Filed 5/22/13 Hsu v. Riverside Cty. Transp. Com. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
CHING LUNG HSU et al.,
Plaintiffs and Appellants, E054922
v. (Super.Ct.No. RIC10014447)
RIVERSIDE COUNTY OPINION TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Paulette Durand-
Barkley, Temporary Judge. (Pursuant to Cal. Const., art. VI, § 21.) Reversed.
Barry A. Ross for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Best Best & Krieger, Mark A. Easter and Kira L. Klatchko for Defendant and
Respondent Riverside County Transportation Commission.
Glenn B. Mueller, Ronald W. Beals, and Jeffrey R. Benowitz for Defendant and
Respondent State of California.
1 Plaintiffs Ching Lung “Patrick” Hsu and Wen Sung Hsu brought this inverse
condemnation action to recover additional severance damages for their property near
Perris.
Defendant Riverside County Transportation Commission (RCTC) filed a motion
for summary judgment.1 It alleged that plaintiffs’ action was barred by res judicata and
collateral estoppel because plaintiffs had already received severance damages for the
same property in an earlier eminent domain action.
Although plaintiffs argued that there were many factual issues to be tried, the trial
court granted the motion for summary judgment. It found that the drainage and flooding
issues were considered in the eminent domain action and that the severance damages
awarded in the eminent domain action compensated plaintiffs for all reasonably
foreseeable damage to their property caused by the proposed improvements.
Plaintiffs appeal, contending that the trial court erred because the issue of flooding
was not raised in the prior action, there are material factual issues, and the flooding was
not a reasonably foreseeable result of the proposed project.
Finding at least three material factual issues, we must reverse the trial court’s
granting of the summary judgment motion.
1 Defendant State of California (the State) subsequently joined in the summary judgment motion and in RCTC’s briefing.
2 I
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Plaintiffs cite the standard of review as stated in Lona v. Citibank, N.A. (2011) 202
Cal.App.4th 89: “Summary judgment provides ‘courts with a mechanism to cut through
the parties’ pleadings in order to determine whether, despite their allegations, trial is in
fact necessary to resolve their dispute.’ [Citation.] A summary judgment motion ‘shall
be granted if all the papers submitted show that there is no triable issue as to any material
fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’ [Citation.]
‘The pleadings determine the issues to be addressed by a summary judgment motion
[citation], and the declarations filed in connection with such motion “must be directed to
the issues raised by the pleadings.”’ [Citation.] [¶] The moving party ‘bears the burden
of persuasion that there is no triable issue of material fact and that he is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.’ [Citations.] Defendants moving for summary judgment
. . . meet this burden by presenting evidence demonstrating that one or more elements of
the plaintiff’s cause of action cannot be established or that there is a complete defense to
the action. [Citations.] Once the defendant makes this showing, the burden shifts to the
plaintiff to show that a triable issue of material fact exists with regard to that cause of
action or defense. [Citations.] Material facts are those that relate to the issues in the case
as framed by the pleadings. [Citation.] In ruling on the motion, the court must consider
the evidence and inferences reasonably drawn from the evidence in the light most
favorable to the party opposing the motion. [Citation.] [¶] We review an order granting
3 summary judgment de novo, considering all the evidence set forth in the moving and
opposition papers, except that to which objections have been made and sustained.
[Citations.] In undertaking our independent review, we apply the same three-step
analysis as the trial court. First, we identify the issues framed by the pleadings. Next, we
determine whether the moving party has established facts justifying judgment in its favor.
Finally, if the moving party has carried its initial burden, we decide whether the opposing
party has demonstrated the existence of a triable issue of material fact. [Citations.] ‘We
need not defer to the trial court and are not bound by the reasons for [its] summary
judgment ruling; we review the ruling of the trial court, not its rationale.’ [Citation.]”
(Id. at pp. 100-101; see also Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c);2 Aguilar v. Atlantic
Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 843 (Aguilar); Hamburg v. Wal-Mart Stores. Inc.
(2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 497, 502-503.)
