Hughes v. DeJoy

• Court: District Court, W.D. Washington
• Decided: August 26, 2024
• Docket: 2:21-cv-00906
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 7 AT SEATTLE 8 MICHAEL HUGHES, Case No. C21-906-RSL 9

10 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING 11 v. DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY 12 LOUIS DEJOY, Postmaster General, JUDGMENT

13 Defendant. 14 15 This matter comes before the Court on the defendant’s “Motion for Summary Judgment” 16 (Dkt. # 26). The Court, having reviewed the submissions1 of the parties and the remainder of the 17 record, finds as follows: 18 I. Factual Background 19 Plaintiff Michael Hughes is a 61-year-old African American male who worked as a Mail 20 Processing Clerk at the United States Postal Service (“USPS”). Dkt. # 37, Ex. 3 ¶¶ 1, 2. Plaintiff 21 has physical challenges due to degenerative joint disease affecting his shoulders as well as lower 22

23 1 Plaintiff’s opposition does not comply with the local rules. It lacks appropriate citations to the record and a word certification as required by Local Rules 10(e)(6) and (e)(3), respectively. Plaintiff 24 also filed two duplicate oppositions to defendant’s motion for summary judgment (Dkts. # 36, # 37), 25 each with different exhibits. Because the oppositions are identical, the Court considers only the later filed brief, Dkt. # 37. The Court did not consider exhibits not cited as it is “not required to comb the 26 record to find some reason to deny a motion for summary judgment.” Carmen v. San Francisco Unified Sch. Dist., 237 F.3d 1026, 1029 (9th Cir. 2001) (quotations omitted). The Court will consider the 27 noncompliant opposition but cautions plaintiff that future failures to adhere to the rules will result in 28 sanctions under Local Rule 11(c). 1 back strain and pain from various ailments mainly affecting his knees and ankles. Id. ¶ 13. He 2 also complains of hip pain, recurring sprains, and unspecified injuries dating back to 1995. Id. 3 His conditions were deemed as ongoing and permanent medical disabilities. Id. ¶ 14. Due to his 4 disabilities, plaintiff requested and received accommodation and was placed on permanent light 5 duty. Dkt. # 1 ¶ 2.20; Dkt. # 28 ¶ 8. The present lawsuit arises from two incidents: (1) ongoing 6 issues between plaintiff and his co-worker, Brian Warden, a white male, and (2) attendance 7 issues in 2016. 8 A. Issues Between Hughes and Warden 9 i. History 10 Hughes and Warden began working together in 2011 and got along well until November 11 2013 when they ran against each other for union president. Dkt. # 27, Ex. 1; id., Ex. 2 at 5. Both 12 employees were union stewards2 and agreed that whoever won the election would select the 13 other to be his vice president. Id., Ex. 1; id., Ex. 2 at 5. Warden won the election but did not 14 appoint Hughes as vice president because the two disagreed about union-related matters. Id., Ex. 15 2 at 5–6. Shortly after the election, Hughes and Warden’s relationship worsened. Hughes 16 allegedly spread a rumor about Warden having an affair with a co-worker. Id., Ex. 6. He also 17 lodged a complaint against Warden to the Plant Manager, Patrick McNally, for leaving mail in 18 the “stackers,” creating extra work for Hughes. Id., Ex., 1 at 22; id., Ex. 5 at 3. He showed 19 McNally a picture of the mail that Warden allegedly left behind. Id., Ex. 1 at 22. McNally 20 warned Hughes not to take pictures of the mail because it violated USPS policy. Id., Ex. 1 at 22; 21 id., Ex. 5 (USPS policy prohibiting using a camera to “capture legible images of mail”). 22 On August 21, 2014, Warden resigned as union president, largely citing disagreements 23 with Hughes and the affair rumors. Dkt. # 27, Ex. 6. On September 18, 2014, before Warden’s 24 resignation was effective, he terminated Hughes as union steward. Id., Ex. 7. In the termination 25 letter, Warden cited several reasons, including that Hughes threatened to file charges against the 26 2 A union steward is a union member who represents and defends the interests of his or her 27 fellow union members. USPS has no control or influence over the union’s membership, appointment to 28 positions, and dismissal of stewards. Dkt. # 29 ¶¶ 14, 17–18. 