UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
EUGENE HUDSON, JR.,
Plaintiff, v. Civil Action No. 17-1867 (JEB) AMERICAN FEDERATION OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Eugene Hudson, former National Secretary-Treasurer for Defendant American
Federation of Government Employees, challenges his removal from that office under two federal
statutes and D.C. contract law. This case has now wound its way through three preliminary-
injunction motions, a motion to dismiss, and an amended complaint. In this iteration of the
litigation, AFGE again moves to dismiss. Finding that Plaintiff has stated a facially plausible
claim on all but one count, the Court will largely deny the Motion.
I. Background
The facts of this case have been thoroughly detailed in several prior Opinions. See
Hudson v. Am. Fed. of Gov’t Empls., 292 F. Supp. 3d 145, 149-52 (D.D.C. 2017) (AFGE I),
vacated, Jan. 12, 2018; Hudson v. Am. Fed. of Gov’t Empls., 289 F. Supp. 3d 121, 123-25
(D.D.C. 2018) (AFGE II); Hudson v. Am. Fed. of Gov’t Empls., 2018 WL 1587473, at *1-3
(D.D.C. Apr. 2, 2018) (AFGE III). The Court, accordingly, will only briefly describe the factual
and procedural background here.
1 A. Factual History
AFGE is a national labor organization representing over 1000 federal and D.C.
government employees. See ECF No. 36 (Amended Complaint), ¶ 2. The National Executive
Council (NEC) consists of three full-time national officers — National President, National
Secretary-Treasurer (NST), and National Vice-President for Women and Fair Practices — and
National Vice-Presidents for each of the twelve AFGE districts. Id., ¶ 3. Hudson was elected to
two consecutive three-year terms as NST beginning in 2012. Id., ¶ 7. The Union will hold its
triennial convention in August 2018, where Convention delegates will elect the national officers.
Id., ¶ 8.
On August 19, 2016, Hudson sent his assistant a letter declaring his intent to run for
national office at the upcoming Convention —which was later forwarded to AFGE’s General
Counsel — but he did not specify a particular position. Id., Exh. 6 (Committee of Investigation
File) at 10. Three subsequent communications from Plaintiff to AFGE members form the crux
of the disagreement between the parties.
Using AFGE-supplied mailing labels, he first sent a letter announcing his still-
unspecified candidacy to AFGE local officers on August 26, and he followed that up with a
postcard to the same group of people in October using mailing labels he purchased from AFGE.
Id. at 7-8, 11, 13; Amend. Compl., ¶¶ 22-23. In November, one week after the American
presidential election, Hudson directed an AFGE staff member to send his third communication:
an email to a group of AFGE members detailing his views about the incoming Trump
administration. Id., ¶ 32. He warned that the new administration would have a “bull’s eye
planted on the backs of federal workers and the unions that represent them” and questioned
whether AFGE was “ready for this assault.” Id., ¶ 31.
2 B. Procedural History
Nearly one month later, on December 21, 2016, National Vice-President Keith Hill filed
an internal charge against Plaintiff. Id., ¶ 39. Hill asserted that Hudson had violated their
Constitution by: (1) sending the August 2016 letter; (2) sending the October 2016 postcard; (3)
maintaining a public website containing Union information; (4) directing his subordinate to send
the November 15 email; and (5) referring to an AFGE staff member as the “Nigerian Nightmare”
at a training. Id.
Pursuant to Article 13 of the AFGE Constitution, a Committee of Investigation was
appointed on February 7, 2017, to consider the charges. Out of the five charges, the COI
recommended that the NEC proceed only on the charge related to the post-election email,
“find[ing] probable cause exists for the specific charge of malfeasance of office.” Amend.
Compl., Exh. 11 (COI Findings) at 1. Despite Hudson’s request that several NEC members be
recused for potential bias, the full NEC adopted the Committee’s report, deliberated, and found
Hudson guilty of the referred charge. Id., Exh. 15. It then voted to remove him from his position
as NST but did not restrict his Union membership rights. Id., ¶ 55. Hudson has appealed the
ruling to the National Convention, which, as noted, will take place this August. Id., ¶ 59.
