IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
HIGHWAY TO HEALTH, INC. and ) ALAN KRIGSTEIN, SHELDON ) KENTON, SCOTT BEACHAM, MOSES ) DODO, DIEGO FERNÁNDEZ, MORGAN ) KENDRICK, MATTHEW SHAFFER, ) AND MAUREEN SULLIVAN, in their ) capacities as members of the Board of ) Directors of HIGHWAY TO HEALTH, ) INC., ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) v. ) C.A. No. 2018-0707-AGB ) PETER J. BOHN, ANDREW G. CONN, ) FRANK T. GILLINGHAM, MICHAEL N. ) HARTUNG, LAURA HILTON, ROBERT ) M. HOWARD, DON JOSEPH, ANGELO ) MASCIANTONIO, MICHAEL D. ) MUNROE, DOROTHY NYLAND, ) ANDREW A. ORR, JR., GERRY ) SCHAAFSMA, BRENDAN SHARKEY, ) and ALEXANDER WOOD, ) ) Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Date Submitted: January 7, 2020 Date Decided: April 15, 2020
Jody C. Barillare, MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Brian W. Shaffer and John M. Lupton IV, MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Attorneys for Plaintiffs Highway to Health Inc., Alan Krigstein, Sheldon Kenton, Scott Beacham, Moses Dodo, Diego Fernández, Morgan Kendrick, Matthew Shaffer, and Maureen Sullivan. Jami B. Nimeroff, BROWN MCGARRY NIMEROFF LLC, Wilmington, Delaware; Mary Kay Brown and Raymond McGarry, BROWN MCGARRY NIMEROFF LLC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Attorneys for Defendants Peter J. Bohn, Andrew G. Conn, Frank T. Gillingham, Michael N. Hartung, Laura Hilton, Robert M. Howard, Don Joseph, Angelo Masciantonio, Michael D. Munroe, Dorothy Nyland, Andrew A. Orr, Jr., Gerry Schaafsma, Brendan Sharkey, and Alexander Wood.
BOUCHARD, C. In 2013, Highway to Health, Inc. issued stock appreciation rights in the
company to certain of its employees as part of a larger transaction. The contract
governing the stock appreciation rights requires the company to appraise their value
annually.
In 2016, the company changed the appraiser it had been using to perform the
valuations. Recipients of the stockholder appreciation rights, who contend that the
company did not have the right to change the appraiser, became concerned when the
new appraiser rendered valuations significantly lower than the previous appraiser.
On September 5, 2018, counsel for the recipients asked the company to
mediate their dispute. A few weeks later, the company filed this action seeking a
declaratory judgment that the board did not breach any fiduciary duty or any
contractual obligation owed to the recipients and that the new appraiser’s valuations
are binding.
Defendants consist of fourteen recipients of the stock appreciation rights.
None of them are Delaware residents. They have moved to dismiss the complaint
for lack of personal jurisdiction. The company contends this court has personal
jurisdiction over defendants under the Delaware long-arm statute and the forum
selection clause in an agreement that was part of the 2013 transaction, which names
them as limited third-party beneficiaries. The court concludes otherwise for the
reasons discussed below and thus grants the motion to dismiss.
1 I. BACKGROUND
The facts recited in this opinion come from the allegations of the Second
Verified Amended Complaint (the “Complaint”), documents incorporated therein,
and affidavits submitted by the defendants.
A. The Parties Plaintiff Highway to Health, Inc. (“Highway” or the “Company”) is a
Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in King of Prussia,
Pennsylvania.1 Highway provides travel and medical insurance to individuals and
companies on a short-term and long-term basis.2 The eight individual plaintiffs are
members of Highway’s board of directors. They are: Alan Krigstein, Sheldon
Kenton, Scott Beacham, Moses Dodo, Diego Fernández, Morgan Kendrick,
Matthew Shaffer, and Maureen Sullivan (together with the Company, “Plaintiffs”).3
Defendants are fourteen current and former employees of Highway who were
granted Stock Appreciation Rights (“SARs”) in agreements between the Company
and each defendant (the “Award Agreements”), which incorporate the terms and
conditions of the Stock Appreciation Rights Plan (the “SARs Plan”).4 They
1 Second Verified Am. Compl. (“Compl.”) ¶ 12 (Dkt. 38). 2 Id. 3 Id. ¶¶ 13-20. 4 Id. ¶ 1; see also id. Ex. B (“Award Agreement”), at 1 (“The Award is subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this Award Agreement . . . and the [SARs] Plan.”).