1 president (Warden), was disloyal to the union, violated USPS policy by taking photos of mail, 2 and on multiple occasions, was “openly, aggressively, antagonistic to [a] co-steward and 3 President,” failed to attend mandatory quarterly meetings without prior approval, and repeatedly 4 used racial slurs, including phrases describing his co-workers as “little fucking Asians.” Id. 5 Warden also called Hughes “disloyal, racist, violent, uncooperative, insubordinate, and a 6 snitch.” Id. at 5. 7 After terminating Hughes, Warden asked him to return the keys to the union office, to 8 which Hughes responded by slowly taking the three keys off the key ring and throwing them in 9 different directions across the concrete floor. Id., Ex. 8. Warden had to get on his hands and 10 knees to retrieve the keys. Id., Ex. 8 at 5–6. The relationship continued to worsen, and McNally 11 instructed the men not to contact each other. Id., Ex. 10. 12 ii. Physical altercation 13 On October 18, 2014, Hughes and Warden violated the no contract order and got into a 14 physical altercation at work. Dkt. # 27, Ex. 19. Managers intervened, separated the two, and 15 launched an investigation. Id. Hughes sustained no injuries, but Warden was left with bleeding 16 scratch marks on his neck. Id., Ex. 12. It is unclear who the initial aggressor was, but one 17 eyewitness saw Hughes backing up while Warden had his hands up. See id., Ex. 22 at 2. 18 Based on the findings of the investigation, USPS issued Hughes a 7-day suspension for 19 failure to follow instructions by failing to abide by the no-contact directive. Id., Ex. 23. Warden 20 received a notice of removal for misconduct. Id., Ex. 24; see also Dkt. # 28 ¶¶ 23, 28. Both 21 employees challenged their discipline through a formal grievance process. Hughes’s 7-day 22 suspension was reduced to a letter of warning that was removed from his file after six months, 23 and Warden’s suspension was reduced to a 14-day suspension and a last-chance agreement that 24 gave Warden the option to either improve his behavior or be terminated. Dkt. # 27, Ex. 25; id., 25 Ex. 26; Dkt. # 28 ¶ 30. 26 After the fight, Wesley Shimaura, Hughes’s attendance supervisor, emailed his former 27 assistant sharing details of the incident, referring to Hughes and Warden as “Dumb and 28 1 Dumber” and “knuckleheads.”3 Dkt. # 27, Ex. 27 at 5. Hughes and Warden had no further 2 incidents. Dkt. # 28 ¶ 37. They did not complain about the other’s conduct again. Id. 3 iii. Attendance Issues 4 On September 30, 2016, USPS issued Hughes a letter of warning because he accumulated 5 40 hours of unscheduled absences in a three-month period and had failed to get his Family and 6 Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) status approved. Dkt. # 27, Ex. 29. Hughes challenged the letter 7 because he believed his lack of notice was excused by the FMLA or the Uniformed Services 8 Employment and Reemployment Rights Act as a veteran. Dkt. # 27, Ex. 30. The Distribution 9 Operations Supervisor (“DOS”) testified that he issued the letter of warning according to 10 company policy, which provides that every employee, regardless of disability, has to request 11 leave via written request and give advanced notice for doctor visits. Dkt. # 1, Ex. 2 at 6. When 12 an employee accumulates 40 hours of unscheduled absences, USPS issues a letter of warning. 13 Id. In early 2017, Hughes negotiated an agreement requiring him to request leave before medical 14 appointments, and USPS rescinded the letter of warning soon after. Dkt. # 27, Ex. 1; id., Ex. 30. 15 iv. EEOC Proceedings 16 Hughes filed two timely complaints with USPS’s Employment Opportunity (EEO) Office 17 to investigate four claims: (1) on various dates since August 24, 2014, Hughes was harassed by 18 a coworker, Warden; (2) on October 20, 2014, Hughes was subjected to an investigative 19 interview following the fight with Warden, which culminated in a notice of seven-day 20 suspension dated December 13, 2014; (3) on September 30, 2016, Hughes received a letter of 21 warning for Unsatisfactory/Irregular Attendance, and was threatened with more severe 22 discipline; (4) on an unspecified date in January or February 2017, Hughes was required to give 23 notice prior to any medical appointment that might result in his being unable to work his next 24 shift. Dkt. # 1, Ex. 1 at 2. 25 26