Hudson then filed this suit, following his Complaint with a preliminary-injunction
motion. See ECF Nos. 1, 4. After the Court granted the injunction on the ground of bias and
ordered him reinstated, the Union convened another COI to reprocess the charges against
Plaintiff without tainted members. Before those proceedings had concluded, however, Plaintiff
withdrew the count upon which the Court had relied in its injunction, leading it to vacate that
Opinion and Hudson’s reinstatement. See Minute Order, Jan. 12, 2018. AFGE then filed a
motion to dismiss, and Hudson followed shortly after with another motion for preliminary
3 injunction. See ECF Nos. 21, 30. The Court largely granted the former and then denied the
latter as moot. See AFGE II, 289 F. Supp. 3d at 130-31; Minute Order, Feb. 7, 2018.
The internal Union machinery, meanwhile, plodded on. The second COI found, in
addition to the violations via the November 2016 email, probable cause existed that Hudson had
“violated AFGE Policy and Practice” in sending the August 2016 letter, and it referred both of
those charges to the NEC. See COI File at 1. On February 6, 2018, the NEC found that Hudson
had violated the AFGE Constitution in obtaining mailing labels for his August missive without
announcing his candidacy for a specific office. The NEC also concluded that the November
email was “campaign literature[,] as it was his third mass distribution in the brief period
following his” candidacy announcement. See ECF No. 35-1 (NEC Decision). Because the
November email “focused on a political topic,” and he directed a Union staff member to
distribute it “on AFGE’s email server and computer system at the [U]nion’s cost,” the NEC
determined that Hudson had violated the AFGE Constitution and Department of Labor
regulations. Id. The Council then voted to suspend him from office as NST for the rest of his
term.
Focusing on this second removal, Hudson filed an Amended Complaint with the Court’s
permission, and a third motion for preliminary injunction, which the Court denied. See AFGE
III, 2018 WL 1587473, at *8. AFGE now moves to dismiss the Amended Complaint.
II. Legal Standard
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) provides for the dismissal of an action where a
complaint fails “to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” In evaluating Defendant’s
Motion to Dismiss, the Court must “treat the complaint’s factual allegations as true . . . and must
grant [P]laintiff ‘the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.’”
4 Sparrow v. United Air Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (quoting Schuler v.
United States, 617 F.2d 605, 608 (D.C. Cir. 1979)) (citation omitted); see also Jerome Stevens
Pharm., Inc. v. FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1250 (D.C. Cir. 2005). The pleading rules are “not meant
to impose a great burden upon a plaintiff,” Dura Pharm., Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. 336, 347
(2005), and he must thus be given every favorable inference that may be drawn from the
allegations of fact. Sparrow, 216 F.3d at 1113.
Although “detailed factual allegations” are not necessary to withstand a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to
relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citation
omitted). The Court need not accept as true, then, “a legal conclusion couched as a factual
allegation,” nor an inference unsupported by the facts set forth in the Complaint. Trudeau v.
Fed. Trade Comm’n, 456 F.3d 178, 193 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S.
265, 286 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted)). For a plaintiff to survive a 12(b)(6) motion
even if “recovery is very remote and unlikely,” the facts alleged in the complaint “must be
enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550
U.S. 544, 555-56 (2007) (citing Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974)).
The standard to survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) is less forgiving. Under
this Rule, Plaintiff bears the burden of proving that the Court has subject-matter jurisdiction to
hear his claims. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992). A court also has
an “affirmative obligation to ensure that it is acting within the scope of its jurisdictional
authority.” Grand Lodge of Fraternal Order of Police v. Ashcroft, 185 F. Supp. 2d 9, 13 (D.D.C.
2001). For this reason, “‘the [p]laintiff’s factual allegations in the complaint . . . will bear closer
scrutiny in resolving a 12(b)(1) motion’ than in resolving a 12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a
5 claim.” Id. at 13-14 (quoting 5A Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and
Procedure § 1350 (2d ed. 1987) (alteration in original)). Additionally, unlike with a motion to
dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court “may consider materials outside the pleadings in deciding
whether to grant a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction.” Jerome Stevens, 402 F.3d at 1253;
see also Venetian Casino Resort, LLC v. EEOC, 409 F.3d 359, 366 (D.C. Cir. 2005).
