim. In the well known case of Bryant Stave Company v. White, 227 Ark. 147, 296 S. W. 2d 436, the Supreme Court defined the term ‘accidental injury’ to cover the condition of the deceased in this claim. In the later case of E. P. Bettendorf & Co. v. Kelly, 229 Ark. 672, 317 S. W. 2d 708, the Court went further in making a determination of what is an accidental injury arising out of and in the course of employment.
“A study of the evidence in this claim, taken together with the medical testimony, shows, in the opinion of the Eeferee, that the worker had a pre-existing condition which taken together with the work load that the deceased was undertaking on September 27, 1957, and the resulting death were all related to his work and that his work was the causal connection in his death. The medical evidence shows that if the claimant did have a preexisting condition it was a weakening of one of the vesseis near the brain which weakness was ruptured by the heavy work and stress and strain that were placed upon the workman on the date of his death causing his instant death. ’ ’
The cases cited by the Referee clearly sustained his conclusions. The facts here are strikingly similar to those in Bettendorf v. Kelly, 229 Ark. 672, 317 S. W. 2d 708, wherein we reaffirmed our unanimous holding in Bryant Stave Co. v. White, 227 Ark. 147, 296 S. W. 2d 438, and also said:
“Every time a mortal is born everyone knows that some time the mortal will die, so the death of a mortal is never unforeseen or unexpected in the light of human existence. But just when the death will occur and under what circumstances, is certainly unforeseeable and unpredictable. So it was with the heart attack of Mr. Kelly in the case at bar: no one could tell when it would occur. He was engaged in a line of work, he was exerting himself by the driving of nails into the pallets, he collapsed: his death was, therefore, accidental and within the scope of his employment.”
One of the witnesses who testified before the Referee was Dr. Grier "Warren, who made the autopsy of Ivan Hulsizer; and the portion of that report germane to the issue here is as follows:
“BRAIN: The skull was opened and there was evidence of intra-cranial bleeding throughout. There was no evidence of fracture as noted on the entire surface of the skull which was smooth. Blood covered the whole area of the brain and extended down into the spinal column. The blood vessels could not be traced out due to the amount of blood and hematomas on the upper surfaces. No areas of hemorrhage or softening are noted on the cut surfaces of the brain.
' “GROSS PATHOLOGY: Specimen of brain revealed evidence of intra-cranial bleeding with large hematomas over entire surface of specimen. Entire brain was examined. No evidence of hemorrhage or softening within the brain tissue was noted.
" HIAGrNOSIS: Cerebral Hemorrhage. ’ ’ (Emphasis supplied.)
When the ease was heard before the Full Commission the transcribed testimony, heard before the Beferee, was presented and the only other additional witness was Dr. Biggall, who testified as an expert as to the cause of Ivan Hulsizer’s death. There is no claim that Dr. Biggall ever saw Ivan Hulsizer, alive or dead. The doctor stated that he had read a transcript of the testimony before the Beferee and was then asked a hypothetical question as to the cause of Ivan Hulsizer’s death. The hypothetical question incorporated in it the autopsy report about the brain of Hulsizer:
“And upon opening the cranium free blood covered the whole area of the brain and it was found throughout the cavity extending down into the spinal column. No ruptured vessels could be demonstrated and no areas indicative of previous trauma to the head were found and that death resulted from shock due to cerebral hemorrhage.” (Emphasis supplied.)
The hypothetical question ended:
‘ ‘ From the foregoing assumed facts, do you have an opinion to a reasonable medical certainty whether the work caused or contributed to the cause of the death of the hypothetical Ivan Hulsizer?”
Dr. Biggall giving an answer covering three typewritten pages concluded that Hulsizer died because of a congenital pathological defect known as a congenital aneurysm. In so concluding the doctor said:
“I find it easy to reconstruct the picture and I am certain from those facts that death occurred from the rupture of a congenital aneurysm of one of the internal carotid vessels and this was not found by the matter of the post mortem, because it is on the floor of the brain and could not be seen unless the brain had been removed and that is the usual method of showing this lesion. (Emphasis supplied.)
