Daniels, J. :
The recovery in this action was upon a policy of insurance issued by the defendant to Charles E. Heuberer in the sum of $5,000 upon 10,000 bushels of corn contained in his mill situated in the city of Brooklyn. The policy was dated the 5th of September, 1877, and was by its terms to continue in force for the period of one year from the ninth day of the same month. At the expiration of that time it was renewed by a certificate issued for that purpose for a further period of one year, and before the expiration of that time the mill together with the corn which was made the subject of the insurance was destroyed by fire. After the policy was issued, and on or about the 16th ’ of May, 1878, Heuberer applied to the plaintiffs for a loan of $5,000 upon the corn, which they consented to make. And for the purpose of carrying the agreement into effect, Heuberer executed and delivered to them a warehouse receipt stating that he had “received on storage for account of Messrs. Jesse Hoyt & Co., ten thousand bushel? of corn, to be made into corn meal, deliverable to their order on payment of the charges accrued thereon, and in accordance with the marginal note hereto.” This receipt was signed by Heuberer, and the note on the margin contained the statement “ ten thousand bushels corn to be made into corn meal.” Under the receipt was a printed [418]*418statement relating to its negotiability, which, it is not important to notice for the disposition of the ease. The receipt itself was marked “not negotiable.” It was not issued upon a transaction included within the terms of chapter 326 of the. Laws of 1858, and for that reason it will not be necessary to consider the provisions of that act. '
The receipt was not invalid because it was not issued upon a transaction within the terms of the act, for it was still a lawful contract between the parties to it under the general principles of the common law, in no way restricted by anything contained in the statute. And as the corn was actually in store at the time when the receipt was issued, and the evidence showed that it so continued down to the time of the loss by fire, it took effect as a valid transfer of the property to. the plaintiffs, although it was not in fact separated from other property of the same description either then in the mill or afterwards received there and disposed of by Heuberer. (Kimberly v. Patchin, 19 N.Y., 330; Parshall v. Eggert, 54 id., 19.) Under these authorities Heuberer, by force of the receipt, became the bailee of the corn for the use and benefit of the plaintiffs, and their rights to it were in no manner diminished by the circumstance that the receipt entitled them to have the corn ground into corn meal. That was a privilege reserved to them which they could avail themselves of or not as they afterwards might elect. They made no such election, and consequently the instrument issued to them retained simply its character of a receipt by which the party subscribing it was obligated to hold the corn for their benefit. The corn itself aj>peared to be worth the sum of $4,700, and as the plaintiffs advanced the sum of $5,000 upon it, this left no interest whatever in the person issuing the receipt.
The nature of such an instrument was considered in Yenni v. McNamee (45 N. Y., 614), where it was held to be inoperative as to a creditor afterwards levying upon the property, but it was at the same time conceded to be valid between the parties to it substantially according to its terms. (Id., 620, 621.)
An instrument of the same nature was also considered by the court in Gibson v. Stevens (8 How. [U. S.], 384.) The plaintiff there simply advanced money upon the receipt to the parties to whom it had been issued, and the point presented was the extent of [419]*419the interest acquired in that manner by him. The opinion of the court was delivered by the chief justice who stated that an indorsement and delivery of the warehouse document in consideration of the advance of the money made by the plaintiff, transferred “ to him the legal title and constructive possession of the property, and the warehousemen from the time of this transfer became his bailees and held the pork and flour for him.” (Id., 399.)
“ To the extent of his advances he is a purchaser, and the legal ■ title was conveyed to him to protect his advances * * *. The legal title, the right of property, passed to him and McGueen and McKay retained nothing but an equitable interest in the surplus, if any remained after satisfying the claims of Gibson.” (Id., 400.)
Even if this transaction should be considered a mortgage, as it affected personal property, the right of the plaintiff to it would be substantially the same. For a mortgage of such property is a transfer of the title to it as a security for the debt. (Conard v. Atlantic Ins. Co., 1 Pet., 386; Bank of Rochester v. Jones, 4 Comst., 497.)
The transaction presented by the last case was similar in substance to the one now before the court. For the bank advanced Its money upon a draft for the security of which the receipt issued was transferred to it, and it was there held by the court that “ in a mortgage of chattels the general property passes to the mortgagee.” “And the delivery of the carrier’s receipt or bill of lading to the bank for a valuable consideration passed to the bank the legal title of the same.” (Id., 507.)
It is clear, therefore, that the effect of this transaction must have been to vest the title to the corn in question in the plaintiffs. They became its owners inasmuch as the advances upon it by them exceeded its value. No right or interest whatever was léft in Heuberer, beyond a mere formal privilege to redeem it by the payment of the money. And as the value of the corn was less than the money advanced upon it, that was simply a naked and technical right of no value whatsoever.