III. Analysis
The Amended Complaint lists four causes of action. Counts I and II allege that the Union
violated Plaintiff’s rights under the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA)
when it removed him in August 2017 and February 2018, respectively. Counts III and IV allege
that the Union acted contrary to its Constitution, violating the Labor Management Relations Act
(LMRA) and D.C. law, respectively. The Court evaluates each below.
A. Counts I & II
Because Hudson’s first two counts concern substantially the same underlying facts, the
Court reviews them together. They both allege that Plaintiff’s discharge was in retaliation for
exercising his statutory free-speech rights, which, in turn, is a violation of the LMRDA. That
Act protects a union member’s “right to . . . express any views, arguments, or opinions,” so long
as the speech does not run afoul of the union’s “reasonable rules as to the responsibility of every
member toward the organization . . . and to his refraining from conduct that would interfere with
its performance of its legal or contractual obligations.” 29 U.S.C. § 411(a)(2). The Union based
the first removal on the November 2016 email and the second on both that email and the August
2016 letter. See Amend. Compl., ¶¶ 84, 126, 139. For both, Defendant admits that the
communications were protected speech but contends that Plaintiff cannot state an LMRDA claim
because the removal decisions were based on conduct, not speech.
6 August Letter
As a reminder, the charge related to the August letter was that Hudson had not properly
obtained the mailing labels to send that missive. AFGE national officers are elected by
delegates, and the NST provides “[a]ll declared candidates for national offices . . . [o]ne set of
mailing labels” with the names and addresses of the delegates. Id., Exh. 8 (AFGE Constitution),
App. A, Part II, §§ 1(c), 4(b). A candidate may request additional sets, but must purchase them.
Id., § 4(b)(2). Hudson alleges that he followed this protocol in sending his August letter to local
delegates. See Amend. Compl., ¶¶ 17-23. On August 19, he sent his executive assistant a letter
proclaiming his “official notification of [his] candidacy for national officer at the 2018 National
Convention.” COI File at 9-10. One week later, he mailed a letter announcing his candidacy
“using the free set of address labels provided by AFGE.” Amend. Compl., ¶ 22.
AFGE claims that this did not follow Union protocol. Because he was the incumbent
NST, the Union argues that he should have sent his candidacy declaration to the General Counsel
to ensure that “he was a properly declared candidate.” MTD at 16. It further contends that he, in
fact, was not a “properly declared candidate” when he sent the August letter because he had
“failed to state for which office he was running.” Id. Based on this conduct, AFGE maintains
that Hudson’s removal was valid because “[w]ithout an explanation from the Plaintiff for how he
properly obtained the mailing labels, the NEC made an adverse inference that [he] did not
properly follow AFGE’s procedures for acquiring mailing labels.” Id.
Defendant’s argument, however, requires the Court to determine who is a declared
candidate for office under the AFGE Constitution, an inappropriate task for a motion to dismiss.
Taking the facts in the Amended Complaint as true and giving Hudson the benefit of all
inferences, the plain language of the Constitution says that the NST must provide a free set of
7 labels to all declared candidates, and Plaintiff alleges that he followed the rules by sending his
assistant his declaration. See Amend. Compl., ¶¶ 19, 133. Hudson’s allegations that he was
improperly disciplined for such conduct are thus sufficient to state an LMRDA claim.
November Email
Hudson likewise passes the 12(b)(6) pleading bar by alleging that his November email
could not serve as the predicate for a removal decision without violating the LMRDA. Shortly
after the American presidential election, Hudson directed his subordinate, an AFGE employee, to
send a three-and-a-half-page email to a large number of AFGE members using an AFGE
computer and email account. As Defendant concedes that this email was “protected speech,”
Amend. Compl., ¶ 77, it must show that the email contravened a “reasonable rule” of the Union
or a Department of Labor regulation to escape liability. See 29 U.S.C. § 411(a)(2). Because
both AFGE rules and Labor regulations prohibit any use of union resources “to promote the
candidacy of any candidate in a[] [union] election,” 29 U.S.C. § 481(g), if Hudson’s email was
campaign speech, it would not be protected under the LMRDA, and a removal decision could be
appropriate.
A motion to dismiss, once again, is generally not the appropriate place to decide whether
a communication constitutes campaign literature because that is a mixed question of law and
fact. See Dole v. Drywall Tapers & Finishers Local Union 1976, 733 F. Supp. 864, 866 (D.N.J.
