Holt v. Town of Stonington

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Second Circuit
DecidedAugust 29, 2014
Docket12-4878-cv
StatusPublished

This text of Holt v. Town of Stonington (Holt v. Town of Stonington) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Holt v. Town of Stonington, (2d Cir. 2014).

Opinion

12‐4878‐cv Holt v. Town of Stonington

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

August Term 2013

Argued: November 5, 2013 Decided: August 29, 2014

No. 12‐4878‐cv _____________________________________

CAROL HOLT, Plaintiff‐Appellee,

‐ v. ‐

TOWN OF STONINGTON, Defendant‐Appellant,

ZONING BOARD OF APPEALS, TOWN OF STONINGTON, PLANNING & ZONING COMMISSION, TOWN OF STONINGTON, JOSEPH LARKIN, ZONING ENFORCEMENT OFFICER OF TOWN OF STONINGTON, Defendants. _____________________________________

Before: NEWMAN, HALL, and LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judges.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District of

Connecticut (Hall, C.J.), entered July 31, 2012, following a bench trial. The district

court awarded an injunction to plaintiff‐appellee Carol Holt based on a claim of

1 municipal estoppel against the Town of Stonington, Connecticut. Because Holt

failed to exhaust available administrative remedies before filing this suit, however,

we conclude that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the case.

Accordingly, we vacate the judgment and instruct the district court to dismiss Holt’s

complaint.

VACATED and REMANDED with instructions to dismiss the complaint without

prejudice.

KEVIN M. TIGHE, Coventry, CT, for Defendant‐ Appellant.

WILLIAM E. MURRAY, Gordon & Rees LLP, Glastonbury, CT, for Plaintiff‐Appellee.

PER CURIAM:

Plaintiff‐appellee Carol Holt (“Holt”) filed this diversity suit seeking equitable

relief to prevent defendant‐appellant Town of Stonington, Connecticut (the “Town”

or “Stonington”), from denying her the ability to build on a lot of land that she owns

in the Town. The district court (Hall, C.J.) granted Holt an injunction to this effect

following a bench trial. Under Connecticut law, however, a plaintiff must first

exhaust available and adequate administrative remedies before she may receive

judicial relief in a zoning dispute. On appeal to this Court, the Town argued in its

2 reply brief that Holt did not avail herself of state law proceedings to seek relief

concerning her property’s zoning status before she filed her municipal estoppel

claim in federal court. After considering supplemental briefing from the parties on

this issue, we conclude that Holt failed to exhaust her administrative remedies as

required by Connecticut law. As a result, the district court lacked jurisdiction over

this case. We vacate the judgment and remand with instructions to dismiss the

I.

Holt is the owner of an unimproved lot in Stonington, Connecticut, which she

purchased in 2005. Under the Town’s zoning regulations, a lot must conform with

certain minimum area requirements in order to be used as residential property.

However, under certain conditions, the regulations permit the building of a single‐

family residence on undersized lots of land whose development predated the

adoption of the zoning regime.

Early in 2005, prior to Holt’s purchase of the lot, a Stonington zoning

enforcement officer informed the prior owner in an opinion letter (the “2005 opinion

letter”) that the property could be suitable for building a single‐family residence.

On the basis of the 2005 opinion letter, Holt purchased the property in May 2005

3 with the understanding that she could build a house on the lot. Soon afterward, she

submitted to Stonington zoning authorities an application for a zoning permit.

As reflected in the Town’s public records, Holt’s lot had been altered by a sale

of a ten‐foot strip of land to the owner of a neighboring property in 1981, an

alteration the existence (or significance) of which was apparently overlooked by the

Stonington zoning enforcement officer who prepared the 2005 opinion letter. A

neighbor who objected to Holt’s development of the lot attempted to appeal the 2005

opinion letter to the Town’s zoning board of appeals. After resulting delays in the

permitting process, Holt withdrew her permit application in January 2006, before

the Town had acted on it.

