Hemphill, Ch. J.
But one question is presented in this case, viz: Was the land in controversy a portion of the community estate of Chauncey Johnson, or was it the separate property of Emily his wife ? The certificate was conveyed and the patent issued to the wife; but the purchase being made by the husband, with community funds, and it being the prima facie presumption that a purchase, though in the name of the wife, is a portion of the common property, the question is whether the declarations of the husband, at the time of the purchase, are such as to repel this presumption and amount to a gift to the wife.
If there were no such estate as that of community between husband and wife, the mere act of the husband, taking a conveyance in the name of the wife, would, on principles of equity, be deemed prima facie an advancement to the wife; and under our laws, recognizing the rights of community, the presumption has been allowed in cases where the conveyance is to the wife, the purchase being made with the separate funds of the husband. (Smith v. Strahan, 16 Tex. R. 314.)
Where the purchase money is advanced by one person, but conveyance taken in the name of another, it becomes a question of intention, whether the purchase is for the benefit of the grantee in the deed, or of the person who advanced the money. The general rule is, that a trust results for the benefit of him who advanced the money. (Dyer v. Dyer, 2 Cox, 92 ; 1 Leading Cases in Equity, 188.) This is the prima facie presumption. But there are exceptions to the rule as well established as the [394]*394rule itself. For where the conveyance is in the name of the wife or of a child, the prima facie presumption is that the purchase is an advancement for the wife or child, rehutting the inference of trust for the husband or parent, which would have resulted to them had the deed been taken in the name of a stranger. (2 Story, 1204; Hill on Trustees, p. 135.) All of these presumptions may be rebutted by parol evidence. The legal effect of deeds, as a general rule, is to vest the property in the grantee. And when this effect is varied by parol evidence— when it is shown that the deed is not the true expression of the intention of the parties, and that this may be inferred from circumstances outside of the deed, the intention is a fact to be established by proof; and presumptions of such intention not being conclusive, may, on general principles, be rebutted by evidence to the contrary.
A conveyance to the wife, of lands purchased with the funds of the husband, is prima facie a gift from the latter to the former ; but the presumption may be rebutted by proof that the purchase was for his own benefit.
Having glanced at the general rules with reference to the rights of parties, where the purchase is made by one, but conveyance is in the name of another, let us examine the question more immediately presented for decision.
There is no doubt that where a purchase is made with community funds, a mere direction by the husband to the vendor, to execute the conveyance to the wife, will not operate a change of estate, or convert community into the wife’s separate property. The acquisitions of the joint or separate labor or industry of the partners become common property; and as a general rule, deducible from our former laws, property purchased during the marriage, whether the conveyance be in the name of the husband or the wife, or in the names of both, is prima facie presumed to belong to the- community. This, however, is but a presumption, and may be rebutted by proof that the separate funds of either partner were employed in making the purchase; and if so, the property belongs to the one whose funds were employed in the acquisition; and provided also that the husband, in purchasing with his own means, takes the deed in his own name ; for if this be in the name of the wife, the presumption will be that the property was intended for her and not for himself. It will be perceived that a wide door is opened for the admission of parol evidence to explain and modify deeds taken under this system [395]*395during marriage. In fact, a deed of purchase, taken in the name of the husband or of the wife, has a twofold aspect or character. It may be a conveyance of separate, or it may be a conveyance of common property, though as a general rule the purchase belongs to the community; and therefore arises the presumption, that though the deed, upon its face, conveys a separate right to the husband or wife, yet the conveyance is in fact for the benefit of the community. The presumption that the deed to the husband is a conveyance to the community is, under ordinary circumstances, much more strong than when the deed is to the wife. The husband has the active dominion and control over the common property. He can alienate, exchange or dispose of it, without the consent of his partner in matrimony; and his acts, if not done with a fraudulent intent to her injury, will be good. He sells and purchases in his own name. Conveyances are rarely taken by the husband in the joint name of himself and wife, or in her name alone; and therefore when made in the name of the wife, by the direction of the husband, the presumption that the property belongs to the common gains has not the force, attached to it when arising upon a deed to the husband, in his own name.
A deed to the wife is ordinarily but a deed to the community; yet as she may possess separate property, a conveyance of such property must be to her and in her own name. We have seen that a mere direction by the husband, when purchasing with common funds, to convey to the wife, would not vest in her any separate interest. But in this case there was more than a mere order to convey to the wife. The evidence showed to the satisfaction of the jury, and we think pretty clearly, that the husband intended to make to her a gift of the certificate. He was apprehensive of trouble from old debts in New York, and, as he said, he wanted his wife to have something for the benefit of the family, and therefore the assignment to her, of the certificate and not to himself. If the purchase had been with his own money, the conveyance to the wife would of itself have been presumptive evidence of a gift. If made with community funds, will not the deed, under the direction of the husband and with the avowed intention of a gift, operate in the same way to convey the property to her in her separate right ?
