UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA _________________________________________ ) ALFRED WENDELL HOWARD, JR. ) and HIKIEM SHARODD CAIN, ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) v. ) Case No. 16-cv-02514 (APM) ) FEDERAL EXPRESS CORPORATION ) and JOHN O’REILLY, ) ) Defendants. ) _________________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
I.
Plaintiffs Alfred Howard and Hikiem Cain worked for Federal Express Corporation
(“FedEx”) as full-time couriers until terminated in December 2015 and June 2016, respectively.
Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 50 [hereinafter Defs.’ Mot.]; Defs.’ Stmt. of Undisputed
Material Facts, ECF No. 50-2 [hereinafter Defs.’ Facts], ¶¶ 6, 12, 23, 32; Pls.’ Opp’n. to Defs.’
Mot., ECF No. 52 [hereinafter Pls.’ Opp’n]; Pls.’ Stmt. of Disputed Material Facts, ECF No. 52-3
[hereinafter Pls.’ Facts], at 2–4 ¶¶ 6, 12, 23, 32. According to Defendants—FedEx and John
O’Reilly, their former supervisor—Plaintiffs were terminated because they each lost custodial
control of several packages collectively worth thousands of dollars. Defs.’ Facts ¶¶ 23, 32.
Plaintiffs claim that Defendants improperly held them responsible for these losses, when in fact a
defect in their delivery trucks’ locking mechanisms made the packages vulnerable to loss. Pls.’
Opp’n; Pls.’ Mem., ECF No. 52-2 [hereinafter Pls.’ Mem.], at 1–3.
Plaintiffs brought this suit in December 2016, asserting negligence by Defendants for
failing to provide secure trucks, along with a number of other claims: (1) intentional discrimination in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981, (2) disparate treatment in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981,
(3) promissory estoppel, (4) breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, (5) breach of express and
implied contract, and (6) defamation. See Pls.’ Compl., ECF No. 1; Pls.’ Am. Compl., ECF No. 23-1
[hereinafter Am. Compl.]. The court previously granted Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss or their
Motion for Summary Judgment as to all claims other than negligence. See Howard v. Fed. Express
Corp. [hereinafter Howard I], 280 F. Supp. 3d 26 (D.D.C. 2017) (granting in part and denying in part
motion to dismiss); Howard v. Fed. Express Corp. [hereinafter Howard II], 316 F. Supp. 3d 234
(D.D.C. 2018) (granting motion for summary judgment). As to negligence, Defendants had argued
that the D.C. Workers’ Compensation Act (“WCA”) provided “the exclusive remedy for workplace-
related injuries” and therefore the negligence claim must be dismissed, but the court elected to have
the D.C. Department of Employment Services decide the applicability of the WCA in the first instance.
Howard I, 280 F. Supp. 3d at 33. After a period of extended delay, the Department issued rulings that
granted Plaintiffs no relief. 1 Defendants now move for summary judgment on this sole remaining
claim. See generally Defs.’ Mot. For the reasons stated below, the court grants Defendants’ motion.
II.
Plaintiffs allege that Defendants had a duty to provide couriers “with a secure truck to carry
out their delivery duties” and that they breached this duty when they “introduced wristband swipe
1 The Department’s ultimate determination on the question of whether the WCA applies to Plaintiffs’ specific negligence claim is a bit of a mystery and is the subject of much debate between the parties. The Department denied Plaintiff Cain’s claim on July 2, 2018. See Third Joint Status Report, ECF No. 46; Ex. A, ECF No. 46-1, at 2–3. Both parties sent letters to the Department expressing their agreement with the decision rendered. See Third Joint Status Report; Exhibit B, ECF No. 46-2, at 2; Exhibit C, ECF No. 46-3, at 2. The Department then reached the same conclusion on August 10, 2018, with regard to Plaintiff Howard’s claim. Defs.’ Reply, ECF No. 55; Declaration of Lisa Zelenak, ECF No. 55-1 [hereinafter Zelenak Decl.] at 6–7. However, in a letter dated August 29, 2018, Plaintiffs’ counsel asked the Department to revise the Memorandum to “make it clear that [Howard’s] claim was denied because the [Department] does not have jurisdiction over claims for non-physical injury like loss of job through termination.” Zelenak Decl. at 10–11. The Department issued a second Memorandum in Mr. Howard’s case dated August 27, 2018, concluding the Department “does not have jurisdiction in this instance.” Id. at 13–14. Defendants’ attorney filed a declaration with this court, stating that the decision issued on August 27, 2018, contains inaccurate information and does not amend the August 10, 2018 Memorandum because “[t]here is no provision allowing the [Department] to amend a final Memorandum . . . once [it] has been issued.” Id. at 3. Because the court resolves this matter on other grounds, it need not reach the messy question of the meaning of the Department of Employment Services’ rulings.