Later, the zoning board of appeals overturned the zoning officer’s 2005

opinion letter, deciding on the basis of the 1981 alteration to the property that Holt

was precluded from building on the lot because it did not conform with the zoning

regulations. Holt then filed an action to appeal the zoning board’s decision in

Connecticut state court. On appeal from the dismissal of her action by the trial

court, the state appellate court determined that the 2005 opinion letter was a

“preliminary, advisory opinion and not a decision subject to appeal.” Holt v. Zoning

Bd. of Appeals, 968 A.2d 946, 955 (Conn. App. Ct. 2009). The court thus concluded

4 that the zoning board of appeals lacked jurisdiction to review the 2005 opinion letter,

as it was not an appealable decision. Id.1

In December 2009, Holt filed the instant suit in federal court seeking, inter alia,

an order to estop the Town from preventing Holt from building on the lot. After

ruling on two motions to dismiss and motions for summary judgment, the district

court conducted a bench trial and ultimately entered an injunction estopping the

Town “from determining that the [property in question] is unbuildable under the

Town’s zoning regulations.” J.A. 885.

II.

“A federal court’s lack of subject matter jurisdiction is not waivable by the

parties, and we must address jurisdictional questions before reaching the merits.”

Leveraged Leasing Admin. Corp. v. PacifiCorp Capital, Inc., 87 F.3d 44, 47 (2d Cir. 1996).

Under Connecticut law, a failure to exhaust administrative remedies is a defect that

deprives the court of subject matter jurisdiction to act in the case. Hous. Auth. v.

Papandrea, 610 A.2d 637, 640 (Conn. 1992). “The doctrine of exhaustion is grounded

1 In 2008, the same zoning enforcement officer sent a letter to Holt purporting officially to revoke the 2005 letter. Holt filed an appeal with the zoning board challenging the zoning officer’s determination in this new letter. The zoning board, however, rejected that appeal on the ground that the 2008 letter was not related to any permit application, and was therefore not an appealable decision.

5 in a policy of fostering an orderly process of administrative adjudication and judicial

review in which a reviewing court will have the benefit of the agency’s findings and

conclusions.” Concerned Citizens of Sterling v. Town of Sterling, 529 A.2d 666, 670

(Conn. 1987). “It also relieves courts of the burden of prematurely deciding

questions that, entrusted to an agency, may receive a satisfactory administrative

disposition and avoid the need for judicial review.” Simko v. Ervin, 661 A.2d 1018,

1021 (Conn. 1995) (internal quotation marks omitted). Moreover, “judicial review

may be hindered by the failure of the litigant to allow the agency to make a factual

record, or to exercise discretion or apply its expertise.” Johnson v. Statewide Grievance

Comm., 726 A.2d 1154

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Related

Garcia v. City of Hartford
972 A.2d 706 (Supreme Court of Connecticut, 2009)
Holt v. Zoning Board of Appeals
968 A.2d 946 (Connecticut Appellate Court, 2009)
Levine v. Town of Sterling
16 A.3d 664 (Supreme Court of Connecticut, 2011)
Concerned Citizens of Sterling v. Town of Sterling
529 A.2d 666 (Supreme Court of Connecticut, 1987)
Housing Authority v. Papandrea
610 A.2d 637 (Supreme Court of Connecticut, 1992)
O & G Industries, Inc. v. Planning & Zoning Commission
655 A.2d 1121 (Supreme Court of Connecticut, 1995)
Simko v. Ervin
661 A.2d 1018 (Supreme Court of Connecticut, 1995)
Hunt v. Prior
673 A.2d 514 (Supreme Court of Connecticut, 1996)
Johnson v. Statewide Grievance Committee
726 A.2d 1154 (Supreme Court of Connecticut, 1999)
City of Hartford v. Hartford Municipal Employees Ass'n
788 A.2d 60 (Supreme Court of Connecticut, 2002)
Stepney, LLC v. Town of Fairfield
821 A.2d 725 (Supreme Court of Connecticut, 2003)

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Bluebook (online)
Holt v. Town of Stonington, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/holt-v-town-of-stonington-ca2-2014.