Is not, in both cases, the only question that of the intention of the husband ? In the former, the law prima facie presumes the intent to favor the wife. In the latter, the prima facie presumption is for the community; but this is rebutted by the ex[396]*396press declarations of intention by the husband to make provision for the wife; and it is manifest that to secure this object he took the deed in her separate name. Is there anything in the fact that this was community property, which would disable the husband from converting it by donation into the separate property of his partner in marriage ? He had the control and disposition of the common property. He could sell without the consent of his conjugal partner, and could doubtless, as under our former laws, make such moderate donations to strangers as would not operate a fraud upon the wife. She has also dominion in the property, but during the life of the husband it is not in aotu but in Jiabitu. It is passive.
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Hemphill, Ch. J.
But one question is presented in this case, viz: Was the land in controversy a portion of the community estate of Chauncey Johnson, or was it the separate property of Emily his wife ? The certificate was conveyed and the patent issued to the wife; but the purchase being made by the husband, with community funds, and it being the prima facie presumption that a purchase, though in the name of the wife, is a portion of the common property, the question is whether the declarations of the husband, at the time of the purchase, are such as to repel this presumption and amount to a gift to the wife.
If there were no such estate as that of community between husband and wife, the mere act of the husband, taking a conveyance in the name of the wife, would, on principles of equity, be deemed prima facie an advancement to the wife; and under our laws, recognizing the rights of community, the presumption has been allowed in cases where the conveyance is to the wife, the purchase being made with the separate funds of the husband. (Smith v. Strahan, 16 Tex. R. 314.)
Where the purchase money is advanced by one person, but conveyance taken in the name of another, it becomes a question of intention, whether the purchase is for the benefit of the grantee in the deed, or of the person who advanced the money. The general rule is, that a trust results for the benefit of him who advanced the money. (Dyer v. Dyer, 2 Cox, 92 ; 1 Leading Cases in Equity, 188.) This is the prima facie presumption. But there are exceptions to the rule as well established as the [394]*394rule itself. For where the conveyance is in the name of the wife or of a child, the prima facie presumption is that the purchase is an advancement for the wife or child, rehutting the inference of trust for the husband or parent, which would have resulted to them had the deed been taken in the name of a stranger. (2 Story, 1204; Hill on Trustees, p. 135.) All of these presumptions may be rebutted by parol evidence. The legal effect of deeds, as a general rule, is to vest the property in the grantee. And when this effect is varied by parol evidence— when it is shown that the deed is not the true expression of the intention of the parties, and that this may be inferred from circumstances outside of the deed, the intention is a fact to be established by proof; and presumptions of such intention not being conclusive, may, on general principles, be rebutted by evidence to the contrary.
A conveyance to the wife, of lands purchased with the funds of the husband, is prima facie a gift from the latter to the former ; but the presumption may be rebutted by proof that the purchase was for his own benefit.
Having glanced at the general rules with reference to the rights of parties, where the purchase is made by one, but conveyance is in the name of another, let us examine the question more immediately presented for decision.
There is no doubt that where a purchase is made with community funds, a mere direction by the husband to the vendor, to execute the conveyance to the wife, will not operate a change of estate, or convert community into the wife’s separate property. The acquisitions of the joint or separate labor or industry of the partners become common property; and as a general rule, deducible from our former laws, property purchased during the marriage, whether the conveyance be in the name of the husband or the wife, or in the names of both, is prima facie presumed to belong to the- community. This, however, is but a presumption, and may be rebutted by proof that the separate funds of either partner were employed in making the purchase; and if so, the property belongs to the one whose funds were employed in the acquisition; and provided also that the husband, in purchasing with his own means, takes the deed in his own name ; for if this be in the name of the wife, the presumption will be that the property was intended for her and not for himself. It will be perceived that a wide door is opened for the admission of parol evidence to explain and modify deeds taken under this system [395]*395during marriage. In fact, a deed of purchase, taken in the name of the husband or of the wife, has a twofold aspect or character. It may be a conveyance of separate, or it may be a conveyance of common property, though as a general rule the purchase belongs to the community; and therefore arises the presumption, that though the deed, upon its face, conveys a separate right to the husband or wife, yet the conveyance is in fact for the benefit of the community. The presumption that the deed to the husband is a conveyance to the community is, under ordinary circumstances, much more strong than when the deed is to the wife. The husband has the active dominion and control over the common property. He can alienate, exchange or dispose of it, without the consent of his partner in matrimony; and his acts, if not done with a fraudulent intent to her injury, will be good. He sells and purchases in his own name. Conveyances are rarely taken by the husband in the joint name of himself and wife, or in her name alone; and therefore when made in the name of the wife, by the direction of the husband, the presumption that the property belongs to the common gains has not the force, attached to it when arising upon a deed to the husband, in his own name.