2 opening device trucks with defective lock system[s].” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 165–166. Plaintiffs contend
that a problem with the trucks’ lock system was the proximate cause for the lost packages that
precipitated Plaintiffs’ terminations. See id. ¶ 171; Pls.’ Opp’n at 27–28.
Defendants provide a variety of reasons for why they cannot be held liable. They argue
that (1) the case is time-barred as to one of the Plaintiffs because the FedEx Employment
Agreement fixes a limitations period of six months; (2) the WCA provides the exclusive remedy
for the harm; and (3) Plaintiffs have not established a standard of care through expert testimony.
Defs.’ Mot.; Defs.’ Mem., ECF No. 50-1, at 5–10. The court need not address this litany of
defenses, however, because Plaintiffs have failed to present evidence to support a key element of
their case: that a defect in the trucks’ locking mechanism caused the property loss that led to their
firings.
In the District of Columbia, a defendant is liable for negligence if the plaintiff can show
that “(1) the defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff, (2) the defendant breached that duty,
and (3) the breach of duty proximately caused damage to the plaintiff.” Haynesworth v. D.H.
Stevens Co., 645 A.2d 1095, 1098 (D.C. 1994). Focusing on the second element here, to establish
a breach, Plaintiffs would need to produce evidence that Defendants supplied them trucks with
defective locking systems. Plaintiffs provide three pieces of evidence to support this contention:
(1) a determination from the D.C. Department of Employment Services on Plaintiff Howard’s
unemployment benefits claim, (2) deposition testimony from Plaintiff Howard, and (3) deposition
testimony from Plaintiff Cain. None provides adequate support to sustain Plaintiffs’ claim.
First, Plaintiff relies on a D.C. Department of Employment Services’ determination that
Plaintiff Howard was eligible for unemployment benefits despite the “allegation” by his employer
that his termination was due to employee misconduct. Pls.’ Opp’n; Pls.’ Ex. E, ECF No. 52-9.
3 The Department based this determination on a finding that Defendant FedEx did not “provide[]
sufficient evidence to demonstrate misconduct on the part of the [Plaintiff].” Id. Plaintiffs’
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA _________________________________________ ) ALFRED WENDELL HOWARD, JR. ) and HIKIEM SHARODD CAIN, ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) v. ) Case No. 16-cv-02514 (APM) ) FEDERAL EXPRESS CORPORATION ) and JOHN O’REILLY, ) ) Defendants. ) _________________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
I.
Plaintiffs Alfred Howard and Hikiem Cain worked for Federal Express Corporation
(“FedEx”) as full-time couriers until terminated in December 2015 and June 2016, respectively.
Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 50 [hereinafter Defs.’ Mot.]; Defs.’ Stmt. of Undisputed
Material Facts, ECF No. 50-2 [hereinafter Defs.’ Facts], ¶¶ 6, 12, 23, 32; Pls.’ Opp’n. to Defs.’
Mot., ECF No. 52 [hereinafter Pls.’ Opp’n]; Pls.’ Stmt. of Disputed Material Facts, ECF No. 52-3
[hereinafter Pls.’ Facts], at 2–4 ¶¶ 6, 12, 23, 32. According to Defendants—FedEx and John
O’Reilly, their former supervisor—Plaintiffs were terminated because they each lost custodial
control of several packages collectively worth thousands of dollars. Defs.’ Facts ¶¶ 23, 32.
Plaintiffs claim that Defendants improperly held them responsible for these losses, when in fact a
defect in their delivery trucks’ locking mechanisms made the packages vulnerable to loss. Pls.’
Opp’n; Pls.’ Mem., ECF No. 52-2 [hereinafter Pls.’ Mem.], at 1–3.
Plaintiffs brought this suit in December 2016, asserting negligence by Defendants for
failing to provide secure trucks, along with a number of other claims: (1) intentional discrimination in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981, (2) disparate treatment in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981,
(3) promissory estoppel, (4) breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, (5) breach of express and
implied contract, and (6) defamation. See Pls.’ Compl., ECF No. 1; Pls.’ Am. Compl., ECF No. 23-1
[hereinafter Am. Compl.]. The court previously granted Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss or their
Motion for Summary Judgment as to all claims other than negligence. See Howard v. Fed. Express
Corp. [hereinafter Howard I], 280 F. Supp. 3d 26 (D.D.C. 2017) (granting in part and denying in part
motion to dismiss); Howard v. Fed. Express Corp. [hereinafter Howard II], 316 F. Supp. 3d 234
(D.D.C. 2018) (granting motion for summary judgment). As to negligence, Defendants had argued
that the D.C. Workers’ Compensation Act (“WCA”) provided “the exclusive remedy for workplace-
related injuries” and therefore the negligence claim must be dismissed, but the court elected to have
the D.C. Department of Employment Services decide the applicability of the WCA in the first instance.