27 3 Hughes did not know about the email until it was produced in EEO proceedings. Dkt. # 28 ¶ 28 38; see also Dkt. # 37 at 13. 1 An Administrative Judge granted summary judgment in favor of USPS on all four claims. 2 See id. Hughes appealed, and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commissioner’s Office of 3 Federal Operations (“EEOC”) affirmed. Id. Hughes sought reconsideration, which was also 4 denied because no reasonable fact finder could find in Hughes’s favor. Id., Ex. 2 at 4. 5 In addition to his own EEO complaints, Hughes was involved in two other employees’ 6 EEO proceedings. First, sometime in 2013 or 2014, Hughes was deposed twice in connection 7 with grievances filed by Cynthia Rimmer, a disabled African American veteran. Dkt. # 27, Ex. 1 8 at 11–12; Dkt. # 37, Ex. 3 ¶¶ 6, 7. The first grievance concerned USPS’s failure to accommodate 9 Rimmer’s disability, and the second concerned allegations of disparate treatment and attendance 10 issues. Dkt. # 37, Ex. 3 ¶¶ 6, 7. Warden, as union president, was Rimmer’s EEO representative 11 in at least one of those grievances. Dkt. # 27, Ex. 48 at 4.4 12 Second, in 2013, Hughes represented Mark Tucker, an African American employee with 13 disabilities, in filing two grievances. Dkt. # 37, Ex. 3 ¶¶ 4, 5. The first grievance concerned a 14 letter of warning related to performance issues and failure to follow instructions, and the second 15 concerned a notice of suspension for unscheduled absences. See Dkt. # 36, Ex. 4; id., Ex. 5.5 16 II. Analysis 17 A. Summary Judgment Standard 18 Summary judgment is appropriate when, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to 19 the nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue of material fact, and the moving party is entitled 20 to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The moving party bears the burden of 21 establishing that no genuine issue of material fact exists. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 22 323 (1986). Once the moving party has satisfied its burden, it is entitled to summary judgment if 23 the non-moving party fails to designate “specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for 24

25 4 There is little evidence reflecting the extent of Hughes’s involvement, the timing of the EEO 26 proceedings, management’s knowledge of Hughes’s involvement, among other details. 5 Hughes briefly mentions that he was involved in an EEO proceeding with Sandy Kwong. See 27 Dkt. # 37, Ex. 3 at 4. The Court could not find any evidence relating to Kwong’s complaint. Therefore, 28 it does not refer to it in its analysis. 1 trial.” Id. at 324. To defeat a motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party must make 2 more than conclusory allegations, speculations or argumentative assertions that material facts 3 are in dispute. Wallis v. JR Simplot Co., 26 F.3d 885, 890 (9th Cir. 1994). Summary judgment 4 should be granted where the nonmoving party fails to offer evidence from which a reasonable 5 fact finder could return a verdict in its favor. Singh v. Am. Honda Fin. Corp., 925 F.3d 1053, 6 1071 (9th Cir. 2019). When the nonmoving party relies only on its own affidavits to oppose 7 summary judgment, it cannot rely on conclusory allegations unsupported by factual data to 8 create an issue of material fact. Hansen v. United States, 7 F.3d 137, 138 (9th Cir. 1993). 9 B. Failure to Exhaust Administrative Remedies 10 As an initial matter, to the extent Hughes relies on circumstances surrounding his 11 termination, or USPS’s treatment of “light duty” employees, the Court will not consider those 12 issues. A plaintiff brining claims under Title VII, the ADEA, and the Rehabilitation Act must 13 first exhaust his administrative remedies. See Leong v. Potter, 347 F.3d 1117, 1122 (9th Cir. 14 2003) (Rehabilitation Act exhaustion requirement); B.K.B. v. Maui Police Dep’t, 276 F.3d 1091, 15 1099–100 (9th Cir. 2002) (Title VII); Morgan v. Napolitano, 988 F. Supp. 2d 1162, 1172 (E.D. 16 Cal. 2013) (ADEA). Whether a plaintiff exhausted his remedies depends on the scope of the 17 formal EEOC complaint, as well as “the scope of the EEOC’s actual investigation or an EEOC 18 investigation which can reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge of discrimination.” 