II
THE PLEADINGS
The complaint alleges that plaintiffs own property in Perris, that the property was
affected by a project involving Highway 74 in Perris, and that “[p]ursuant to the duly
approved plans, defendants and each of them, constructed the Project.” Despite this
allegation, it is further alleged that “[i]n constructing the Project, the defendants, and each
of them, failed to construct the Project in accordance with the approved plans” because
2 Unless otherwise indicated, all further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.
4 certain drainage improvements contained in the approved plans were not actually
constructed. As a result, the property flooded during rainstorms. Finally, plaintiffs allege
they have not received any compensation as a result of such flooding to their property.
RCTC’s answer was a general denial with 13 affirmative defenses. The
affirmative defenses include res judicata “as Plaintiffs are seeking to recover damages
that Plaintiff [sic] could have, and should have sought in the eminent domain
lawsuit . . . .” A fifth affirmative defense asserts that the action is barred by the doctrine
of estoppel.
The State filed a separate answer. It consisted of a general denial with 16
affirmative defenses. Interestingly enough, the State did not assert a res judicata defense,
but it did allege an equitable estoppel defense.3
III
THE MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
On May 20, 2011, RCTC filed its motion for summary judgment. The motion
asserted that RCTC was entitled to summary judgment because the plaintiffs “seek
compensation for damages to the same property that was the subject of a prior eminent
domain proceeding in which Plaintiffs sought severance damages.” The motion argued
that defendants had constructed the project in accordance with “the manner in which it
3 Accordingly, plaintiffs argue that the State’s summary judgment motion should have been dismissed. In view of our disposition, it is unnecessary to consider this argument.
5 was proposed” and that plaintiffs had received a jury award in the prior action which
included severance damages resulting from the project.
In an accompanying memorandum of points and authorities, RCTC argued that
plaintiffs were estopped “from being able to recover damages for inverse condemnation
when the damages were foreseeable at the time of the judgment in condemnation.”
RCTC also attacked the factual basis for plaintiffs’ claim by arguing that it was
based on a factual inaccuracy.4 RCTC argued that plaintiffs claimed that RCTC omitted
certain drainage facilities, designated as Drainage Facilities 66 and 67, from the approved
2003 project plans. These facilities were shown on 2006 “as built” plans as being built,
but they never were constructed.
RCTC argued that the 2003 project plans did not include those drainage plans and
were never intended to include those drainage plans. Further, the designation of those
plans as “as built” plans was merely an error, the drainage facilities shown on those plans
were never a part of the project, and the drainage facilities were never built. RCTC
argued that, since the project was completed in accordance with the original plans,
plaintiffs had no justifiable claim for inverse condemnation.
RCTC also argued that they had a complete defense to the action because, after a
severance damage award in an eminent domain action, plaintiffs cannot prevail in a
second action “for the past, present, or future damages that may have occurred, or
4 As discussed below, plaintiffs’ declarants disagreed, thereby creating a material factual issue which defeats summary judgment.
6 reasonably be expected to occur” by reason of the use of the property for a public
purpose. (Citing Cox v. State of California (1970) 3 Cal.App.3d 301, 309, italics
omitted.)
Secondly, RCTC argued that severance damages were awarded in the eminent
domain action after consideration of various issues, including flooding and drainage
issues. RCTC cited various code sections and People ex rel. Dept. Pub. Wks. v. Silveira
(1965) 236 Cal.App.2d 604 to support their claim that a compensation award includes all
damages, present and prospective, that will arise from the construction of the project
improvements as proposed in the project plans. The corollary to this argument is that the
damages previously awarded in the eminent domain action included damages for all
reasonably foreseeable consequences of building the project in accordance with the
approved plans. RCTC cited Ellena v. State of California (1977) 69 Cal.App.3d 245
[Fourth Dist., Div. Two] in support of this argument.
Numerous factual documents were filed with the motion, including supporting
declarations and plan pages showing planned drainage facilities, designated D-25 and D-
49. RCTC also requested the court to take judicial notice of the pleadings and verdict in
the prior action.