A deed to the wife is ordinarily but a deed to the community; yet as she may possess separate property, a conveyance of such property must be to her and in her own name. We have seen that a mere direction by the husband, when purchasing with common funds, to convey to the wife, would not vest in her any separate interest. But in this case there was more than a mere order to convey to the wife. The evidence showed to the satisfaction of the jury, and we think pretty clearly, that the husband intended to make to her a gift of the certificate. He was apprehensive of trouble from old debts in New York, and, as he said, he wanted his wife to have something for the benefit of the family, and therefore the assignment to her, of the certificate and not to himself. If the purchase had been with his own money, the conveyance to the wife would of itself have been presumptive evidence of a gift. If made with community funds, will not the deed, under the direction of the husband and with the avowed intention of a gift, operate in the same way to convey the property to her in her separate right ?
Is not, in both cases, the only question that of the intention of the husband ? In the former, the law prima facie presumes the intent to favor the wife. In the latter, the prima facie presumption is for the community; but this is rebutted by the ex[396]*396press declarations of intention by the husband to make provision for the wife; and it is manifest that to secure this object he took the deed in her separate name. Is there anything in the fact that this was community property, which would disable the husband from converting it by donation into the separate property of his partner in marriage ? He had the control and disposition of the common property. He could sell without the consent of his conjugal partner, and could doubtless, as under our former laws, make such moderate donations to strangers as would not operate a fraud upon the wife. She has also dominion in the property, but during the life of the husband it is not in aotu but in Jiabitu. It is passive.
A husband vested with such enlarged control, even to the power of donation in a limited degree to strangers, has certainly authority to transfer the whole interest in an article of community property to the wife as her separate, exclusive estate, she having already a passive, though undoubted right to a moiety of the property.
Whether a transfer of the whole of the community property to the wife, with a view of fixing upon it the character of separate property, would be sanctioned, can be determined when the "question arises. By sustaining the gift in this case, the order, arrangement and control of property under the marriage relation is not materially changed. The husband is still the head of the community, with his power of disposition unabridged, except as to this land, which he has placed beyond his control, and secured to his wife against the accidents of- his debts or misfortunes.
The debts which are pressing the property were contracted long after the donation to the wife, and cannot set up that the conveyance was in fraud of their rights.
It is not without some hesitation, that the Court has attained the conclusion which it has reached in this case. We cannot be insensible to the fact, that the admission of. parol evidence to establish the intention of gift by the husband must offer facilities and temptations to fraud and perjury. This has been lamented by Judges and Courts; but such evidence has always been admitted in equity to enforce resulting trusts, and provisions for wives and children, which are exceptions to such trusts; and in this State such evidence is also admissible to establish parol trusts, as these are not prohibited by law; and in addition to these we must, under our system of marital property, resort to such evidence frequently to ascertain whether conveyances vest the property in [397]*397the community, or in the partner named in such conveyances. On principle it is not perceived why parol evidence may not be invoked to show the intention of the husband in having the deed of purchase with the common funds made to the wife; and if he intended a donation, why his intention should not have effect in the same way, and to the extent that his intention would be enforced provided the purchase had been made with his own funds; and particularly in a case where by the donation only a very moderate provision is secured to the wife.
There are some expressions in the Opinion in Smith v. Strahan, 16 Tex. it. 323, as to the effect of purchase in the name of the wife with community funds, which might lead perhaps to some misapprehension. That question was not before the Court, and the remarks on that subject may be treated as dieta. In contrasting the effect of a deed in the name of the wife when the purchase was with common funds, with that of deed when the purchase was with the separate funds of the husband, it was intimated that the motives for taking the deed in the name of the wife in the former case could not affect the legal operation of the deed, as the community character of the property would not be changed. This was intended to refer, perhaps, to cases where the motives of the husband were not divulged. But if the rule went further, and intended to establish as a principle, that in all cases a purchase with community money (though the deed be in the name of the wife) and irrespective of the declared motives of thus taking the deed, should be for the community, it must b.e regarded as modified by. the rules and principles expressed in this Opinion. There is no error in the judgment, and it is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.