19 EEOC v. Farmer Bros. Co., 31 F.3d 891, 899 (9th Cir.1994) (quotation omitted) (emphasis in 20 original). 21 The EEOC considered issues related to the physical altercation between Hughes and 22 Warden, as well as Hughes’s attendance issues. Dkt. # 1, Ex. 1 at 2. Any discussion related to 23 Hughes’s termination—which occurred years after Hughes’s EEOC complaints—or USPS’s 24 treatment of light duty employees is not properly before the Court and will not be considered. 25 C. Discrimination Claims 26 Hughes asserts (1) racial discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 27 of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2 et seq.; (2) age discrimination in violation of the Age 28 Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”), 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq.; and (3) disability 1 discrimination in violation of Section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, 29 2 U.S.C. § 791 et seq.6 3 Hughes’s claims are all subject to the same evidentiary standard set forth in McDonnell 4 Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–04 (1973). Freyd v. Univ. of Oregon, 990 F.3d 5 1211, 1228 (9th Cir. 2021). “The McDonnell Douglas framework contains three, burden-shifting 6 steps.” Id. At the first step, the plaintiff must make a prima facie case of discrimination. Fonseca 7 v. Sysco Food Servs. of Ariz., Inc., 374 F.3d 840, 847 (9th Cir. 2004). Once a prima facie case is 8 established, the burden of production then shifts to the employer to articulate a legitimate, 9 nondiscriminatory reason for its action. Id. If the employer meets this burden, the plaintiff then 10 must produce sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the 11 employer’s proffered nondiscriminatory reason is merely a pretext for discrimination. Coleman 12 v. Quaker Oats Co., 232 F.3d 1271, 1282 (9th Cir. 2000). At summary judgment, the degree of 13 proof necessary to establish a prima facie case is “minimal and does not even need to rise to the 14 level of a preponderance of the evidence.” Lyons v. England, 307 F.3d 1092, 1112 (9th Cir. 15 2002) (quotations omitted). 16 i. Disparate Treatment Claims 17 a. Race and Age 18 The Court first turns to plaintiff’s disparate treatment claims. Plaintiff may demonstrate 19 racial discrimination under Title VII and age discrimination under the ADEA based on a theory 20 of disparate treatment, which occurs “where an employer has treated a particular person less 21 favorably than others because of a protected trait.” See Wood v. City of San Diego, 678 F.3d 22 1075, 1081 (9th Cir. 2012) (Title VII); Rose v. Wells Fargo & Co., 902 F.2d 1417, 1421 (9th 23 Cir. 1990) (citation omitted) (ADEA). 24 25 6 Plaintiff asserts claims under “The Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973,” (Dkt. # 1 ¶ 3.3), but 26 the Act was replaced by the broader Rehabilitation Act. See Laura Rothstein, Forty Years of Disability Policy in Legal Education and the Legal Profession: What Has Changed and What Are the New Issues?, 27 22 Am. U. J. Gender Soc. Pol’y & L. 519, 524 (2014). Therefore, the Court analyzes all disability claims 28 under the Rehabilitation Act. 1 To establish a prima facie case under Title VII and the ADEA, Hughes must show: (1) he 2 is a member of a protected class; (2) he performed his job satisfactorily; (3) he experienced an 3 adverse employment action; and (4) similarly situated individuals outside his protected class 4 were treated more favorably. Freyd, 990 F.3d at 1228; see also O’Connor v. Consol. Coin 5 Caterers Corp., 517 U.S. 308, 312 (1996). Under the ADEA, plaintiff must also establish that 6 age was one of the “but for” causes of the challenged adverse employment action. Black v. 7 Grant Cnty. Pub. Util. Dist., 820 F. App’x 547, 552 (9th Cir. 2020). The parties dispute the third 8 and fourth elements. 