Under the same date as that of the receipt the policy in controversy was assigned by Heuberer to the plaintiffs, and their right to recover for the loss of the corn under it was resisted practically because they were not its owners, and also that Heuberer had no such title as rendered the policy at any time obligatory in its nature. [420]*420It was by its own terms issued to him upon property owned by him, or held in trust, or on commission, or sold, but not delivered. At that time he was the owner of the corn, and the policy therefore became a valid insurance to him. He was then the sole, absolute and unconditional owner of the pi-operty insured, and that portion of the policy which rendered it conditionally dependent upon this circumstance was satisfied by the fact. And if the policy had continued to bo held by him it would have remained an equally valid instrument under the clause by which it was expressly made to include property sold and not delivered. <
By the delivery of the receipt under the arrangement made between the parties, a change did take place in the title. But that was consented to by the agents of the defendant, and that consequently did not invalidate the policy. It was provided by an indorsement upon it that the policy was not assignable for purposes of collateral security. But in all such cases it was to be made payable in case of loss to the party, to be secured by an indorsement upon its face.
This restraint, however, did not include the transaction between these parties.
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Daniels, J. :
The recovery in this action was upon a policy of insurance issued by the defendant to Charles E. Heuberer in the sum of $5,000 upon 10,000 bushels of corn contained in his mill situated in the city of Brooklyn. The policy was dated the 5th of September, 1877, and was by its terms to continue in force for the period of one year from the ninth day of the same month. At the expiration of that time it was renewed by a certificate issued for that purpose for a further period of one year, and before the expiration of that time the mill together with the corn which was made the subject of the insurance was destroyed by fire. After the policy was issued, and on or about the 16th ’ of May, 1878, Heuberer applied to the plaintiffs for a loan of $5,000 upon the corn, which they consented to make. And for the purpose of carrying the agreement into effect, Heuberer executed and delivered to them a warehouse receipt stating that he had “received on storage for account of Messrs. Jesse Hoyt & Co., ten thousand bushel? of corn, to be made into corn meal, deliverable to their order on payment of the charges accrued thereon, and in accordance with the marginal note hereto.” This receipt was signed by Heuberer, and the note on the margin contained the statement “ ten thousand bushels corn to be made into corn meal.” Under the receipt was a printed [418]*418statement relating to its negotiability, which, it is not important to notice for the disposition of the ease. The receipt itself was marked “not negotiable.” It was not issued upon a transaction included within the terms of chapter 326 of the. Laws of 1858, and for that reason it will not be necessary to consider the provisions of that act. '
The receipt was not invalid because it was not issued upon a transaction within the terms of the act, for it was still a lawful contract between the parties to it under the general principles of the common law, in no way restricted by anything contained in the statute. And as the corn was actually in store at the time when the receipt was issued, and the evidence showed that it so continued down to the time of the loss by fire, it took effect as a valid transfer of the property to. the plaintiffs, although it was not in fact separated from other property of the same description either then in the mill or afterwards received there and disposed of by Heuberer. (Kimberly v. Patchin, 19 N.Y., 330; Parshall v. Eggert, 54 id., 19.) Under these authorities Heuberer, by force of the receipt, became the bailee of the corn for the use and benefit of the plaintiffs, and their rights to it were in no manner diminished by the circumstance that the receipt entitled them to have the corn ground into corn meal. That was a privilege reserved to them which they could avail themselves of or not as they afterwards might elect. They made no such election, and consequently the instrument issued to them retained simply its character of a receipt by which the party subscribing it was obligated to hold the corn for their benefit. The corn itself aj>peared to be worth the sum of $4,700, and as the plaintiffs advanced the sum of $5,000 upon it, this left no interest whatever in the person issuing the receipt.
The nature of such an instrument was considered in Yenni v. McNamee (45 N. Y., 614), where it was held to be inoperative as to a creditor afterwards levying upon the property, but it was at the same time conceded to be valid between the parties to it substantially according to its terms. (Id., 620, 621.)
An instrument of the same nature was also considered by the court in Gibson v. Stevens (8 How. [U. S.], 384.) The plaintiff there simply advanced money upon the receipt to the parties to whom it had been issued, and the point presented was the extent of [419]*419the interest acquired in that manner by him. The opinion of the court was delivered by the chief justice who stated that an indorsement and delivery of the warehouse document in consideration of the advance of the money made by the plaintiff, transferred “ to him the legal title and constructive possession of the property, and the warehousemen from the time of this transfer became his bailees and held the pork and flour for him.” (Id., 399.)
“ To the extent of his advances he is a purchaser, and the legal ■ title was conveyed to him to protect his advances * * *. The legal title, the right of property, passed to him and McGueen and McKay retained nothing but an equitable interest in the surplus, if any remained after satisfying the claims of Gibson.” (Id., 400.)
Even if this transaction should be considered a mortgage, as it affected personal property, the right of the plaintiff to it would be substantially the same. For a mortgage of such property is a transfer of the title to it as a security for the debt. (Conard v. Atlantic Ins. Co., 1 Pet., 386; Bank of Rochester v. Jones, 4 Comst., 497.)