2 are: Peter J. Bohn, Andrew G. Conn, Frank T. Gillingham, Michael N. Hartung,
Laura Hilton, Robert M. Howard, Don Joseph, Angelo Masciantonio, Michael D.
Munroe, Dorothy Nyland, Andrew A. Orr, Jr., Gerry Schaafsma, Brendan Sharkey,
and Alexander Wood (collectively, “Defendants”).5 Of the fourteen Defendants, one
resides in the United Kingdom, another in Colorado, and twelve in Pennsylvania.6
None of them reside in Delaware.
B. The SARs Plan
On November 13, 2013, the Company and its stockholders entered into a
Stock Purchase Agreement with Bupa Investments Overseas Limited (“Bupa”), by
which Bupa purchased 49% of the Company’s common stock (the “Bupa
Transaction”).7 The transaction closed on December 17, 2013.8
The SARs Plan was established in connection with the Bupa Transaction for
the benefit of existing employees of the Company who cashed in stock options
and/or sold their shares of the Company as part of the transaction.9 As memorialized
in the Second Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement (the “Stockholders
5 Id. ¶¶ 21-34. 6 Defs.’ Reply Br. Exs. A-N ¶ 1 (Defendants’ declarations) (Dkt. 45). 7 Compl. ¶ 59. 8 Id. 9 Id. ¶ 42.
3 Agreement”), “the parties to the Bupa Transaction decided to provide certain
employees of the Company with the opportunity to receive grants of cash-settled
SARs in an effort to incentivize the employees’ contribution to the growth of the
Company and thus align their economic interests with those of the Company’s
stockholders.”10
The SARs Plan and the Award Agreements govern the grant of the SARs, the
valuation of the Company’s common stock, and the exercise of the SARs. Under
the SARs Plan, the value of the SARs is tied to the annually appraised value of the
common stock of the Company.11 The SARs Plan and the Award Agreements also
provide that the “board of directors’ fiduciary duties owed to stockholders shall
apply with equal force to Participants with outstanding SARs as if the Participants
were stockholders.”12
C. The Mediation Proposal
On September 5, 2018, counsel representing the original twenty-two
individuals who held SARs (the “SARs Holders”)13 sent a letter to the chairman of
10 Id. 11 Id. Ex. A (“SARs Plan”) § 8. 12 Id. § 13.3; Award Agreement § 11. 13 All twenty-two of the original SARs Holders were named as defendants in the initial complaint. In March 2019, the Company entered into Mutual Specific Release Agreements with eight of these individuals and voluntarily dismissed them from this action. Compl. ¶¶ 7-8; Dkt. 9.
4 Highway’s board of directors questioning the board’s appointment of a new
appraiser in 2016 given that “the Plan contemplates the same Appraiser performing
all of the valuations required under the Plan” and expressing concerns about the
valuations performed by the new appraiser.14 The letter offered to resolve the
dispute through private mediation while recognizing that the Company was not
obligated to do so, and noted that the board owed them the same fiduciary duties as
stockholders: “We understand that the Company is under no obligation to mediate
this dispute. We also know, however, that each member of the Board of Directors
of [Highway] owes the SARs Holders fiduciary duties as if they were actual
stockholders.”15 The court refers to this letter hereafter as the “Mediation Proposal.”
D. The Litigation
On September 28, 2018, a few weeks after receiving the Mediation Proposal,
the Company filed its initial complaint in this action. It sought a declaratory
judgment that the board did not breach any fiduciary duty owed to the SARs Holders
in connection with the SARs Plan, that the board and Company did not breach any
contractual obligation to the SARs Holders arising from the SARs Plan or Award
14 Compl. Ex. C, at 2-3. 15 Id. at 3.
5 Agreements, and that the appraiser’s year-end 2015, 2016, and 2017 valuations are
binding on all parties.16
Plaintiffs amended the initial complaint twice, filing the Complaint operative
here on July 30, 2019. The Complaint added to the requests for relief sought in the
initial complaint a request for declaratory relief that the appraiser’s year-end 2018
valuation, which was completed on May 14, 2019, is binding on all parties.17
On July 31, 2019, Defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint under Court
of Chancery Rules 12(b)(1), 12(b)(2), and 12(b)(7) for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction, lack of personal jurisdiction, and the failure to join necessary parties.18
The court heard argument on the motion on January 7, 2020.
II. ANALYSIS
For the reasons discussed below, the court concludes it does not have personal
jurisdiction over Defendants. The court thus does not reach the other two grounds
Defendants have advanced for dismissal of this action.