9 Hughes cannot show that he experienced adverse employment action. He does not 10 dispute the two letters of warning—one that was removed after six months and another that was 11 rescinded—are not adverse employment actions. See Dkt. # 37; see also Ballard v. Donahoe, 12 No. 2:11-CV-2576 JAM AC, 2014 WL 1286193, at *11 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 27, 2014) (holding that 13 a letter of warning without “accompanying adverse action, such as job loss, demotion, or 14 suspension” is not an adverse employment action). Instead, Hughes argues that the hostile work 15 environment he experienced is sufficient to show adverse employment action. Dkt. # 37 at 27; 16 see Ray v. Henderson, 217 F.3d 1234, 1244–45 (9th Cir. 2000) (a successful hostile work 17 environment claim may satisfy the adverse employment action prong in a discrimination claim). 18 As discussed in subsection iii, infra, Hughes fails to establish a hostile work environment claim, 19 and by extension, he fails to establish an adverse employment action. 20 Even if Hughes could show an adverse employment action, he cannot show that similarly 21 situated younger employees or employees of a different race were treated more favorably than 22 him. Hughes must point to at least a “single employee” outside his race and age who was 23 “similarly situated to [him] ‘in all material respects’ but who [was] given preferential treatment” 24 though he has a “similar job[] and display[s] similar conduct.” Campbell v. Hawaii Dep’t of 25 Educ., 892 F.3d 1005, 1015 (9th Cir. 2018). Plaintiff does not offer any younger, non-Black 26 employees who received more favorable treatment despite displaying similar conduct. With 27 regard to the physical altercation, Hughes does not offer any comparators. The closest example 28 the Court can reference is Warden, a younger, white employee, who received harsher 1 disciplinary action for his role in the physical altercation. Compare Dkt. # 27, Ex. 25 (Hughes 2 received a letter of warning that was removed from his file after six months) with id., Ex. 26 at 2 3 (Warden received a 14-day suspension without pay and a last chance agreement). 4 With regard to Hughes’s absences, USPS has uniformly applied the absence policy to 5 two, non-Black employees. Hughes was issued a letter of warning after five unscheduled 6 absences (40 hours) within a three-month period. Dkt. # 27, Ex. 29. Hughes offers two 7 comparators: Scott Charbonneau and Richard Levings. 7 Id., Ex. 1 at 55. Charbonneau, a 62- 8 year-old white co-worker, did not display similar conduct to Hughes. Charbonneau was issued a 9 letter of warning after seven unscheduled absences (56 hours) within a five-month period. Id., 10 Ex. 41 at 4. Unlike Hughes, Charbonneau submitted a request for FMLA leave but his request 11 was denied (Dkt. # 28 ¶ 46), and his absences were less frequent, occurring over five months as 12 opposed to three months. Id. Levings, also a 62-year-old white co-worker, had five unscheduled 13 absences (40 hours) within an eight-month period and was not given a letter of warning because 14 his absences were less frequent than Hughes and Charbonneau. See Dkt. # 28 ¶ 48. Shimaura 15 also explained that Levings’s absences did not display an “escalating” pattern like Hughes and 16 Charbonneau’s absences. Id. ¶¶ 47–48. Therefore, Hughes’s comparators, to the extent they 17 displayed similar conduct, did not receive preferential treatment sufficient to infer 18 discriminatory intent. 19 Viewed in light most favorable to Hughes, the evidence does not establish a prima facie 20 case of race-based or age-based discrimination. The claim fails at the first step on the 21 McDonnell Douglas framework, and this Court need not analyze the remaining steps. Summary 22 judgment is granted in favor of the defendant on this claim. 23 ii. Based on Disability 24 To state a prima facie case under Section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act, a plaintiff must 25 “demonstrate that (1) [he] is a person with a disability, (2) who is otherwise qualified for 26 employment, and (3) suffered discrimination because of [his] disability.” Walton v. United 27

