NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 27 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JOSHUA AARON HOLLAMON, No. 24-341 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellant, 2:22-cv-08778-SB-MAR v. MEMORANDUM* CITY OF LOS ANGELES; MICHAEL R. MOORE, LAPD Police Chief; S. SMITH, Officer; Serial No. 33751; G. MCDONALD, Officer; Serial No. 30059; PETER GILLIES, Lieutenant; Serial No. 26963,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Stanley Blumenfeld, Jr., District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 5, 2025 Pasadena, California
Before: MURGUIA, Chief Judge, and SANCHEZ and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.
On December 2, 2020, Plaintiff-Appellant Joshua Hollamon used a spray
can containing spray chalk to spray ten stencils with the messages “BLACK
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. LIVES MATTER” and “ALL POWER TO THE PEOPLE” on the Los Angeles
Police Department’s (“LAPD”) North Hollywood station’s driveway, adjacent
sidewalk, and concrete base of its sign. Officers inside the station observed
Hollamon and arrested him for felony vandalism. Hollamon brought claims under
42 U.S.C. § 1983 and state law against Defendants-Appellees. The district court
granted summary judgment for Defendants. We review a grant of summary
judgment de novo. Johnson v. Barr, 79 F.4th 996, 999 (9th Cir. 2023) (citation
omitted). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
1. Probable cause existed to arrest Hollamon for felony vandalism.
Probable cause exists where “officers have knowledge or reasonably trustworthy
information sufficient to lead a person of reasonable caution to believe that an
offense has been or is being committed by the person being arrested.” United
States v. Lopez, 482 F.3d 1067, 1072 (9th Cir. 2007).
Here, Defendants held a reasonable belief that Hollamon committed felony
vandalism under Cal. Pen. Code § 594. Section 594 provides that “[e]very person
who maliciously” “[d]efaces with graffiti or other inscribed material” “any real or
personal property not his or her own . . . is guilty of vandalism” and vandalism that
causes $400 or more of damage “is punishable by imprisonment . . . not exceeding
one year.” Defendants reasonably believed that the spray chalk used on the station
constituted an “inscribed material,” see In re Nicholas Y., 102 Cal. Rptr. 2d 511,
2 24-341 513 (2000), and that Hollamon’s vandalism caused more than $400 in damage as
the City’s Graffiti Removal Cost Sheet estimates “$425 to remove graffiti from
sidewalks or barriers . . . and $475 to remove it from a street.”
2. Hollamon contends that his arrest was retaliatory in violation of the First
Amendment. Under Nieves v. Bartlett, “probable cause should generally defeat a
retaliatory arrest claim.” 587 U.S. 391, 406 (2019).1 A “narrow” exception applies
in “circumstances where officers have probable cause to make arrests, but typically
exercise their discretion not to do so.” Id. Under this exception, a plaintiff must
present “objective evidence that he was arrested when otherwise similarly situated
individuals not engaged in the same sort of protected speech had not been.” Id. at
407. Objective evidence of similarly situated individuals is not limited to
“virtually identical and identifiable comparators,” and may consist of other
objective evidence bearing on this question. Gonzalez, 602 U.S. at 658.
To satisfy the Nieves exception, Hollamon presented evidence concerning
(1) the alleged motivations of the officers who had arrested him, (2) the
temporariness of chalk, cost and frequency of chalk clean-up, and the clean-up of
1 Hollamon alternatively argues that his retaliatory arrest claim should not be considered under Nieves because Nieves is limited to “split-second arrests.” The Supreme Court has declined to address this question. See Gonzalez v. Trevino, 602 U.S. 653, 658-59 (2024) (per curiam). We need not address this argument because even if Nieves is limited in this manner, the record establishes that Hollamon was arrested moments after the officers became aware of his spray-chalking activities.
3 24-341 Hollamon’s vandalism, (3) other approved artwork at the LAPD station, and (4)
lack of prosecution of felony vandalism involving chalk.
The district court did not err in concluding that Hollamon’s evidence is
insufficient. Evidence of officers’ motivations for arresting Hollamon is not
“objective” evidence concerning similarly situated individuals. See Nieves, 587
U.S. at 403. As for evidence of chalk clean-up costs, the frequency of cleanup, or
costs to clean up Hollamon’s vandalism, such evidence does not bear on the
question whether officers tend to exercise their discretion not to arrest “similarly
situated individuals.” Id. at 407. Evidence of artwork approved by the LAPD for
display is similarly inapt because this activity is distinct from the “malicious[]
deface[ment]” of any “real or personal property not his or her own.” Cal. Pen.