Promptly the attorney for Mrs. Hulsizer objected, saying:
“I object and ask that the entire answer be stricken from the record for the specific reason that the autopsy report and report of the autopsy surgeon does not show such defect. He is assuming such defect to be there and that the autopsy surgeon did not do a proper job of autopsy and is presupposing facts without the record and the whole response should be stricken from the record.” The Commission allowed the doctor’s answer to remain; and therein we consider reversible error to have occurred. It is readily apparent when the autopsy report is compared with Hr. Riggall’s answer — as we have emphasized the portions —- that he assumed a fact contrary to the autopsy report: i.e., that a blood vessel had ruptured in a portion of the brain not discovered by the doctor making the autopsy. On this assumption — contrary to the autopsy report — Dr. Riggall predicated his conclusion. Dr. Riggall’s testimony must be discarded as stating something to be a fact that was not shown on the autopsy report. Dr. Riggall’s entire testimony is bottomed on his position that because of his medical experience he knew more about the brain than did the physician who made the autopsy report and that certain facts had to be true as regards the autopsy even though such facts were not shown. Superior knowledge is a wonderful attribute; but an expert in answering a hypothetical question must base the answer on admitted facts and cannot assume facts contrary to or in addition to the admitted facts. That is the vice of Dr. Riggall’s testimony.
There are two sources from which an expert can gain facts in a case like this. One is from a personal examination, and the other is the factual statement in the hypothetical question. As previously stated, Dr. Riggall never saw Ivan Hulsizer, alive or dead: so Dr. Riggall’s only source from which he could gain facts on which to testify must be the facts stated in the hypothetical question. As the Supreme Court of Washington stated in Clayton v. Dept. of Labor, 48 Wash. 2d 754, 296 P. 2d 676:
“If his opinion is based upon a hypothetical question and he assumes the existence of material conditions not established by the evidence or not included in the question or inferable therefrom, he destroys the validity of his answer . . .”
The same Court in Berndt v. Dept. of Labor, 44 Wash. 2d 138, 265 P. 2d 1037, said:
“It is equally clear that, when an expert who knowns nothing about an individual except what is included in a hypothetical question assumes the existence of certain conditions not included in that question and not necessarily inferable therefrom, he destroys the validity of his answer. See Rich v. Philadelphia Abattoir Co., 1947, 160 Pa. Super. 200, 50 A. 2d 534. In that case the expert assumed the existence of arteriosclerosis, which was not established by the evidence. In this case, the expert assumes worries about economic security and a diseased coronary artery, neither of which was established by the evidence or included in the hypothetical question.”
In Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. v. Shouse, 83 Fla. 156, 91 So. 90, the Supreme Court of Florida said:
‘ ‘ The answer of an expert witness to a hypothetical question must be given upon the basis of the facts stated in the question, and without recourse to other facts within his own knowledge. See Fuller v. City of Jackson, 92 Mich. 197, 52 N. W. 1075; City of Wichita v. Coggshall, 3 Kan. App. 540, 43 Pac. 842; Link v. Sheldon, 136 N. Y. 1, 32 N. E. 696; Burns’ Ex’r. v. Barenfield, 84 Ind. 43. But the witness in this case not only declined to answer the question upon the basis of the facts stated, but had recourse, not to facts within his own knowledge, but to an imaginary case of his own construction, built in part from some of the facts embraced in the question, his deductions from conflicting evidence referred to in the question, and in part from his imagination, and a case which had no basis whatever in the record. ’ ’
Other courts have recognized the same rule. See Fidelity & Gas. Co. v. Van Arsdale, Tex. Civ. App., 108 S. W. 2d 550; Mounsey v. Bower, 78 Ind. App. 647, 136 N. E. 41 and Ballance v. Dunnington, 241 Mich. 383, 217 N. W. 329, 57 A. L. R. 262. See also Rogers on “Expert Testimony”, 3rd Ed. § 54; and 32 C. J. S. 366 et seq., “Evidence”, § 557 et seq.
The Commission committed error in allowing Dr. Riggall’s answer as competent. Therefore, the judgment of the Circuit Court affirming the Commission is reversed and the cause is remanded to the Circuit Court with directions to reverse the Commission’s award and remand the cause to the Commission for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
George Rose Smith and Robinson, JJ., dissent.