A. Issues Framed by the Pleadings
The primary issue framed by the pleadings is whether defendants have a complete
defense to the action. To establish a res judicata or collateral estoppel defense, RCTC
must show that plaintiffs were previously compensated for severance damages to their
7 property, that the Route 74 road improvements were constructed in accordance with the
approved plans, and that the subsequent flood damage was foreseeable at the time of the
prior eminent domain award. The cases cited by RCTC support these general
propositions.
B. Did Defendants Establish Defenses to Plaintiffs’ Claim?
RCTC contends that it has established the res judicata and collateral estoppel
defenses to the plaintiffs’ complaint for additional severance damages. The contention is
well supported by its version of the facts, its declarations, and the applicable law.
However, the primary issue in this case is whether plaintiffs have shown that there are
triable issues of fact. We therefore turn to that question.
C. Did Plaintiffs Demonstrate the Existence of Triable Material Factual
Issues?
The statements of undisputed material facts filed by the parties in connection with
the summary judgment motion show the wide disagreement between the parties on the
issue of whether triable issues of material fact exist.
Defendants’ initial statement of undisputed material facts lists 13 allegedly
undisputed facts.
Plaintiffs’ statement disputes or objects to nine of those allegedly undisputed facts.
In addition, plaintiffs included in their statement a 13-page statement of “additional facts
in dispute.” The statement primarily references the declaration of Richard Doolittle,
which plaintiffs submitted in opposition to the summary judgment motion.
8 RCTC responded by filing a “reply” separate statement of undisputed facts which
lists RCTC’s alleged fact, plaintiffs’ response, and RCTC’s objection to each response.
In particular, RCTC objected to statements in the declarations of Mr. Doolittle; plaintiff
Ching Hsu; and plaintiffs’ attorney, Barry Ross. Although a proposed order on the
extensive objections was submitted to the trial court, it apparently did not rule on them.
As they did in the trial court, plaintiffs allege that there were at least eight factual
issues which they contend were raised by their declarations. We focus on three of those
issues.
1. Were the subject drainage facilities part of the approved plans for
the project?
Plaintiffs argue that there is a triable issue of fact as to whether the drainage
facilities were part of the approved project plans. According to Mr. Doolittle’s
declaration, the approved sheets are D-25 and D-49 dated November 3, 2003. Secondly,
there are revised sheets D-25R and D-49R that are also dated November 3, 2003.
Thirdly, there are drainage facility sheets D-25 and D-49 that bear an “as built” stamp
upon completion of the project in 2006.
Mr. Doolittle explains why there is confusion about which sheets were part of the
approved plans, primarily because of ambiguities surrounding the revised plans,
including lack of change orders and a general practice of not dating plans and revisions
on the same day. Mr. Doolittle states “Exhibits ‘C’ and ‘F’ [sheets D-25R and D-49R]
show that additional drainage facilities were to be included as part of the Route 74 project
9 in order to alleviate flooding and excessive rainwater flow on the subject property.” He
also confirms that sheets D-25 and D-49 are the drainage improvements referred to as
systems 66 and 67.
Plaintiffs argue that, if the drainage facilities listed on the original or revised
sheets were part of the original project, the failure to complete the project by building
those facilities would be grounds for the additional severance damages sought by
plaintiffs. In this regard, section 1263.450 provides: “Compensation for injury to the
remainder shall be based on the project as proposed.” Plaintiffs cite People v. Adamson
(1953) 118 Cal.App.2d 714: “[I]t is the law of this state that damages not necessarily
included in the issues in a condemnation action may be recovered in a subsequent action.
[Citations.]” (Id. at p. 722.)
Plaintiffs therefore find a factual issue as to whether the drainage facility sheets,
particularly the revised sheets D-25R and D-49R, show facilities that were not
constructed but were part of the project plans existing at the time of the eminent domain
trial.5 However, the trial court found that “[i]t is undisputed that the 2003 Plans did not
contain Drainage Facilities 66 & 67.” But, as shown above, the issue was put into
dispute by plaintiffs’ declarations.