1990) (finding facts and then holding “as a matter of law” that union mailing was campaign
literature). In evaluating the nature of the statement, courts look to “the timing, tone, and
content” of the publication, as well as any “general circumstances surrounding” it. Chao v. N.
Jersey Area Local Postal Workers Union, 211 F. Supp. 2d 543, 551 (D.N.J. 2002).
8 Hudson denies that the email was campaign literature, contending that it was a “statement
containing his personal views,” Amend. Compl., ¶ 31, “about the impact of President Trump’s
election and its effect on AFGE and its members.” Id., ¶ 90. At the preliminary-injunction
stage, the Court held that the email would likely be considered campaign material. See AFGE
III, 2018 WL 1587473, at *4-6. In so holding, however, the Court could only consider the record
before it and did not presume Plaintiff’s allegations true, as it must here. In light of the facts
alleged in the complaint and the language on the face of the email itself, Hudson’s claim that it is
not campaign material is certainly not implausible. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (complaint need
only state facially plausible claim to survive motion to dismiss); Doe 1 v. Trump, 275 F. Supp.
3d 167, 192 (D.D.C. 2017) (discussing difference between motion to dismiss and preliminary
injunction). At this stage that is all that is required: discovery could well bring to light additional
facts that could affect the Court’s (or a jury’s) ultimate finding as to nature of the November
email. Because Plaintiff has stated a plausible claim that the Union’s cited reasons for his
discharge were retaliatory in violation of the LMRDA, Counts I and II withstand the Motion.
B. Count III
Plaintiff next alleges in Count III that AFGE breached its contract with him via his
removal and thereby violated the Labor Management Relations Act. Section 301 of that Act
provides a federal cause of action for suits alleging a “violation of contracts between an
employer and a labor organization representing employees . . . or between any such labor
organizations.” 29 U.S.C. § 185(a). In AFGE II the Court sua sponte raised doubts about
whether it had jurisdiction to hear this claim because Hudson is not an employer or a labor
organization. See 289 F. Supp. 3d at 130. In ruling on the third preliminary-injunction motion,
the Court remained unpersuaded that federal court was the proper place for this claim given
9 Hudson’s summary briefing on the issue, which argued in essence that “just as AFGE can apply
Article XIII and XXIII to discipline him, he can sue AFGE for violating the rights the
Constitution bestows on all members.” ECF No. 37 at 32; see AFGE III, 2018 WL 1587473, at
*7. In opposing the latest Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiff now makes clear that he is not attempting
to sue on behalf of his local, but as a third-party beneficiary of the AFGE Constitution, which, as
the Court already determined, is a “contract[] . . . between . . . labor organizations.” Id. Given
this new formulation, the Court agrees that it has jurisdiction to hear the claim.
The key decision here, Wooddell v. International Brotherhood of Electric Workers, 502
U.S. 93 (1991), permitted a union member to file suit against his local chapter, alleging that it
had violated the international constitution. The Supreme Court found it “clear” that Wooddell
had “charged a violation of a contract between two unions within the meaning of § 301” because
his complaint alleged (and the local conceded) that the local had failed to abide by a section of
the international union contract requiring locals to comply with the collective-bargaining
contract. Id. at 100. It concluded that “[m]embers of a collective-bargaining unit are often the
beneficiaries of such interunion contracts” and are thus entitled to bring suit under § 301 to
enforce them. Id. at 101; see also Heintzman v. Amalgamated Transit Union Int’l, 825 F. Supp.
2d 161, 165-66 (D.D.C. 2011) (national officer’s claim that union unlawfully withheld vacation
pay in violation of constitution “falls within the bounds of Section 301(a)”). By alleging that
AFGE breached its Constitution — a “contract between labor organizations” — Hudson may
bring suit as a “third-party beneficiar[y].” Korzen v. Local Union 705, Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters,
75 F.3d 285, 288 (7th Cir. 1996). That is so even though he seeks to vindicate an individual
right, rather than a breach by one of the parties of the Constitution.
10 AFGE tries to resist this conclusion, arguing that Hudson does not have standing to bring
an LMRA claim because his home local represents only public employees. The Court disagrees.
