Hodges v. Gloria

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 DENNIS HODGES, Case No.: 23-cv-2065 W (MSB)

12 Plaintiffs, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S 13 v. MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION [DOC. 15] 14 TODD GLORIA, both in his personal capacity and in his official capacity as the 15 Mayor of the City of San Diego, 16 Defendant. 17 18 19 Pending before the Court is Plaintiff Dennis Hodges’ motion for reconsideration of 20 this Court’s Order Granting Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss the First Amended 21 Complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) (the “Order”). Defendant Todd 22 Gloria, the Mayor of the City of San Diego, opposes. The Court decides the matter on the 23 papers submitted and without oral argument. See Civ. L.R. 7.1(d.1). For the reasons 24 stated below, the Court DENIES the motion [Doc. 15]. 25

26 I. BACKGROUND 27 As set forth in the Order, this lawsuit arises from Mayor Gloria’s exercise of his 28 1 Police/Community Relations (the “Advisory Board”). Hodges served on the board since 2 2017. (FAC [Doc. 7] ¶ 3.) In addition, Hodges served on the San Diego County Human 3 Relations Commission (the “Commission”) since 2021. (Id.) 4 Mayor Gloria’s decision to veto Hodges’ reappointment stems from Hodges’ 5 public statements related to his abstention from voting on a matter before the 6 Commission. According to the FAC, “[o]n November 9, 2021, during Transgender 7 Awareness Month, the Commission discussed an agenda item to amplify the voices of the 8 San Diego transgender community.” (FAC ¶ 42.) During the meeting, Hodges exercised 9 his right to abstain from voting on a “motion.” (Id.1) Hodges then made “public 10 comments related to his abstention,” which certain Commission members believed were 11 “‘discriminatory’ and ‘hateful’ toward the transgender community.” (Id. ¶¶ 6, 47, 58.2) 12 Hodges, a former Chaplain of the San Diego Police Department and associate pastor, 13 contends his abstention was based on his religious beliefs. (Id. ¶¶ 5, 40, 43, 53.) 14 The FAC further alleges that on June 9, 2022, the Commission held a special 15 meeting to remove Hodges “because of his remarks on the LGBTQ community.” (FAC ¶ 16 58.) The attempt to remove Hodges failed. (Id. ¶ 7.) Then in July 2023, the San Diego 17 Union Tribune wrote an editorial encouraging the removal of Mr. Hodges from the 18 Commission. (Id. ¶ 59.) 19 On August 8, 2023, Defendant San Diego Mayor Todd Gloria vetoed Hodges’ 20 reappointment to the Advisory Board. (FAC ¶¶ 3, 61.) “In his memorandum vetoing Mr. 21 Hodges’ reappointment, Mayor Gloria explained that because Hodges ‘has made repeated 22 concerning public comments about LGBTQ people—specifically, the transgender 23 community,’ he could not ‘support [Mr. Hodge’s] reappointment to a Board tasked with 24 25

26 1 The FAC provides no information regarding the substance of “the motion.” 27 2 The FAC provides no information regarding the substance of Hodges’ public statements, except that they “related to his abstention” from “voting on [the] agenda item relating to the transgender 28 1 promoting a positive relationship between the Police Department and the community it 2 serves.’” (Id. ¶ 62, bracket in original.) 3 On November 8, 2023, Hodges filed this lawsuit. (Compl. [Doc. 1].) The FAC 4 asserts three causes of action for (1) Deprivation of the Free Exercise of Religion; 5 (2) Deprivation of the Freedom of Speech; and (3) First Amendment retaliation. Though 6 the FAC asserts three separate causes of action, they are all premised on the theory that 7 Mayor Gloria’s veto of Hodges’ reappointment to the Advisory Board violated Hodges’ 8 First Amendment rights. (See FAC ¶¶ 75–79 (1st Cause of Action), 92, 93, 95, 100, 104, 9 105 (2nd Cause of Action), 112, 116, 117 (3rd Cause of Action).) 10 On January 11, 2024, Mayor Gloria filed a motion to dismiss each of the three 11 causes of action in the FAC. Hodges opposed the motion. On June 24, 2024, this Court 12 issued the Order dismissing Hodges’ FAC without leave to amend. The Order primarily 13 relied on the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Lathus v. City of Huntington Beach, 56 F.4th 14 1238 (9th Cir. 2023). As explained in the Order, under Lathus, whether Mayor Gloria 15 violated Hodges’ First Amendment rights depends on whether the Advisory Board 16 position is one for which “commonality of political purpose” with the mayor is an 17 appropriate requirement. Id. at 1241 (“It is settled … that an appointed public official can 18 be removed for engaging in otherwise protected First Amendment activity if ‘political 19 