16 Dkt. 1. 17 Compl. ¶¶ 10, 109. 18 Dkt. 40.
6 “When a defendant moves to dismiss a complaint pursuant to Court of
Chancery Rule 12(b)(2), the plaintiff bears the burden of showing a basis for the
court’s exercise of jurisdiction over the defendant.”19
In ruling on a Rule 12(b)(2) motion, the court may consider the pleadings, affidavits, and any discovery of record. If . . . no evidentiary hearing has been held, plaintiffs need only make a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction and the record is construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.20
Plaintiffs assert two bases under which Defendants are subject to personal
jurisdiction in Delaware: (i) the Delaware long-arm statute and (ii) the forum-
selection clause in the Stockholders Agreement. The court addresses each argument
in turn.
A. The Delaware Long-Arm Statute
Before the court may properly exercise personal jurisdiction over a
nonresident under the Delaware long-arm statute, Plaintiffs must show
that: “(1) there is a statutory basis for exercising personal jurisdiction; and
(2) subjecting the nonresident defendant[s] to jurisdiction in Delaware would not
violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.”21 Because this
19 Ryan v. Gifford, 935 A.2d 258, 265 (Del. Ch. 2007). 20 Id. (footnotes and quotation marks omitted). 21 Reid v. Siniscalchi, 2011 WL 378795, at *4 (Del Ch. Jan. 31, 2011) (citation omitted) (alteration in original).
7 burden falls on Plaintiffs, they are “entitled to ‘reasonable discovery in aid of
mounting such proof’ that jurisdiction over [Defendants] in this Court is proper.”22
In this case, Plaintiffs made no effort to obtain such discovery.
Plaintiffs rely exclusively on a single provision of the Delaware long-arm
statute: Section 3104(c)(1). Under that provision, a court may exercise specific
personal jurisdiction over a nonresident who, “in person or through an agent . . .
[t]ransacts any business or performs any character of work or service in the
State[.]”23 “[T]o establish personal jurisdiction pursuant to Section 3104(c)(1), a
plaintiff must demonstrate both that: ‘(1) the nonresident transacted some sort of
business in the state, and (2) the claim being asserted arose out of that specific
transaction.’”24 Focusing on the first requirement, this court has explained that “[i]n
order for this Court to exercise jurisdiction under § 3104(c)(1), some act must
actually occur in Delaware.”25
The Company argues that the “cumulative effect” of the following “actions
and contacts with Delaware is sufficient to subject [Defendants] to personal
22 Id. (citing Hart Hldg. Co. Inc. v. Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc., 593 A.2d 535, 539 (Del. Ch. 1991)). 23 10 Del. C. § 3104(c)(1). 24 EBP Lifestyle Brands Hldgs. Inc. v. Boulbain, 2017 WL 3328363, at *3 (Del. Ch. Aug. 4, 2017) (quoting Fisk Ventures, LLC v. Segal, 2008 WL 1961156, at *7 (Del. Ch. May 7, 2008)). 25 Mobile Diagnostic Gp. Hldgs., LLC v. Suer, 972 A.2d 799, 804 (Del. Ch. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
8 jurisdiction in this state:” (i) Defendants “originally held shares of a closely-held
Delaware corporation and agreed to sell that stock;” (ii) both the SARs Plan and
Award Agreements are governed by Delaware law and “contain a provision
extending the Board’s fiduciary duties to Defendants;” and (iii) through the
Mediation Proposal, “Defendants availed themselves of the benefits of Delaware
corporate law by invoking the Board’s fiduciary duties.”26 Relying heavily on NRG
Barriers, Inc. v. Jelin,27 Highway argues that given “this mix of related facts, the
defendants should not have been surprised to be hailed into a Delaware court.”28
In NRG, a closely held Delaware corporation sought a declaration that the
Stock Purchase Agreement with its minority shareholders was valid and binding.29
The NRG court found it had personal jurisdiction over the nonresident defendants
because (i) they held shares in the Delaware corporation, (ii) they entered into the
Stock Purchase Agreement with the Delaware corporation to sell their shares, (iii)
the Stock Purchase Agreement had a Delaware choice-of-law provision, and
(iv) “Delaware lawyers participated in drafting the Stock Purchase Agreement and
rendered legal advice with respect to Delaware law for the express purpose of
26 Pls.’ Opp’n Br. 11-13 (Dkt. 44). 27 1996 WL 377014 (Del. Ch. July 1, 1996). 28 Pls.’ Opp’n Br. 10. 29 1996 WL 377014, at *1.
9 assuring the parties their agreement would comply with the law of the parties’
choice.”30 The mix of factual allegations before the court in this case have some
similarities to NRG, but differ in significant ways that are fatal to attempting to
satisfy Section 3104(c)(1) of the Delaware long-arm statute.