Howard I, 280 F. Supp. 3d at 33. After a period of extended delay, the Department issued rulings that
granted Plaintiffs no relief. 1 Defendants now move for summary judgment on this sole remaining
claim. See generally Defs.’ Mot. For the reasons stated below, the court grants Defendants’ motion.
II.
Plaintiffs allege that Defendants had a duty to provide couriers “with a secure truck to carry
out their delivery duties” and that they breached this duty when they “introduced wristband swipe
1 The Department’s ultimate determination on the question of whether the WCA applies to Plaintiffs’ specific negligence claim is a bit of a mystery and is the subject of much debate between the parties. The Department denied Plaintiff Cain’s claim on July 2, 2018. See Third Joint Status Report, ECF No. 46; Ex. A, ECF No. 46-1, at 2–3. Both parties sent letters to the Department expressing their agreement with the decision rendered. See Third Joint Status Report; Exhibit B, ECF No. 46-2, at 2; Exhibit C, ECF No. 46-3, at 2. The Department then reached the same conclusion on August 10, 2018, with regard to Plaintiff Howard’s claim. Defs.’ Reply, ECF No. 55; Declaration of Lisa Zelenak, ECF No. 55-1 [hereinafter Zelenak Decl.] at 6–7. However, in a letter dated August 29, 2018, Plaintiffs’ counsel asked the Department to revise the Memorandum to “make it clear that [Howard’s] claim was denied because the [Department] does not have jurisdiction over claims for non-physical injury like loss of job through termination.” Zelenak Decl. at 10–11. The Department issued a second Memorandum in Mr. Howard’s case dated August 27, 2018, concluding the Department “does not have jurisdiction in this instance.” Id. at 13–14. Defendants’ attorney filed a declaration with this court, stating that the decision issued on August 27, 2018, contains inaccurate information and does not amend the August 10, 2018 Memorandum because “[t]here is no provision allowing the [Department] to amend a final Memorandum . . . once [it] has been issued.” Id. at 3. Because the court resolves this matter on other grounds, it need not reach the messy question of the meaning of the Department of Employment Services’ rulings.
2 opening device trucks with defective lock system[s].” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 165–166. Plaintiffs contend
that a problem with the trucks’ lock system was the proximate cause for the lost packages that
precipitated Plaintiffs’ terminations. See id. ¶ 171; Pls.’ Opp’n at 27–28.
Defendants provide a variety of reasons for why they cannot be held liable. They argue
that (1) the case is time-barred as to one of the Plaintiffs because the FedEx Employment
Agreement fixes a limitations period of six months; (2) the WCA provides the exclusive remedy
for the harm; and (3) Plaintiffs have not established a standard of care through expert testimony.
Defs.’ Mot.; Defs.’ Mem., ECF No. 50-1, at 5–10. The court need not address this litany of
defenses, however, because Plaintiffs have failed to present evidence to support a key element of
their case: that a defect in the trucks’ locking mechanism caused the property loss that led to their
firings.
In the District of Columbia, a defendant is liable for negligence if the plaintiff can show
that “(1) the defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff, (2) the defendant breached that duty,
and (3) the breach of duty proximately caused damage to the plaintiff.” Haynesworth v. D.H.
Stevens Co., 645 A.2d 1095, 1098 (D.C. 1994). Focusing on the second element here, to establish
a breach, Plaintiffs would need to produce evidence that Defendants supplied them trucks with
defective locking systems. Plaintiffs provide three pieces of evidence to support this contention:
(1) a determination from the D.C. Department of Employment Services on Plaintiff Howard’s
unemployment benefits claim, (2) deposition testimony from Plaintiff Howard, and (3) deposition
testimony from Plaintiff Cain. None provides adequate support to sustain Plaintiffs’ claim.
First, Plaintiff relies on a D.C. Department of Employment Services’ determination that
Plaintiff Howard was eligible for unemployment benefits despite the “allegation” by his employer
that his termination was due to employee misconduct. Pls.’ Opp’n; Pls.’ Ex. E, ECF No. 52-9.