affiliation is an appropriate requirement for the effective performance of the public office 20 involved.’”) (quoting Hobler v. Brueher, 325 F.3d 1145, 1154 (9th Cir. 2003)). In 21 evaluating this issue, “where a statute establishes a position, the statute is likely to 22 provide the best foundation for classifying it for . . . First Amendment purposes.” Id. 23 Applying this standard, the Order looked primarily to the statute that established 24 the Advisory Board, San Diego Municipal Code §§ 26.0801, et seq., as well as City 25 Charter § 250 governing the mayor’s veto authority. (See Order 10:4–7.) Under these 26 provisions, the Order first found the mayor appoints and may veto without cause the 27 reappointment of all Advisory Board members. (Id.10:20–21.) The Order also found that 28 under the municipal code, Advisory Board members speak to the public and other 1 policymakers on behalf of the mayor and the Advisory Board serves as a conduit between 2 the community and mayor’s office. (Id. 11:21–23, 12:1–2.). Because similar findings led 3 to the Ninth Circuit’s determination that there was no First Amendment violation in 4 Lathus, the Order concluded that commonality of political purpose with the mayor is an 5 appropriate requirement for service on the Advisory Board. (Id.12:11–14.) The Order, 6 therefore, dismissed without leave to amend all causes of action. 7 8 II. DISCUSSION 9 The motion for reconsideration argues the Order committed clear error in two 10 respects. First, Hodges argues the “Court improperly construed Pastor Hodges’ sincerely 11 held religious beliefs as political rhetoric not protected by the First Amendment.” (Recon. 12 Mot. [Doc. 15-1] 5:3–4.) Second, Hodges argues the “Court committed clear error when 13 it failed to opine on Pastor Hodges” two causes of action for violation of the First 14 Amendment’s Free Exercise Clause and Free Speech Clause. (Id. 8:9–11.) The Court is 15 not persuaded by either argument. 16 17 A. The Order Did Not Misconstrue the FAC’s Allegations. 18 Hodges argues the Order improperly misconstrued his religious beliefs as political 19 rhetoric. (Recon. Mot. 5:3–4.) As a result, Hodges argues the Order erred in relying on 20 cases involving “whether a public officer could be removed from public office for his” 21 political speech—i.e., Lathus, 325 F.3d 1145 and Blair v. Bethel School District, 608 22 F.3d 540, 546 (9th Cir. 2010)—as opposed to cases involving religious beliefs. (Id. 5:25– 23 6:6.) The Court disagrees for two reasons. 24 First, Hodges’ contention that the Order misconstrued his religious beliefs as 25 political rhetoric lacks merit. His argument assumes that his public comments that led to 26 Mayor Gloria’s veto of his reappointment involved only his religious beliefs. The FAC 27 establishes otherwise. The FAC alleges that Mayor Gloria’s veto arose from Hodges’ 28 public comments regarding his refusal to vote on “the motion” involving the transgender 1 community. (See FAC ¶¶ 5, 6, 42, 43, 53, 58, 61, 62.) While Hodges’ abstention and 2 related public statements were motivated by his religious beliefs, they were also political 3 conduct and speech because they involved his work on the Commission. Indeed, the FAC 4 recognizes that his statements were also political to the extent it alleges Mayor Gloria 5 “exercised his veto authority in a discriminatory manner” because he had not previously 6 “exercised his veto authority against other commissioners who express differing political 7 and social views in support of transgenderism.” (Id. ¶ 78, emphasis added.) Thus, 8 Hodges’ attempt to characterize his statement as involving only his religious beliefs lacks 9 merit. 10 Second, Hodges’ motion for reconsideration is based on a new argument that was 11 not raised in his opposition to the motion to dismiss. Hodges now contends the Order 12 erred in “adopt[ing] the precedent of a string of cases that dealt solely with a plaintiff’s 13 political affiliation” and that did not “address dispositive facts related to religious 14 beliefs.” (Recon. Mot. 8:1–3.) But in opposing the motion to dismiss, Hodges never 15 argued that Blair or Lathus did not apply because of the type of First Amendment speech 16 at issue. Instead, Hodges’ opposition argued Blair did not control because of factual 17 distinctions with the municipal board positions at issue in each case and how each 18 plaintiff lost the position: 19 Unlike Blair, Pastor Hodges was not removed from a “titular position” through an electoral process, and he did not retain “the full range 20 of rights and prerogatives” upon his removal from his Advisory Board 21 position. See 608 F.3d at 544; FAC, ¶¶ 55-25, 