28 7 Hughes does not offer any younger comparators. 1 States Marshals Serv., 492 F.3d 998, 1005 (9th Cir. 2007). Disparate treatment of a disabled 2 person is actionable. See Vinson v. Thomas, 288 F.3d 1145, 1154 (9th Cir. 2002). A plaintiff 3 need only demonstrate that his disability was a “motivating factor” behind the discrimination. 4 Womanchild v. Nicholson, No. C06-1823RAJ, 2008 WL 714091, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Mar. 13, 5 2008). At this stage, the Court assumes that Hughes is a person with disability who is otherwise 6 qualified for employment. The remaining element is whether Hughes faced discrimination based 7 on his disability. 8 Hughes argues, without support, that he was discriminated against because his conflict 9 with Warden “related to his light duty and disability” and there is “no legitimate . . . non- 10 discriminatory explanation for an employe[r] allowing that.” Dkt. # 37 at 23. However, Hughes 11 was on light duty the entire time he worked with Warden, and they worked together for two 12 years prior to the election with no issues. Id., Ex. 1 at 15–16; Dkt. # 28 ¶ 8. Hughes does not 13 point to any evidence linking his conflict with Hughes to any discriminatory intent. Because 14 Hughes offers no evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that his disability was a 15 motivating factor behind any discrimination he suffered, he fails to establish a prima facia case 16 of disability discrimination. Summary judgment is granted in favor of the defendant on this 17 claim. 18 iii. Hostile Work Environment Claim 19 The Court now turns to plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim. Discrimination under 20 Title VII and the Rehabilitation Act also “encompasses the creation of a hostile work 21 environment.” Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 65 (1986) (Title VII guarantees 22 “the right to work in an environment free from discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and 23 insult”); Mattioda v. Nelson, 98 F.4th 1164, 1173–74 (9th Cir. 2024) (Rehabilitation Act). To 24 prevail on a hostile work environment claim, plaintiff must show discriminatory conduct (based 25 on race or disability) that “was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of [his] 26 employment and create an abusive work environment.” Mattioda, 98 F.4th at 1173–74 27 (Rehabilitation Act); Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 22 (1993). The alleged conduct 28 must be both subjectively and objectively hostile. See Hosea v. Donley, 584 F. App’x 608, 611 1 (9th Cir. 2014). To determine whether conduct was objectively hostile, “[w]orkplace conduct is 2 to be viewed cumulatively and contextually, rather than in isolation.” Sharp v. S&S Activewear, 3 L.L.C., 69 F.4th 974, 978 (9th Cir. 2023). For example, courts consider “the frequency of the 4 discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a 5 mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work 6 performance.” Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 116 (2002). Offensive 7 conduct, isolated incidents, and “teasing” is typically insufficient to establish a hostile work 8 environment. Sharp, 69 F.4th at 978. 9 Here, Hughes fails to show that any severe or pervasive conduct he received was related 10 to his race or disabilities. See generally Dkt. # 37. As to his hostile workplace claim based on 11 disability, Hughes contends that (1) Shimaura sent a private email after Hughes and Warden’s 12 physical altercation, referring to both employees as “Dumb and Dumber” and “knuckleheads,” 13 and (2) Warden called Hughes “fat” and “lazy.” Dkt. # 37 at 22–23. As to both comments, the 14 Court is unpersuaded that they were motivated by Hughes’s disability. Shimaura’s email 15 referred to both Warden and Hughes the same way after they both got into a physical altercation 16 even though there is no evidence that Warden is disabled. See Dkt. # 27, Ex. 27 at 5. Similarly, 17 Warden’s comments appear to have been motivated by the personal conflict he had with Hughes 18 regarding union-related disagreements, where they both called each other offensive names. See 19 Dkt. # 27, Ex. 1 (Hughes admits he called Warden a “bald-headed mother——”). Absent any 20 evidence of discriminatory intent, Hughes did not meet his burden to show a prima facie case. 21 As to Hughes’s hostile workplace claim based on race, he argues that Warden got a 22 “pass” for his role in the physical altercation, presumably because he is white. Dkt. # 37 at 25. 