The transaction presented by the last case was similar in substance to the one now before the court. For the bank advanced Its money upon a draft for the security of which the receipt issued was transferred to it, and it was there held by the court that “ in a mortgage of chattels the general property passes to the mortgagee.” “And the delivery of the carrier’s receipt or bill of lading to the bank for a valuable consideration passed to the bank the legal title of the same.” (Id., 507.)
It is clear, therefore, that the effect of this transaction must have been to vest the title to the corn in question in the plaintiffs. They became its owners inasmuch as the advances upon it by them exceeded its value. No right or interest whatever was léft in Heuberer, beyond a mere formal privilege to redeem it by the payment of the money. And as the value of the corn was less than the money advanced upon it, that was simply a naked and technical right of no value whatsoever.
Under the same date as that of the receipt the policy in controversy was assigned by Heuberer to the plaintiffs, and their right to recover for the loss of the corn under it was resisted practically because they were not its owners, and also that Heuberer had no such title as rendered the policy at any time obligatory in its nature. [420]*420It was by its own terms issued to him upon property owned by him, or held in trust, or on commission, or sold, but not delivered. At that time he was the owner of the corn, and the policy therefore became a valid insurance to him. He was then the sole, absolute and unconditional owner of the pi-operty insured, and that portion of the policy which rendered it conditionally dependent upon this circumstance was satisfied by the fact. And if the policy had continued to bo held by him it would have remained an equally valid instrument under the clause by which it was expressly made to include property sold and not delivered. <
By the delivery of the receipt under the arrangement made between the parties, a change did take place in the title. But that was consented to by the agents of the defendant, and that consequently did not invalidate the policy. It was provided by an indorsement upon it that the policy was not assignable for purposes of collateral security. But in all such cases it was to be made payable in case of loss to the party, to be secured by an indorsement upon its face.
This restraint, however, did not include the transaction between these parties. For it was so made as to relate simply to the class of cases in which the policy itself was alone to be used for the mere purpose of a security. This was not a transaction of that nature, lmt it was, as has already been shown, a sale and transfer of the title to the property itself, by which the plaintiff became its owner, subject only do a mere naked right of redemption. And that brought it within the other clause indorsed upon the policy, declaring that “ in case of actual sale or transfer of title, leave being previously obtained, the form subjoined may be used, which must be executed at the time of said transfer.”
This, it will be observed, is not limited to a case in which an absolute or indefeasible title to the property may be transferred, but it includes every sale or transfer of the title to the property insured. And that which was made by ITeuberer to the plaintiffs was clearly within these terms, for it operated as a transfer of the title to the corn to the plaintiffs, and that authorized them to receive a transfer of the policy and to continue it as an insurance in their favor. In order to render it an insurance to them as such owners of the corn, the following consent was given ir_ writing, subscribed by the [421]*421persons authorized to represent the company as its agents: “ The property hereby insured having been purchased by Jesse Hoyt & Oo., the Hartford Fire Insurance Company consent that the interest of Charles E. Heuberer in the within policy may be assigned to said purchaser, subject, nevertheless, to all the conditions therein mentioned and .referred to.” This was dated on the 15th of May, 1878, the day before the date of the receipt. And it was followed by an assignment dated on tlie same day as the receipt, by which Heuberer transferred, assigned and set over unto Jesse Hoyt & Co., and their assigns, all his right, title and interest in the policy, and all benefits and advantage to be derived therefrom. The transaction upon which this consent was given to the assignment so made ivas within the terms of the indorsement already mentioned made upon the • policy. For the property insured had been purchased by Hoyt & Co., and the title to it had. been transferred to them. The policy, therefore, from that time was a valid insurance in their hands upon this interest, and the certificate afterwards issued by the company continued it in force down to and including the time of the fire.
The proofs of loss which were served in compliance with what the policy required upon this subject were made out by Hoyt & Co., and were received in that form by the company. This was in strict compliance with the terms of the policy which allowed the assignee owning the property to make such proof, for it was only’when the assignor of the policy continued to own the property that the proofs were required to be made by him.
Evidence of commercial usage relating to transactions of this nature was received at the trial against the objection and exception of the defendant. But, as the other facts established in the case entitled the plaintiff to a recovery under the terms of the policy, this evidence requires no particular consideration. Whether it was admissible or not, it was of no consequence whatever in determining the rights of these parties. They were settled and controlled by the other facts concerning which there was no substantial dispute. And even if this evidence should be held to have been improperly received, it produced no possible harm. As the case was established by the evidence given at the trial, the plaintiffs were entitled to recover for the amount of the loss sustained by them through the destruc ■ [422]*422tion of the corn, and as there was no question of fact, and the case was so treated at the trial by the counsel for both parties, the court was justified in directing a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs, and the judgment entered upon it, as well as the order denying the motion for a new trial, should be affirmed, with costs.
Davis, P. J.:
I concur in the views and conclusions of my brother Daniels.