5 The project engineer, Mr. Reyes Chavez, stated in his declaration that the revised sheets were merely conceptual designs made in 2005, that the plan approval date was a computer error, and that the “as built” stamp which was affixed in 2006 was also due to computer error. The eminent domain trial was in 2004.
10 RCTC argues that “Hsu has not established that the Project that was built was
different from the Project that was proposed.” But plaintiffs have established that there is
a difference of opinion in the declarations which creates a material factual issue which
cannot be decided on summary judgment.
Plaintiffs also cite the trial court’s statement of the general rule: “If the proposed
project is not thereafter carried out as proposed, plaintiffs correctly contend that a
subsequent action may be maintained for damages to the retained parcel caused by the
changes in the project. (See People ex rel. Dept. of Public Works v. Pera (1961) 190
Cal.App.2d 497, 502.)”6 Accordingly, plaintiffs contend that this issue of fact is a
material issue.
2. Was the flooding that occurred foreseeable?
“Where property has been taken by condemnation or acquired by deed, it must be
assumed that the owner has been compensated for all reasonably foreseeable damage to
his property resulting from the acquisition and the construction of the proposed public
improvements. [Citation.]” (Ellena v. State of California, supra, 69 Cal.App.3d at p.
254.)
Plaintiffs argue that the flooding which occurred was not foreseeable. They cite to
both Mr. Hsu’s and Mr. Doolittle’s declarations, in which it is said that it is a custom in
the industry and a requirement of the county code that new construction must receive,
6 In oral argument, defendants’ counsel agreed that a later action could be brought if the project was not constructed as proposed.
11 accommodate, and discharge drainage water in substantially the same manner as before
the new construction.
As a result, they find that there was no reason anyone would believe that the
design of the project would result in increased flooding of the subject property.
Accordingly, plaintiffs argue that the flood damage which subsequently occurred was not
foreseeable.
3. Was evidence on flooding presented during the eminent domain
trial?
Citing Mr. Hsu’s declaration, plaintiffs argue that there is a factual issue as to
whether the subject of possible flooding of the property by the new Route 74 project
arose during the eminent domain trial.
Mr. Hsu declares: “There was no issue presented during the trial concerning
flooding of the subject property by the Route 74 project. This issue was not raised during
the trial. There was no reason to raise the issue of flooding because there was no
evidence presented that the construction of the Route 74 project would cause the
remainder portion of the subject property to be flooded. It was not reasonably
foreseeable.”
Mr. Hsu further alleges that the award of severance damages was based on
testimony as to the cost of fill dirt needed to raise the property to the new grade level.
Mr. Hsu, a former State of California, Department of Transportation civil engineer, also
12 stated that he had no reason to believe that offsite improvements to Route 74 would result
in flooding of his property.
Citing the declarations of Mr. Hsu and plaintiffs’ attorney, and the attachments to
their declarations, plaintiffs argue that the RCTC trial brief in the eminent domain action,
the RCTC closing argument, and a declaration of RCTC’s attorney show that the
severance damages in the eminent domain trial were the result of Mr. Hsu’s claim for
$150,000 for loss of and replacement of fill dirt,7 and did not include compensation for
any other possible loss, such as flooding. Plaintiffs’ attorney states that the declaration of
defendants’ attorney shows that “there was no issue of severance damages relating to
offsite flooding due to the construction of the Route 74 project.”8
Since there is a serious disagreement regarding the evidence and issues at the
eminent domain trial, plaintiffs contend they have demonstrated another material factual
issue.
7 In the eminent domain trial, Mr. Hsu sought $150,000 for loss of fill dirt. The trial court struck $40,000 from this claim. Accordingly, Mr. Hsu was allowed to ask the jury for severance damages of $160,000, consisting of $110,000 for loss of fill dirt and $50,000 for loss in value of the remainder. The jury awarded total severance damages of $98,110. 8 The issue may be significant because if, after completion of the project, the landowner’s remaining property is damaged by extrinsic causes, he may recover damages in an inverse condemnation action. The foreseeability test only applies when the landowner’s parcel is damaged by public works construction on the remainder parcel itself. (Cox v. State of California, supra, 3 Cal.App.3d at pp. 308-309.) However, the parties do not focus on this potential issue.
