Holloway v. United States

60 Fed. Cl. 254, 2004 U.S. Claims LEXIS 71, 2004 WL 741293
CourtUnited States Court of Federal Claims
DecidedApril 6, 2004
DocketNo. 03-1821C
StatusPublished
Cited by17 cases

This text of 60 Fed. Cl. 254 (Holloway v. United States) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering United States Court of Federal Claims primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Holloway v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. 254, 2004 U.S. Claims LEXIS 71, 2004 WL 741293 (uscfc 2004).

Opinion

OPINION AND ORDER

BLOCK, Judge.

This action is brought by an officer in the United States Naval Reserves (“USNR”) who claims that the United States Navy (“Navy”) unlawfully discharged her from active duty military service. Plaintiff, Captain Sallie B. Holloway, seeks a correction of her military records so that she may retire as an active duty Naval officer with the appropriate backpay, allowances, and benefits. Before this court is defendant’s motion to dismiss pled in the alternative pursuant to either Rule 12(b)(1) or Rule 12(b)(6) of the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”). As will be fully explained below, because this court is without jurisdiction to hear the claim, the court has no alternative but to grant defendant’s RCFC 12(b)(1) motion.

I. The Standard of Review and Applicable Law

The peculiar facts of this case mandate that the court center on the proffered RCFC 12(b)(1) motion1 simply because there exists a serious question, as we shall see, of whether plaintiffs counsel was even aware of two procedural statutes that condition the waiver by the United States of its sovereign immunity under this court’s jurisdictional statute— the Tucker Act.2 In any event, failure to abide by these procedural requirements would render the present action stale. It is well accepted that the United States “is immune from suit save as it consents to be sued ... and the terms of its consent to be sued in any court define that court’s jurisdiction to entertain the suit.” United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584, 586, 61 S.Ct. 767, 85 L.Ed. 1058 (1941). The government, furthermore, must unequivocally express its consent in a clear statement waiving sovereign immunity. United States v. White Mt. Apache Tribe, 537 U.S. 465, 472, 123 S.Ct. 1126, 155 L.Ed.2d 40 (2003).

[256]*256The Tucker Act operates as a waiver of sovereign immunity for non-tort suits against the United States premised on the Constitution, a statute or regulation, or either an express or implied contract with the United States. See 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1); United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 397, 96 S.Ct. 948, 47 L.Ed.2d 114 (1976). Nevertheless, the Tucker Act does not create a substantive right enforceable against the United States for money damages; it merely confers jurisdiction on this court whenever that substantive right exists. Testan, 424 U.S. at 398, 96 S.Ct. 948 (citing Eastport S.S. Corp. v. United States, 178 Ct.Cl. 599, 372 F.2d 1002, 1007-1009 (1967)). Consequently, a plaintiff must premise its claim on a separate statute or regulation permitting recovery. Id.; Rinner v. United States, 50 Fed.Cl. 333, 335 (2001).

The first procedural condition on the Tucker Act waiver is its six year statute of limitations. 28 U.S.C. § 2501.3 The statute of limitations operates as an express limitation on the Tucker Act’s waiver of sovereign immunity, and may not be waived by either the court or the parties. Forman v. United States, 329 F.3d 837, 841-42 (Fed.Cir.2003) (citing Soriano v. United States, 352 U.S. 270, 273, 77 S.Ct. 269, 1 L.Ed.2d 306 (1957); Hart v. United States, 910 F.2d 815, 817 (Fed.Cir.1990)); Alder Terrace, Inc. v. United States, 161 F.3d 1372, 1377 (Fed.Cir.1998). This six-year time limit is thus jurisdictional and filing within the six-year period is “a condition of the waiver of sovereign immunity in the Tucker Act ...Caguas Cent. Fed. Sav. Bank v. United States, 215 F.3d 1304, 1310 (Fed.Cir.2000). In other words, § 2501 is an essential element a plaintiff must satisfy to avail himself of the Tucker Act’s waiver of sovereign immunity. S. Cal. Fed. Sav. & Loan v. United States, 52 Fed. Cl. 444, 452 (2002).

The decisive factor in determining when a limitations period runs is when a claim first accrues. Accrual occurs when all events that fix government liability and entitle the claimant to institute an action arise. See Alder Terrace, Inc., 161 F.3d at 1377 (citing Kinsey v. United States, 852 F.2d 556, 557 (Fed.Cir.1988); Hopland Band of Pomo Indians v. United States, 855 F.2d 1573, 1577 (Fed.Cir.1988)). This is in contradistinction to some hypothetical later time when “a claimant becomes certain he can prevail on the merits.” Cristina Inv. Corp. v. United States, 40 Fed.Cl. 571 (1998) (citing State of Alaska v. United States, 32 Fed.Cl. 689, 698 (1995)). The Federal Circuit has held that in military pay cases — and the parties in this case are in agreement as to the law here4— the cause of action accrues, and statute of limitations starts to run, on the date of discharge from the military. See Martinez v. United States, 333 F.3d 1295, 1312 (Fed.Cir. 2003) (“[I]t is well-settled that the statute of limitations for Tucker Act claims is not tolled by the claimant’s exercise of his rights to seek permissive administrative review of his claim.”).

The second procedural condition to Tucker Act claims brought in the Court of Federal Claims is 28 U.S.C. § 1500, which precludes the court from exercising jurisdiction over “any claim for or in respect to which the plaintiff or his assignee has pending in any other court any suit or process against the United States____” By its terms, § 1500 prohibits filing and prosecuting the same claims against the United States in two courts at the same time. 28 U.S.C. § 1500. This proscription, furthermore, coincides with the fundamental principle that a court must determine its jurisdiction at the time a plaintiff files the complaint. Keene Corp. v. United States, 508 U.S. 200, 207, 113 S.Ct. 2035, 124 L.Ed.2d 118 (1993) (citations omitted); Newman-Green, Inc. v. Alfonzo-Larrain, 490 U.S. 826, 830, 109 S.Ct. 2218, 104 L.Ed.2d 893 (1989). The Court of Federal Claims, therefore, may not exercise its jurisdiction over a claim if, at the time of filing, a claim is pending in any other court based on [257]*257the same operative facts and requesting essentially the same relief. Loveladies Harbor, Inc. v. United States, 27 F.3d 1545, 1550-52 (Fed.Cir.1994); Bailey v. United States, 46 Fed.Cl. 187, 195 (2000).

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Bluebook (online)
60 Fed. Cl. 254, 2004 U.S. Claims LEXIS 71, 2004 WL 741293, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/holloway-v-united-states-uscfc-2004.