Not all unions are covered by the LMRA. The Act borrows definitions from the National
Labor Relations Act, which defines a “labor organization” as “any organization . . . in which
employees participate and which exists for the purpose, in whole or in part, of dealing with
employers.” 29 U.S.C. § 152(5). The NLRA — and LMRA by extension — specifically limits
the term “employer” to the private sector. Id. § 152(2) (“The term ‘employer’ . . . shall not
include the United States or any wholly owned Government corporation.”). Courts have thus
uniformly held that, because a public-sector union is not a “labor organization” under the
LMRA, it may not bring a § 301 claim, and neither may public employees. See Cunningham v.
Local 30, Int’l Union of Op. Engrs., 234 F. Supp. 2d 383, 395-96 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (collecting
cases).
Hudson, however, is not a public employee but was, until his ouster, a full-time AFGE
employee. See AFGE Const., art. VII, § 1(b). AFGE, moreover, is a “mixed union,” meaning it
represents both private- and public-sector employees. The Department of Labor and this Circuit
have interpreted the LMRDA, but not the LMRA, to apply to mixed unions. See 29
C.F.R. § 451.3(a)(4); Wildberger v. AFGE, 86 F.3d 1188, 1192 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (LMRDA
applies to AFGE). Because the two statutes define “labor organization” in functionally
equivalent terms, however, the Court finds that the LMRA also applies to mixed unions.
Compare 29 U.S.C. § 402(i) (“‘Labor organization’ means a labor organization engaged in an
industry affecting commerce . . . in which employees participate and which exists for the
purpose, in whole or in part, of dealing with employers.”), with 29 U.S.C. § 152(5). It is thus
irrelevant that Plaintiff’s home local does not qualify as a labor organization. He is suing for a
11 breach of the AFGE Constitution, and at least some of the signatory locals to that contract
represent private employees.
Moving to the merits, AFGE alternatively argues that Plaintiff has not “allege[d] any
facts to demonstrate that AFGE violated its Constitution.” MTD at 22. That is plainly untrue.
The Amended Complaint alleges that AFGE violated its Constitution by: 1) including biased
members in both COIs; 2) allowing its GC to “essentially bec[o]me the prosecutor” during the
second NEC hearing; 3) “basing its decision on facts not in the administrative file”; and 4)
exceeding the scope of the original charge. See Amend. Compl., ¶¶ 168-69, 171, 175, 179.
“[D]etailed factual allegations” are not required to withstand a motion to dismiss, and Plaintiff
has provided “sufficient . . . factual content that allows the [C]ourt to draw the reasonable
inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citation
omitted).
Defendant’s attempt to heighten the pleading standard by insisting that the Court must
defer to a union’s interpretation of its constitution likewise fails. See MTD at 28. While “[a]n
interpretation of a union constitution rendered by officials of a labor organization is entitled to
considerable deference,” Monzillo v. Biller, 735 F.2d 1456, 1458 (D.C. Cir. 1984), that
deference is not unyielding, and a court may decline to adopt the union’s interpretation if it is
“unreasonable or made in bad faith.” Id. Whether the Union’s interpretations meet that standard
is beyond the scope of a motion to dismiss, which tests only the sufficiency of the complaint.
See Sickle v. Torres Adv. Enterp. Solutions, LLC, 884 F.3d 338, 344 (D.C. Cir. 2018). For now,
at least, Count III survives.
C. Count IV
Count IV alleges that AFGE’s constitutional breaches violated D.C. law. As Plaintiff
12 concedes, “If the Court asserts jurisdiction over” Count III, Count IV is “preempted.” Opp. at
34. The Wooddell Court’s animating reason in allowing union members to sue for breach of
contract in federal court was to prevent potentially inconsistent interpretations of union contract
terms in state and federal courts. See 502 U.S. at 102. As a result, state-law claims that
“purport[] to define the meaning or scope of a term in a contract suit therefore [are] pre-empted
by federal labor law.” Allis-Chalmers Corp. v. Lueck, 471 U.S. 202, 210 (1985). Count IV is
thus preempted and will be dismissed.
IV. Conclusion
For the above reasons, the Court will deny Defendant’s Motion as to Counts I-III and
grant it as to Count IV. A separate Order consistent with this Opinion will be issued this day.
/s/ James E. Boasberg JAMES E. BOASBERG United States District Judge
Date: June 25, 2018