3 The Department based this determination on a finding that Defendant FedEx did not “provide[]
sufficient evidence to demonstrate misconduct on the part of the [Plaintiff].” Id. Plaintiffs’
reliance on this finding demonstrates a fundamental misunderstanding of the burden of proof. For
the unemployment benefits claim, “[t]he employer has the responsibility to provide evidence of
misconduct.” Id. Here, however, Plaintiffs bear the burden of proof. A finding by the Department
of Employment Services that Defendant FedEx failed to meet its evidentiary burden to prove
misconduct in that proceeding sheds no light on whether Plaintiffs have met their burden here to
show that Defendants’ negligence was the proximate cause of the lost packages.
Plaintiffs’ reliance on their deposition testimonies likewise falls short. Plaintiffs first point
to testimony by both Howard and Cain that they were not accused by Defendants of stealing the
lost packages. Pls.’ Facts at 2 ¶¶ 5–6 (citing Pls.’ Ex. D, ECF No. 52-8 at 92–93; Pls.’ Ex. F, ECF
No. 52-10 at 131–132). This is beside the point. Whether Defendants accused Plaintiffs of stealing
the packages, or even whether they believe Plaintiffs stole the packages, does not establish
Defendants’ failure to provide defect-free trucks.
Next, Plaintiffs point to Howard’s testimony that other couriers were fired for lost
packages. Pls.’ Facts at 1–2 ¶ 4; 3 ¶¶ 22, 24 (citing Pls.’ Ex. D at 94–107). Plaintiffs argue that
this testimony shows that there was evidence of “either something wrong with the locking
mechanism, or that spare keys were used, [because] the packages were missing, and there had been
similar problems with other trucks.” Id. at 3 ¶ 22. But Howard’s testimony supplies no support
for that fact proposition. Plaintiff Howard merely identified other couriers who were fired for
losing custodial control of packages without connecting these losses to problems with trucks or
their locking mechanisms. See Pls.’ Ex. D at 94–107. More than that, Howard admitted that he
had no first-hand knowledge of any firing other than his own; his information came only from
4 what other couriers told him. Id. Such evidence is pure hearsay and is not admissible, even at the
summary-judgment stage. See Greer v. Paulson, 505 F.3d 1306, 1315 (D.C. Cir. 2007)
(“sheer hearsay . . . counts for nothing on summary judgment”) (quoting Gleklen v. Democratic
Cong. Campaign Comm., 199 F.3d 1365, 1369 (D.C. Cir. 2000)) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
Plaintiff Cain’s testimony likewise comes up short. In a portion of Cain’s testimony, he
stated that he saw “the bulkhead door [of the truck] crack (sic) open a little bit” on the day packages
were lost. Defs.’ Mot., Deposition of Hikiem S. Cain, ECF No. 50-4, at 114. However, Plaintiff
Cain admitted that he checked the locks before and after deliveries every day, and that he inspected
the locks before leaving on the day in question and found no problems. Id. at 53, 112–113. Further,
FedEx investigated the incident and “found no defects with the locking mechanism” and “no
evidence that the truck had been accessed by a third-party.” Defs.’ Facts ¶ 31; Pls.’ Facts at 4 ¶ 31
(not disputing that the investigation reached these conclusions and offering no evidence to dispute
the accuracy of the conclusions). Plaintiffs offer no proof to rebut that finding. Id.
Because Plaintiffs provide no evidence to create a genuine dispute of fact as to whether
Defendants’ trucks were secure, the court grants Defendants summary judgment on the negligence
claim. Cf. Murphy v. Schwankhaus, 924 A.2d 988, 993 (D.C. 2007) (summary judgment warranted
where plaintiff presented “no evidence” that the defendant’s conduct “created a risk not already
present”).
III.
The court briefly addresses one of Defendants’ other contentions, which provides an
independent basis for granting their Motion. Plaintiffs’ only alleged harm from Defendants’
negligence stems from Plaintiffs’ termination. See Pls.’ Opp’n at 28. Plaintiffs, however, were
5 at-will employees. Defs.’ Facts ¶¶ 7, 13; Pls.’ Facts at 2 ¶¶ 7, 13. “[I]n the District of
Columbia . . . an employer may discharge an at-will employee at any time and for any reason, or
for no reason at all.” Adams v. George W. Cochran & Co., Inc., 597 A.2d 28, 30 (D.C. 1991)
(citations omitted). Plaintiffs’ “negligence” claim is little more than an attempt to do an end-run
around the at-will employment doctrine. For that additional reason, the court grants summary
judgment in Defendants’ favor.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion is granted. A separate final order
accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Dated: May 14, 2019 Amit P. Mehta United States District Court Judge