Code § 594.
Finally, the deposition of Gerry Valido—who testifies regularly in graffiti-
related prosecutions but did not recall any prosecution for felony vandalism with
chalk—constitutes evidence as to the absence of felony prosecutions, but it does
not address whether there have been arrests of similarly situated individuals.2 Cf.
Ballentine v. Tucker, 28 F.4th 54, 62 (9th Cir. 2022) (finding sufficient evidence
for the Nieves exception in part because plaintiffs presented Las Vegas police
2 Hollamon, for example, was arrested for vandalism, but his prosecution ended after he completed a diversion program.
4 24-341 records that directly established that chalking sidewalks rarely resulted in arrest).
While evidence of felony prosecutions could have more bearing in a different
situation, we conclude that the district court did not err in finding this evidence,
standing alone, insufficient to establish the Nieves exception here.
3. Hollamon argues that the district court erred by granting summary
judgment on his claim under the Bane Act, Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1, because the
California Supreme Court’s approach to retaliatory arrests might differ from
Nieves. Because Hollamon does not develop this argument, and did not present it
to the district court, we deem it waived. See United States v. Williams, 846 F.3d
303, 311 (9th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted).
4. Hollamon claims that his arrest and handcuffing by Defendants
constituted excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment. An officer’s
use of handcuffing to effectuate an arrest, without any attendant injuries, “rarely
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 27 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JOSHUA AARON HOLLAMON, No. 24-341 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellant, 2:22-cv-08778-SB-MAR v. MEMORANDUM* CITY OF LOS ANGELES; MICHAEL R. MOORE, LAPD Police Chief; S. SMITH, Officer; Serial No. 33751; G. MCDONALD, Officer; Serial No. 30059; PETER GILLIES, Lieutenant; Serial No. 26963,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Stanley Blumenfeld, Jr., District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 5, 2025 Pasadena, California
Before: MURGUIA, Chief Judge, and SANCHEZ and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.
On December 2, 2020, Plaintiff-Appellant Joshua Hollamon used a spray
can containing spray chalk to spray ten stencils with the messages “BLACK
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. LIVES MATTER” and “ALL POWER TO THE PEOPLE” on the Los Angeles
Police Department’s (“LAPD”) North Hollywood station’s driveway, adjacent
sidewalk, and concrete base of its sign. Officers inside the station observed
Hollamon and arrested him for felony vandalism. Hollamon brought claims under
42 U.S.C. § 1983 and state law against Defendants-Appellees. The district court
granted summary judgment for Defendants. We review a grant of summary
judgment de novo. Johnson v. Barr, 79 F.4th 996, 999 (9th Cir. 2023) (citation
omitted). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
1. Probable cause existed to arrest Hollamon for felony vandalism.
Probable cause exists where “officers have knowledge or reasonably trustworthy
information sufficient to lead a person of reasonable caution to believe that an
offense has been or is being committed by the person being arrested.” United
States v. Lopez, 482 F.3d 1067, 1072 (9th Cir. 2007).
Here, Defendants held a reasonable belief that Hollamon committed felony
vandalism under Cal. Pen. Code § 594. Section 594 provides that “[e]very person
who maliciously” “[d]efaces with graffiti or other inscribed material” “any real or
personal property not his or her own . . . is guilty of vandalism” and vandalism that
causes $400 or more of damage “is punishable by imprisonment . . . not exceeding
one year.” Defendants reasonably believed that the spray chalk used on the station
constituted an “inscribed material,” see In re Nicholas Y., 102 Cal. Rptr. 2d 511,
2 24-341 513 (2000), and that Hollamon’s vandalism caused more than $400 in damage as
the City’s Graffiti Removal Cost Sheet estimates “$425 to remove graffiti from
sidewalks or barriers . . . and $475 to remove it from a street.”
2. Hollamon contends that his arrest was retaliatory in violation of the First
Amendment. Under Nieves v. Bartlett, “probable cause should generally defeat a
retaliatory arrest claim.” 587 U.S. 391, 406 (2019).1 A “narrow” exception applies
in “circumstances where officers have probable cause to make arrests, but typically
exercise their discretion not to do so.” Id. Under this exception, a plaintiff must
present “objective evidence that he was arrested when otherwise similarly situated
individuals not engaged in the same sort of protected speech had not been.” Id. at
407. Objective evidence of similarly situated individuals is not limited to
“virtually identical and identifiable comparators,” and may consist of other
objective evidence bearing on this question. Gonzalez, 602 U.S. at 658.