29, 61. Blair was elected to his vice president position while Pastor Hodges ‘was not an elected official, 22 but rather an appointed volunteer in public service.” Lathus, 56 F.4th at 1241 23 (differentiating plaintiff Lathus from plaintiff Blair). As such, his “volunteer status does not by itself remove First Amendment protection.” Id. 24 25 The Blair case might be applicable if Pastor Hodges had been removed from his position as a Commissioner and was challenging the 26 conduct of the Commission rather than Defendant’s conduct. Indeed, Pastor 27 Hodges’ fellow commissioners exercised their electoral process to attempt to remove Pastor Hodges from the Commission, but they failed to remove him 28 1 when the majority of the Commissioners refused to remove Pastor Hodges. FAC, ¶¶ 46-47, 56-57. 2 3 In contrast, Pastor Hodges was a volunteer appointed by the city council to serve on the Advisory Board, but he was denied his 4 reappointment, not by an electoral process, but by a single individual— 5 Defendant. See FAC, ¶¶ 22, 30. By wielding his veto authority against Pastor Hodges, Defendant effectively removed Pastor Hodges from his 6 Advisory Board position, thereby chilling his speech as an Advisory Board 7 member, and revoking the full range of his rights and prerogatives as an Advisory Board member. 8 (Opp’n to MTD [Doc. 9] 7:24–26.) With respect to Lathus, Hodges attempted to 9 distinguish the case based on the provisions of the relevant municipal codes, not because 10 the case did not involve religious beliefs. Hodges began by acknowledging that Lathus 11 was analogous to the extent the plaintiff—like Hodges—was a volunteer, but Hodges 12 then argued the “similarities end there” because: 13 Pastor Hodges’ FAC shows that he was not the “public face” of 14 Defendant. FAC, ¶¶ 25, 27-29. Indeed, unlike in Lathus, in which the person 15 who removed Lathus was also the person who appointed Lathus, the City Council appointed Pastor Hodges and Defendant—not City Council— 16 effectively removed Pastor Hodges from his position. FAC, ¶¶ 22, 61. 17 Further, in Lathus, the city councilperson was permitted to remove an appointment without cause. 56 F.4th at 1244. Here, SDMC provides that an 18 Advisory Board member serves until his successor is duly appointed and 19 qualified. Id., ¶ 30. Additionally, in Lathus, the CPAB solicited public feedback and spoke to the public on behalf of the official who appointed 20 them. 56 F.4th at 1242. In contrast, the Advisory Board is responsible for 21 studying, consulting, and advising the Mayor, City Council and City Manager—not the public. See FAC, ¶¶ 23-24. Further, Pastor Hodges 22 neither spoke on behalf of the Mayor nor implemented any policies on 23 behalf of the Mayor. FAC, ¶ 27. The cited municipal code sections in Defendant’s Motion do not suggest anything different. Mot. at 18. The 24 purpose of the Advisory Board is to advise the Mayor, City Council, and 25 City Manager, including by making recommendations to those entities on how to assist with informing the community of its rights and responsibilities. 26 FAC, ¶¶ 23-24. 27 28 1 (Id. 8:27–28, 99:14–10:2.) Thus, Hodges’ opposition never argued Blair or Lathus were 2 distinguishable because the cases involved political affiliation and not religious beliefs. 3 In fact, Hodges’ opposition also argued that this “case is more akin to Hunt v. 4 Cnty. of Orange, 672 F.3d 606 (9th Cir. 2012).” (Opp’n to MTD 10:3–4.) What is notable 5 about Hunt is that like Blair and Lathus, it also involved an alleged First Amendment 6 violation related to plaintiff’s political beliefs, and not religious beliefs. Hodges’ reliance 7 on Hunt confirms he was not attempting to distinguish Blair and Lathus based on the type 8 of First Amendment activity at issue. Because Hodges’ motion for reconsideration is 9 based on a new legal theory not raised in opposing the motion to dismiss, he has failed to 10 demonstrate legal error. See Motorola, Inc. v. J.B. Rodgers Mechanical Contractors, 215 11 F.R.D. 581, 582 (D.Ariz. 2003) (citations omitted) (“Motions for reconsideration are 12 disfavored ... and are not the place for parties to make new arguments not raised in their 13 original briefs. Nor is reconsideration to be used to ask the Court to rethink what it has 14 already thought.”) 15 For these reasons, the Order did not misconstrue the allegations in the FAC or 16 erroneously rely on Lathus in findings that “commonality of political purpose” with the 17 mayor is an appropriate requirement to serve on the Advisory Board. 18 19 B. The Order Did Not Err in Dismissing all of Hodges’ claims. 