Howard v. Haddad

916 F.2d 167, 1990 WL 153972
CourtCourt of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
DecidedOctober 16, 1990
DocketNos. 89-2368, 89-2379 and 89-2380
StatusPublished
Cited by10 cases

This text of 916 F.2d 167 (Howard v. Haddad) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Howard v. Haddad, 916 F.2d 167, 1990 WL 153972 (4th Cir. 1990).

Opinion

K.K. HALL, Circuit Judge:

Edward G. Howard appeals the district court’s order allowing the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) to intervene in a fraud action brought by Howard against two former directors of the Trust Bank (“Bank”), an insolvent state-chartered bank for' which the FDIC had been appointed liquidator. He also appeals the order granting the FDIC’s motion to dismiss the action because it was derivative of the agency’s claims against the Bank and its directors. The defendants in Howard’s action, Said Haddad and James H. McMul-lin, cross-appeal the order denying their motion for sanctions against Howard and his attorney. We affirm the intervention order, but reverse the dismissal order and remand with instructions to reinstate the action. We affirm the sanctions order.

I

Howard originally filed his complaint against Haddad, McMullin and three other directors of the Bank, alleging that Haddad and McMullin induced him to purchase a large block of shares in the Bank without disclosing the precarious financial condition of the institution. The Bank operated under a charter granted by the State of Florida. The complaint also asserted RICO claims against the individual defendants based on an alleged pattern of corporate mismanagement which led to a steep decline in the Bank stock’s value, culminating in the FDIC takeover. After being advised by the FDIC that it considered his claims to be derivative and, therefore, the property of the FDIC, Howard amended his complaint in an attempt to remove any arguably derivative causes of action. This amended complaint was pared down to a single federal count and two state fraud [169]*169counts against Haddad and McMullin. The factual basis of these claims was the two directors’ successful solicitation of Howard to purchase $500,000 of stock in the Bank in 1986. Howard claimed that each of the directors misrepresented the Bank’s condition in an effort to secure badly needed capital. He sought damages or, alternatively, rescission of the contract of sale.

Two weeks later, the FDIC filed motions to intervene and to dismiss the action. The FDIC argued that, as liquidator of the Bank, it owned all causes of action for harm done to the Bank arising out of mismanagement of or breach of duties to the Bank. The court accepted the argument that Howard’s claims were derivative. The basis of this decision was the court's view that Howard’s claims were premised on the diminution in the value of his stock due to the wrongdoing of the two defendant directors. Howard appeals the order granting the motions to intervene and to dismiss.

Haddad and McMullin then sought sanctions under F.R.Civ.P. 11 against Howard and his counsel on the grounds that Howard’s claims were clearly derivative and, therefore, that the filing of the complaint was based on an inadequate pre-filing investigation. The district court determined that neither Howard nor his counsel pursued the matter in bad faith, and sanctions were denied. Haddad and McMullin cross-appeal.

II

On appeal, Howard contends that his claims are not derivative because the fraud allegations focus only on the inducement to buy the stock and not on the reasons for the diminution in value. The FDIC counters that the claims are derivative because they involve an injury common to all shareholders arising out of the worthlessness of the stock. The FDIC also argues that even if the claims are not derivative, it should be accorded “absolute priority” over claims such as Howard’s that seek to recover from the same assets that the agency might look to in seeking to maximize recovery to the insolvent Bank’s creditors and shareholders. Haddad and McMullin contend in their cross-appeal that the district court used an improper standard of review in denying their sanctions requests. We turn first to whether Howard’s claims are derivative.1

In his initial complaint, Howard included RICO claims which did seek damages for the decrease in the stock value brought on by mismanagement of the Bank. Acknowledging that the RICO counts might be derivative, Howard amended his complaint and limited his claims to a Rule 10b-5 count2 and two similar state law counts against Haddad and McMullin only.3 Each of these counts was premised on alleged misrepresentations by McMullin and Had-dad that were intended to induce Howard to purchase stock in the bank. We believe that the amended complaint clearly raises direct, non-derivative claims against the two directors.

A derivative action is one “in which the right claimed by the shareholder is one the corporation could itself have enforced in court.” Daily Income Fund, Inc. v. Fox, 464 U.S. 523, 529, 104 S.Ct. 831, 835, 78 L.Ed.2d 645 (1984). In other words, an action is derivative if it seeks damages arising from an injury to the corporation. Each shareholder of the Bank may well have a valid cause of action against the directors for the decline in the stock’s value, and such action would clearly be derivative. However, the FDIC mistakenly and persistently characterizes Howard’s claims as also premised on corporate mismanagement. The reasons for the alleged worthlessness of the stocks pur[170]*170chased by Howard in September and October 1986 are essentially irrelevant to his claims. What is essential is his allegation that the defendants knew of the lack of value, yet fraudulently represented to Howard that the bank was in fine shape. Generally speaking, the measure of Howard’s damages, should he prevail on his Rule 10b-5 claim, is the difference between what he paid and what the stock was worth on the day he paid it. See Randall v. Loftsgaarden, 478 U.S. 647, 661-62, 106 S.Ct. 3143, 3151-52, 92 L.Ed.2d 525 (1986). There is no compensable injury to the corporation in this situation, and Howard’s claims cannot be said to derive from any claim also possessed by other shareholders. The mere fact that Howard and the FDIC are pursuing the same source of assets does not transform Howard’s action to a derivative one.

Ill

Although not relied upon by the district court in its decision to dismiss Howard’s claims, the FDIC contends, as it did below, that the “absolute priority” rule entitles it to first claim on the assets of McMullin and Haddad, even if Howard’s claims are non-derivative. This rule would accord to the FDIC, as the party standing in the shoes of general creditors vis-a-vis the Bank, priority over shareholders with respect to assets of the officers of the Bank. As such, the “absolute priority” argument is more properly addressed to a motion to stay the proceedings or the execution of judgment rather than to a motion to dismiss the complaint. Nevertheless, the issue is raised as an alternative ground upon which the dismissal might be affirmed, and we believe the issue should be reached at this point in the litigation.4

The FDIC again mistakenly characterizes Howard’s claims as those of a shareholder that are no different from the claims of any other shareholder damaged by the mismanagement of the Bank. It then argues that Howard’s claims on the assets of McMullin and Haddad are inferior to those of the Bank’s general creditors because the FDIC has the duty to liquidate the Bank’s assets and to satisfy creditors of all stripes in accord with the statutory priorities. See 12 U.S.C.

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Cite This Page — Counsel Stack

Bluebook (online)
916 F.2d 167, 1990 WL 153972, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/howard-v-haddad-ca4-1990.