First, unlike in NRG,31 the underlying dispute in this case does not concern a
challenge to the capital structure of a Delaware corporation. Rather, this case
involves a contractual dispute concerning the value of the SARs, which is
determined annually based on an appraisal of Highway’s common stock under the
SARs Plan. As a factual matter furthermore, not all Defendants originally held
shares in Highway, as defendants did in NRG,32 and those who did hold stock in
Highway did not sell their shares to an existing director and shareholder of a closely
held Delaware corporation like in NRG, but sold their shares to a company organized
30 Id. at *2. 31 See NRG Barriers, Inc. v. Jelin, 1996 WL 451319, at *1 (Del. Ch. Aug. 6, 1996) (“Plaintiff, NRG Barriers, Inc. brought this action seeking a declaration that a January 2, 1990 Stock Purchase Agreement between it and its minority shareholders is a valid and binding agreement which prevents the former minority shareholders from claiming any interest in NRG Barriers, Inc.”). 32 Compl. ¶ 42; NRG, 1996 WL 377014, at *2. Defendant Michael Munroe never held stock in Highway. Defs.’ Reply Br. Ex. I ¶ 4. The remaining Defendants last held stock over six years ago. Defs.’ Reply Br. Exs. A, C-H, J-N ¶ 4; id. Ex. B (“Decl. of Andrew G. Conn”) ¶ 5.
10 under the laws of England and Wales that was not a stockholder of Highway at that
time.33
Second, the Delaware choice-of-law and fiduciary duty provisions in the
SARs Plan and Award Agreements may be relevant considerations if accompanied
by other facts showing that something actually occurred in Delaware, but they are
not sufficient by themselves to confer personal jurisdiction under Section
3104(c)(1). This court has explained: “It is also well established that a choice of
Delaware law provision in a contract is not, of itself, a sufficient transaction of
business in the State to confer jurisdiction under (c)(1).”34 The fiduciary duty owed
to the SARs Holders, moreover, is contractually-created and uses Delaware law as a
measure of a breach “as if the Participants were stockholders.”35 In other words, the
fiduciary duty provision is, in effect, itself a choice-of-law provision.
33 See Compl. Ex. D, third recital; Decl. of Andrew G. Conn ¶ 5. 34 Mobile Diagnostic, 972 A.2d at 805 (citing Intellimark, Inc. v. Rowe, 2005 WL 2739500, at *2-3 (Del. Super. Oct. 24, 2005)); see also Summit Investors II, L.P. v. Sechrist Indus., Inc., 2002 WL 31260989, at *4 (Del. Ch. Sept. 20, 2002) (holding that a Delaware choice of law provision is insufficient to satisfy the Constitutional minimum contacts test). 35 See SARs Plan § 13.3 (“Notwithstanding anything in the Plan to the contrary, the provisions of Delaware law with respect to a board of directors’ fiduciary duties owed to stockholders shall apply with equal force to Participants with outstanding SARs as if the Participants were stockholders and the SARs were shares of Common Stock and shall be applied consistently with the Company’s Conflict of Interest and Confidentiality Policy for its Board of Directors and Board Observers.”) (emphasis added); Award Agreement § 11 (same).
11 Third, Plaintiffs’ characterization of the Mediation Proposal as “yet another
contact with Delaware” is unsubstantiated.36 The letter, which is stamped with a
header stating that it was “For Settlement Purposes Only,” was sent from the
Philadelphia office of Defendants’ counsel to the Company’s board chairman at a
Pennsylvania address.
Fourth, and most importantly, the NRG court found that “Delaware lawyers
were substantially involved in drafting the agreement.”37 Here, by contrast,
Plaintiffs concede they “do not have evidence that Defendants involved Delaware
counsel in their review of the SARS Plan or Award Agreements.”38 Indeed,
Defendants have submitted declarations attesting that they “did not negotiate” and
“did not retain a Delaware lawyer to negotiate, draft or review” either the SARs Plan
or the Award Agreements on their behalf.39
As mentioned previously, for this Court to exercise jurisdiction over
Defendants under Section 3104(c)(1) of the Delaware long-arm statute, “some act
must actually occur in Delaware.”40 Considered in their totality, Plaintiffs’ factual
36 Pls.’ Opp’n Br. 13. 37 1996 WL 377014, at *4. 38 Pls.’ Opp’n Br. 13. 39 Defs.’ Reply Br. Exs. A, C-N ¶¶ 5-6. The wording of the Declaration of Andrew G. Conn is somewhat different, but conveys the same point. See Decl. of Andrew G. Conn ¶¶ 6-7. 40 Mobile Diagnostic, 972 A.2d at 804 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
12 allegations establish little more than that the Defendants received SARs pursuant to
contracts governed by Delaware law when most of them (but not all) sold their shares
of a Delaware corporation to a foreign entity about six years ago. Critically, these
factual allegations fail to demonstrate that any act actually occurred in Delaware
with respect to the dispute in this case. Accordingly, Plaintiffs have failed to make
a prima facie showing that Defendants are subject to the jurisdiction of this court
under Section 3104(c)(1) of the Delaware long-arm statute.