23 However, Warden received 14-day suspension and a last-chance agreement because the 24 investigation revealed that he may have been the initial aggressor. Dkt. # 27, Ex. 26 at 2. 25 Hughes’s subjective belief that Warden did not get harsh enough punishment, without more, is 26 irrelevant to a hostile work environment claim. Therefore, Hughes fails to establish a prima facie 27 case of hostile work environment. Summary judgment is granted in favor of the defendant. 28 iv. Retaliation Claim 1 Finally, the Court turns to Hughes’s retaliation claim. Title VII and the Rehabilitation Act 2 prohibit employers from retaliating against employees who “oppose” discriminatory 3 employment practices based on race or disability. See E.E.O.C. v. Dinuba Med. Clinic, 222 F.3d 4 580, 586 (9th Cir. 2000). To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, plaintiff must allege that 5 (1) he engaged in a protected activity, (2) his employer subjected him to an adverse employment 6 action, and (3) there is a causal link between the protected activity and the adverse action. 7 Villiarimo v. Aloha Island Air, Inc., 781 F.3d 1054, 1064 (9th Cir. 2002) (Title VII); Coons v. 8 Sec’y of U.S. Dep’t of Treasury, 383 F.3d 879, 887 (9th Cir. 2004) (Rehabilitation Act). A 9 “materially adverse action” is one that “might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making 10 or supporting a charge of discrimination.” Burlington N. & Santa Fe Rwy. Co. v. White, 548 11 U.S. 53, 68 (2006) (quotations and citations omitted). “Ostracism by co-workers does not 12 constitute an adverse employment action,” but actions such as lateral transfers, scheduling 13 changes, bad performance reviews, and suspensions may be adverse employment actions. Ray v. 14 Henderson, 217 F.3d 1234, 1240–42 (9th Cir. 2000) (collecting cases). 15 Hughes contends that USPS retaliated against him for filing two EEO complaints and for 16 participating in at least two other EEO complaints in support of his co-workers. See Dkt. # 1 ¶ 17 2.2, 2.17, 2.21, 2.22; see also Dkt. # 37 at 12. He alleges that USPS retaliated against him by (1) 18 failing to investigate and terminate Warden for harassing Hughes, (2) not changing Hughes’s 19 work schedule to avoid future interactions with Warden, (3) threatening to discipline Hughes for 20 taking pictures of mail, (4) Shimaura’s failure to file an injury report for Hughes’s fear and 21 anxiety, and (5) failing to discipline Shimaura for his email referring to Warden and Hughes as 22 “knuckleheads.” Dkt. # 37 at 15–18, 27–28. At this stage, the Court assumes that Hughes’s EEO 23 activities are protected. 24 The Court is unpersuaded that the actions Hughes cites are “materially adverse” as to 25 dissuade a reasonable worker from being involved in EEO proceedings in the future. See 26 Burlington, 548 U.S. at 68. Even if they are, Hughes does not present any evidence to establish a 27 causal link between the protected activity and the adverse actions he points to. His conclusory 28 assertion that no non-discriminatory reasons exist to justify USPS’s actions is not enough to 1 defeat summary judgment. See Hansen, 7 F.3d at 138 (holding that the nonmoving party cannot 2 rely on unsupported conclusory allegations to defeat summary judgment). Viewing the evidence 3 in light most favorable to Hughes, he fails to establish a prima facie case of retaliation. 4 Summary judgment is granted in favor of the defendant. 5 III. Conclusion 6 For all the foregoing reasons, defendant’s motion for summary judgment (Dkt. # 26) is 7 GRANTED. The Clerk of Court is directed to enter judgment for the defendant and against 8 plaintiff. Defendant’s “Motion to Exclude Expert Opinions” (Dkt. # 31) is DISMISSED AS 9 MOOT. 10 11 IT IS SO ORDERED. 12

13 DATED this 26th day of August, 2024. 14

15 A

16 17 Robert S. Lasnik United States District Judge 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28