13 IV
DISCUSSION
Plaintiffs rely on the general principles of summary judgment as stated in Aguilar:
“First, and generally, from commencement to conclusion, the party moving for summary
judgment bears the burden of persuasion that there is no triable issue of material fact and
that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. That is because of the general principle
that a party who seeks a court’s action in his favor bears the burden of persuasion
thereon. [Citation.]” (Aguilar, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 850, fn. omitted.)
“Second, and generally, the party moving for summary judgment bears an initial
burden of production to make a prima facie showing of the nonexistence of any triable
issue of material fact; if he carries his burden of production, he causes a shift, and the
opposing party is then subjected to a burden of production of his own to make a prima
facie showing of the existence of a triable issue of material fact.” (Aguilar, supra, 25
Cal.4th at p. 850.)
Also, “[t]he court may not ‘grant[]’ the defendants’ motion for summary judgment
‘based on inferences . . . , if contradicted by other inferences or evidence, which raise a
triable issue as to any material fact.’ [Citation.] Neither, apparently, may the court grant
their motion based on any evidence from which such inferences are drawn, if so
contradicted. That means that, if the court concludes that the plaintiff’s evidence or
inferences raise a triable issue of material fact, it must conclude its consideration and
deny the defendants’ motion.” (Aguilar, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 856.)
14 More specifically, “[t]he trial court may not weigh the evidence in the manner of a
fact finder to determine whose version is more likely true. [Citation.] Nor may the trial
court grant summary judgment based on the court’s evaluation of credibility. [Citation.]
Nor may the trial court grant summary judgment for a defendant based simply on its
opinion that plaintiff’s claims are ‘implausible,’ if a reasonable factfinder could find for
plaintiff on the evidence presented. [Citation.]” (Binder v. Aetna Life Ins. Co. (1999) 75
Cal.App.4th 832, 840.)
Put more succinctly, the trial court considering a summary judgment motion is
limited to issue finding. It cannot properly go beyond issue finding to issue
determination in deciding a motion for summary judgment. (Chilson v. P. G. Industries
(1959) 174 Cal.App.2d 613, 616.)
A. The Trial Court Determined That the Revised Drainage Facilities Were Not
Part of the Project
But the trial court here did not limit its inquiry to identifying material factual
issues. Instead, it engaged in issue determination. For example, the trial court stated that
“[i]t is undisputed that the 2003 Plans did not contain Drainage Facilities 66 & 67.” It
therefore decided that “[p]laintiffs cannot establish that [drainage facilities 66 and 67]
were part of the Project as proposed at the time of the underlying action.” But these
conclusions could only have been reached by disregarding plaintiffs’ argument and
declarations. Those declarations establish the existence of a material factual issue on this
subject.
15 Mr. Doolittle’s declaration establishes the necessary factual conflict. Mr. Doolittle
explains that he believes the revised plans showing the subject drainage facilities were
part of the project because they were dated in 2003, and for other reasons. While the trier
of fact could accept the explanation of Mr. Chavez to the effect that these plans were
conceptual plans prepared in 2005, and not part of the approved project, it is certainly not
required to do so. This is a material factual issue.
The trial court also ruled that plaintiffs’ complaint was based solely on the theory
that the drainage facilities were not constructed and “[p]laintiffs have asserted no claims
that the Project, as proposed and approved at the time of the Eminent Domain action,
caused or aggravated the drainage or flooding problems to the remainder.”
However, the complaint is based on the theory that defendants failed to construct
the project in accordance with the proposed plans, and that the proposed drainage
facilities were a part of those plans. The complaint specifically alleges that “[a]s a
proximate and direct result of the failure by the defendants, and each of them, to
construct the Project as planned and by specifically omitting the above described
drainage improvements, the Subject Property during the past three years has been subject
to flooding during rain storms.”