B. The Stockholders Agreement
Plaintiffs’ second argument is that Defendants are subject to personal
jurisdiction in Delaware as express third-party beneficiaries of the Stockholders
Agreement, which contains a Delaware forum selection clause.41 To be clear,
Defendants are not signatories to the Stockholders Agreement. It is a contract by
and among Highway and the four stockholders of the Company after Defendants
sold their shares in connection with the Bupa Transaction, i.e., Blue Cross Blue
Shield Association; International Plan Solutions, LLC; Arcus Enterprises, Inc.; and
Bupa.42
Section 23 of the Stockholders Agreement contains the forum selection
clause. It states, in relevant part, that:
41 Compl. ¶ 41. 42 Id. Ex. D, at 1, 17.
13 Each of the parties submits to the nonexclusive jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the District of Delaware and of any Delaware State court sitting in the State of Delaware, in any action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the transactions contemplated herein and agrees that all claims in respect of such action or proceeding may be heard and determined in any such court.43
Section 28 of the Stockholders Agreement, entitled “SARs Plan,” acknowledges that
the Company adopted the SARs Plan, issued SARs to certain employees of the
Company, and deems the SARs Holders to be “express third party beneficiaries” for
certain limited purposes:
The holders of SARs issued pursuant to the SARs Plan are express third party beneficiaries of Section 5(c) and this Section 28, and this Section 28 shall not be amended in any manner, and Section 5(c) shall not be amended in any way affecting the interests of the holders of the SARs, in each case without the written consent of a majority of the outstanding SARs under the Company’s SARs Plan.44
Section 5(c) of the Stockholders Agreement addresses the consideration the SARs
Holders would receive, consistent with the SARs Plan, in connection with a sale of
Highway before the SARs expire. 45
43 Id. § 23. 44 Id. § 28. 45 Id. § 5(c).
14 It is well established that a party may consent to jurisdiction through a contract
containing a forum selection clause.46 Delaware courts use a three-part inquiry to
determine whether a nonsignatory to an agreement is bound by a forum selection
clause in the agreement: (i) is the forum selection clause valid; (ii) are the
nonsignatories third-party beneficiaries; and (iii) does the claim arise from their
standing relating to the agreement?47
Defendants do not dispute the first element. Defendants take issue with the
second element notwithstanding language in the Stockholders Agreement stating
that SARs Holders are “express third party beneficiaries” for certain purposes.48 It
is not necessary to address this issue because, assuming arguendo that Defendants
are limited third-party beneficiaries of the Stockholders Agreement, the third
element of the test plainly has not been satisfied here.
With respect to the third element, it is settled law that “the agreement
containing the forum selection clause must also be the agreement that gives rise to
the substantive claims brought by or against a non-signatory in order for the forum
46 Capital Gp. Cos. Inc. v. Armour, 2004 WL 2521295, at *2 (Del. Ch. Oct. 29, 2004, revised Nov. 3, 2004). 47 Baker v. Impact Hldg., Inc., 2010 WL 1931032, at *3 (Del. Ch. May 13, 2010) (citing Armour, 2004 WL 2521295, at *5). 48 Defs.’ Opening Br. 21-24 (Dkt. 41).
15 selection clause to be enforceable against the non-signatory.”49 Plaintiffs fail to
satisfy this element because their claims do not arise from the Stockholders
Agreement. Plaintiffs have not requested any relief with respect to the Stockholders
Agreement, let alone put at issue the circumstances giving rise to the SARs Holders’
rights as third-party beneficiaries under Sections 5(c) and 28 of that agreement.50
Because Plaintiffs’ claim for declaratory relief does not arise from the Stockholders
Agreement, they cannot invoke the forum selection clause in that contract to
establish personal jurisdiction over the SARs Holders in this case.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons explained above, Defendants’ motion to dismiss the
Complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction is GRANTED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
49 Weygandt v. Weco, LLC, 2009 WL 1351808, at *4 n.15 (Del. Ch. May 14, 2009) (Strine, V.C.) (discussing authorities). 50 See Compl. ¶¶ 99-110.