To satisfy the Nieves exception, Hollamon presented evidence concerning
(1) the alleged motivations of the officers who had arrested him, (2) the
temporariness of chalk, cost and frequency of chalk clean-up, and the clean-up of
1 Hollamon alternatively argues that his retaliatory arrest claim should not be considered under Nieves because Nieves is limited to “split-second arrests.” The Supreme Court has declined to address this question. See Gonzalez v. Trevino, 602 U.S. 653, 658-59 (2024) (per curiam). We need not address this argument because even if Nieves is limited in this manner, the record establishes that Hollamon was arrested moments after the officers became aware of his spray-chalking activities.
3 24-341 Hollamon’s vandalism, (3) other approved artwork at the LAPD station, and (4)
lack of prosecution of felony vandalism involving chalk.
The district court did not err in concluding that Hollamon’s evidence is
insufficient. Evidence of officers’ motivations for arresting Hollamon is not
“objective” evidence concerning similarly situated individuals. See Nieves, 587
U.S. at 403. As for evidence of chalk clean-up costs, the frequency of cleanup, or
costs to clean up Hollamon’s vandalism, such evidence does not bear on the
question whether officers tend to exercise their discretion not to arrest “similarly
situated individuals.” Id. at 407. Evidence of artwork approved by the LAPD for
display is similarly inapt because this activity is distinct from the “malicious[]
deface[ment]” of any “real or personal property not his or her own.” Cal. Pen.
Code § 594.
Finally, the deposition of Gerry Valido—who testifies regularly in graffiti-
related prosecutions but did not recall any prosecution for felony vandalism with
chalk—constitutes evidence as to the absence of felony prosecutions, but it does
not address whether there have been arrests of similarly situated individuals.2 Cf.
Ballentine v. Tucker, 28 F.4th 54, 62 (9th Cir. 2022) (finding sufficient evidence
for the Nieves exception in part because plaintiffs presented Las Vegas police
2 Hollamon, for example, was arrested for vandalism, but his prosecution ended after he completed a diversion program.
4 24-341 records that directly established that chalking sidewalks rarely resulted in arrest).
While evidence of felony prosecutions could have more bearing in a different
situation, we conclude that the district court did not err in finding this evidence,
standing alone, insufficient to establish the Nieves exception here.
3. Hollamon argues that the district court erred by granting summary
judgment on his claim under the Bane Act, Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1, because the
California Supreme Court’s approach to retaliatory arrests might differ from
Nieves. Because Hollamon does not develop this argument, and did not present it
to the district court, we deem it waived. See United States v. Williams, 846 F.3d
303, 311 (9th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted).
4. Hollamon claims that his arrest and handcuffing by Defendants
constituted excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment. An officer’s
use of handcuffing to effectuate an arrest, without any attendant injuries, “rarely
constitute[s] excessive force where the officers were justified . . . in effecting the
underlying arrest.” Demarest v. City of Vallejo, 44 F.4th 1209, 1226 (9th Cir.
2022) (quoting Brown v. Gilmore, 278 F.3d 362, 369 (4th Cir. 2002)). Here,
Hollamon did not attest to any injuries caused by the arrest and the officers had
probable cause to arrest him. The officers’ minimal use of force to handcuff
Hollamon was objectively reasonable under the circumstances. See id. at 1225
(citing Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395–97 (1989)).
5 24-341 5. Hollamon argues that he was falsely arrested and maliciously prosecuted
in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Because all charges against Hollamon and
his arrest were supported by probable cause, these claims warrant dismissal. See
Lassiter v. City of Bremerton, 556 F.3d 1049, 1053–54 (9th Cir. 2009).
Hollamon’s reliance upon Chiaverini v. City of Napoleon is unavailing as there are
no “baseless charge[s]” present. 602 U.S. 556, 562 (2024).
6. Hollamon contends that Defendants violated the Fourteenth Amendment
when he was not given hand sanitizer by jail officials to treat a cut that later
became infected. A plaintiff must prove “the defendant caused the plaintiff’s
injuries.” Gordon v. Cty. of Orange, 888 F.3d 1118, 1125 (9th Cir. 2018).
Hollamon concedes that he “does not know the origin of the injury, nor has he
blamed defendants for it.” The district court did not err in dismissing this claim.
7. Hollamon fails to argue and so waives his claims of “supervisory,
municipal and final policy maker liability” and state law claims of “battery,”
“negligent training and supervision, etc.,” and negligence per se. See Indep.
Towers of Wash. v. Wash., 350 F.3d 925, 929 (9th Cir. 2003) (“[O]n appeal, we
have held firm against considering arguments that are not briefed.”).
AFFIRMED.
6 24-341