Section 1263.450 states: “Compensation for injury to the remainder shall be based
on the project as proposed.” If the subject drainage facilities were included in the project,
but not built, plaintiffs can recover for the resulting injuries to their property in an inverse
16 condemnation action. Conversely, plaintiffs cannot recover if the drainage facilities were
not included in the project, unless the damages were unforeseeable at the time of trial.
We find that the disputed question of whether the proposed drainage facilities
were part of the original approved plans given to plaintiffs and submitted at the eminent
domain trial is a material factual issue.
B. Foreseeability is a Factual Issue
There is another material factual issue established by conflicting declarations.
RCTC contends that the issue of flood damage arising from the project was foreseeable,
that it was raised and determined in the eminent domain action, and that res judicata
therefore bars this inverse condemnation action.
Mr. Doolittle and other declarants offer their respective opinions that the flood
damage that occurred was unforeseeable, that it was not raised and determined in the
eminent domain action, and that principles of res judicata and collateral estoppel do not
bar this action.
Forseeability is a factual question: “Estoppel is a question of fact, and the
determination of the trier of fact is binding on appeal unless the contrary conclusion is the
only one that can reasonably be drawn from the evidence.” (Mehl v. People ex rel Dept.
Pub. Wks. (1975) 13 Cal.3d 710, 715-716.) The proper procedure is shown by our case
of Ellena v. State of California, supra, 69 Cal.App.3d 245. In that case, trial was
bifurcated in a flooding action so that the res judicata defense, including foreseeability
issues, would first be tried to the court without a jury.
17 C. Determination of Issues Actually Litigated in the Eminent Domain Trial are
Factual Determinations
Questions relating to the testimony and arguments at the prior trial cannot be
resolved by piecemeal references to the prior record. Whether the issue of flood damage
was considered and adjudicated in the prior trial is therefore another material factual
issue, despite the trial court’s conclusion that “[d]rainage and flooding issues were
explored in connection with the Eminent Domain action.”
Plaintiffs dispute this conclusion by arguing that the only issue concerning
flooding in the eminent domain action was related to flooding that would occur if
sufficient fill dirt was not used to properly grade the property.
The trial court should not have decided the issue because there are conflicting
declarations on this subject. The conflicting declarations merely raise another material
factual issue.
D. Conclusion
The trial court did not limit itself to recognizing factual issues. Instead, it made
factual determinations on summary judgment. “The function of the trial court in ruling
on a motion for summary judgment is merely to determine whether such issues of fact
exist, not to decide the merits of the issues themselves. [Citation.]” (Furla v. Jon
Douglas Co. (1998) 65 Cal.App.4th 1069, 1076-1077.)
In determining whether factual issues exist, the trial court should have applied the
general rule that the moving party’s papers are strictly construed and the opposing party’s
18 papers are liberally construed, with any doubts being resolved in favor of the party
opposing the motion. (Hamburg v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., supra, 116 Cal.App.4th at p.
502.) This is so because of the strong public policy favoring a trial on the merits. (Ibid.)
Specifically, the trial court was not free to disregard Mr. Doolittle’s declaration,
Mr. Hsu’s declaration, or Mr. Ross’s declaration: “[T]he sole declaration of a party
opposing a summary judgment motion which raises a triable issue of fact is sufficient to
deny that motion. . . . Further, . . . section 437c, subdivision (e) does not allow a trial
court to weigh the credibility of a declaration submitted by the party opposing a summary
judgment motion and then grant the motion, except where the declaration is facially so
incredible as a matter of law that the moving party otherwise would be entitled to
summary judgment.” (Estate of Housley (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 342, 359-360, fns.
omitted.) Clearly, none of the declarations submitted by plaintiffs were facially
incredible, and the trial court erred in disregarding them.
Since there were at least three factual issues presented by the conflicting
declarations and documentary evidence, we are compelled to reverse the trial court’s
judgment. On remand, the trial court is directed to consider plaintiffs’ request for
attorney fees under section 1036.
19 V
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed. On remand, the trial court is directed to consider
appellants’ request for attorney fees under section 1036. Appellants shall recover their
costs on appeal.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RICHLI J.
We concur:
McKINSTER Acting P. J.
KING J.