20 Hodges argues the “Court committed clear error when it failed to opine on Pastor 21 Hodges” causes of action for violation of the First Amendment’s Free Exercise Clause 22 and Free Speech Clause. (Recon. Mot. 8:9–11.) In support of this argument, Hodges 23 contends Mayor Gloria only challenged the third cause of action for First Amendment 24 retaliation. (Id. 8:16–19.3) Hodges also argues, for the first time, that the Free Exercise 25 26 27 3 Hodges’ opposition to the motion to dismiss also asserted that “Defendant does not attempt to challenge the sufficiency of Pastor Hodges’ constitutional claims” (even though the FAC only alleges 28 1 and Free Speech causes of action should not have been dismissed because the elements 2 differ from his retaliation cause of action. Hodges’ arguments are unavailing. 3 First, Hodges’ contention that Mayor Gloria’s motion to dismiss only challenged 4 the retaliation cause of action is false. Because all three causes of action are based on the 5 same alleged wrongful conduct (see FAC ¶¶ 75–79, 92, 93, 95, 100, 104, 105, 112, 116, 6 117), Mayor Gloria’s notice of motion stated that each cause of action should be 7 dismissed because “Defendant’s veto of Plaintiff’s reappointment to the [Advisory 8 Board] did not violate Plaintiff’s First Amendment rights.” (MTD Notice [Doc. 8] ¶¶ 2, 9 3, 4.) Mayor Gloria’s memorandum of points and authorities then repeated the same 10 argument: 11 the crux of all three of Hodges’ causes of action is that the loss of his position on the Advisory Board was allegedly in response to or in retaliation 12 for Hodges’ “protected speech.” However,… the speech was not 13 protected…. 14 (MTD P&A [Doc. 8-1] 9:17–21.) In the next section titled, “HODGES CANNOT STATE 15 A CLAIM FOR RELIEF BASED ON THE VETO OF HIS RE-APPOINTMENT TO 16 THE POLITICAL ‘ADVISORY BOARD’ BY THE PERSON WHO APPOINTED 17 HIM,” the motion argued that Lathus foreclosed a First Amendment claim. (Id. 9:22– 18 16:17.) The motion then concluded that because “Mayor Gloria could… veto Hodges’ 19 reappointment ‘for lack of political compatibility,’ … Mayor Gloria respectfully requests 20 that the FAC be dismissed in its entirety without leave to amend.” (Id. 22:17–21.) Thus, 21 Hodges’ contention in the motion for reconsideration that Mayor Gloria only moved to 22 dismiss the third cause of action is false. 23 Second, Hodges’ contention that the Order did not “opine” on all of his causes of 24 action lacks merit. In opposing Mayor Gloria’s motion to dismiss, Hodges (1) did not 25 dispute that all of his causes of action were based on the same alleged wrongful conduct 26 and (2) did not address how the first or second causes of action could survive if Mayor 27 Gloria’s veto did not violate the First Amendment. Instead, the opposition argued Lathus 28 and Blair were factually distinguishable, and concluded that “because Pastor Hodges’ 1 || FAC presents sufficient facts to demonstrate that he is a public servant volunteer 2 || protected by the First Amendment, his claims should be allowed to move forward.” (Id. 3 || 10:17-19, emphasis added.) In light of the parties’ arguments, the Order’s analysis began 4 || by recognizing that “[a]lthough the FAC asserts three separate causes of action, each is 5 || premised on the theory that Mayor Gloria retaliated against Hodges based on the exercise 6 || of his First Amendment rights.” (Order 6:2—4.) Because (1) the Court found that under 7 || Lathus Mayor Gloria’s veto did not violate the First Amendment, and (2) Hodges did not 8 || dispute that all of “his claims” were premised on the same alleged wrongful conduct, the 9 || Order dismissed all three causes of action without leave to amend. (Order 13:2-3.) 10 In the motion for reconsideration, Hodges now contends the Court committed clear 11 |/error by dismissing the first and second causes of action because “[t]he elements of a free 12 || exercise, free speech, and First Amendment retaliation claim are different and should be 13 || treated separately.” (Recon. Mot. 9:16—18.) Hodges then discusses the differences with 14 || the three causes of action. 9:18—10:14.) But this argument was never raised in 15 || Hodges’ opposition to the motion to dismiss. Because a motion for reconsideration is 16 || “not the place for parties to make new arguments not raised in the original briefs,” 17 || Hodges’ argument is unavailing. Motorola, Inc., 215 F.R.D. at 582 (citations omitted). 18 19 ||V. SUMMARY & CONCLUSION 20 For the reasons discussed above, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to 21 || dismiss the FAC [Doc. 8] without leave to amend. 22 IT IS SO ORDERED. 23 ||Dated: October 22, 2024 \

25 Hn. 1 omas J. Whelan 6 United States District Judge 27 28