Hernandez-Roque v. Ryan

• Court: District Court, D. Arizona
• Decided: September 16, 2019
• Docket: 2:14-cv-01814
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 WO 2 NOT FOR PUBLICATION 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

9 Jorge Hernandez-Roque, No. CV-14-01814-PHX-DJH

10 Petitioner, ORDER

11 v.

12 Charles L Ryan, et al.,

13 Respondents. 14 15 This matter is before the Court on Jorge Hernandez-Roque’s Petition for Writ of 16 Habeas Corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (Doc. 1) (“Petition”) and the Report and 17 Recommendation (“R&R”) issued by United States Magistrate Judge Eileen S. Willett on 18 May 27, 2016 (Doc. 18). Petitioner filed Objections to the R&R on July 25, 2016 (Doc. 19 25). Respondents filed a Response to the Objections on August 2, 2016 (Doc. 26), and 20 Petitioner submitted a Reply on September 1, 2016 (Doc. 27). 21 I. Background and Objection 22 In the R&R, the Magistrate Judge set forth a concise and accurate summary of the 23 background of this case. (Doc. 18 at 1-4). Petitioner does not object to the procedural facts 24 in the R&R (See Doc. 18 at 3-4; Doc. 25 at 2); the Court finds that these facts are supported 25 by the record and incorporates them here. See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 149 (1985) 26 (noting that the relevant provision of the Federal Magistrates Act, 28 U.S.C. § 27 636(b)(1)(C), “does not on its face require any review at all . . . of any issue that is not the 28 subject of an objection”). Although Petitioner indicates objection to the Magistrate Judge’s 1 statement of the facts underlying the conviction, Petitioner fails to identify the specific 2 facts to which he objects or the evidence supporting that objection. (Doc. 25 at 2). The 3 Court has reviewed the record and finds that the facts as provided by the Magistrate Judge 4 are accurate. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1) (“In a proceeding instituted by an application for 5 a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court, a 6 determination of a factual issue made by a State court shall be presumed to be correct. The 7 applicant shall have the burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness by clear and 8 convincing evidence.”). The Court thus overrules any objection to the facts and 9 summarizes the relevant facts here for clarity.1 10 On June 17, 2009, during a narcotics investigation, police conducted surveillance 11 of a house in Glendale. (Doc. 1-1 at 6). A black Dodge truck was parked in front of the 12 house. (Id. at 6-7). A black Toyota Camry briefly stopped in front of the house, drove 13 away, returned about twenty minutes later, and then parked on the street in front of the 14 house. (Id. at 7). The driver of the Camry briefly entered the house, then returned to the 15 Camry, and drove away. (Id.) Soon after, Petitioner exited the house, moved the Dodge 16 truck onto the driveway, and went back inside the house. (Id.) A few minutes later, he left 17 the house “carrying a large black plastic bag that contained ‘bulky material.’” (Id.) He 18 placed the bag under a piece of drywall in the truck’s bed, got into the truck, and drove 19 away. (Id.) 20 Officers began mobile surveillance on the Dodge truck and the Camry, which both 21 travelled to a golf course parking lot. (Id.) Although Petitioner did not get out of the truck, 22 the driver of the Camry exited the car, grabbed a large black plastic bag from the Dodge 23 truck bed, and placed the bag in the Camry’s trunk. (Id. at 7-8). The cars then left the 24 parking lot. (Id. at 8). Soon after, officers stopped the Camry and smelled a strong 25 marijuana odor; a K-9 drug-sniffing dog then alerted the officers to the large black plastic 26 bag, which was found to contain over seven pounds of marijuana. (Id.) At about the same 27 time officers stopped the Camry, other officers stopped the Dodge truck, which Petitioner

28 1 As did the Magistrate Judge in the R&R (Doc. 18 at 2), this Court will rely upon the facts as presented by the Arizona Court of Appeals in its July 2011 decision. (Doc. 1-1 at 5-11). 1 was driving. (Id.) When the same drug-sniffing dog later conducted a free-air sniff around 2 the Dodge truck, the dog again alerted that there were narcotics in the vehicle. (Id. at 9). 3 Because no narcotics were found, the K-9 detective opined that the dog had alerted to 4 marijuana that had previously been in the truck. (Id.) 5 In August 2010, Petitioner was tried with co-defendant Juan Abundez Leyva, who 6 had also been arrested in connection with the drug-related offenses subject to police 7 observation on June 17, 2009. (Doc. 1-1 at 9-10). The jury found Petitioner guilty of 8 possession of marijuana for sale involving a weight greater than four pounds and 9 conspiracy to commit possession of marijuana for sale. (Doc. 1-1 at 5-6, 10). Petitioner’s 10 conviction and sentence were affirmed by the Arizona Court of Appeals on July 7, 2011. 11 (Doc. 1-1 at 15). 12 After pursuing, and not succeeding, on post-conviction relief proceedings before the 13 Arizona trial court and then the Arizona Court of Appeals (Doc. 1-1 at 76-77, 122-125), 14 Petitioner filed the current federal habeas proceeding on August 15, 2014. (Doc. 1). In his 15 Petition, he lists two bases for relief: inadequate assistance of trial counsel and actual 16 innocence, but only elaborates on the inadequate assistance of counsel claim. (Doc. 1 at 4- 17 9). In her R&R, Magistrate Judge Willett found Petitioner did not show that the state 18 court’s resolution of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim was an unreasonable 19 application of clearly established federal law or was based on an unreasonable 20 determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding. 21 (Doc. 18 at 4-15). Accordingly, Magistrate Judge Willett recommended that the Petition 22 for Writ of Habeas Corpus be denied and dismissed with prejudice. (Doc. 18 at 15). She 23 further recommended that a Certificate of Appealability and leave to proceed in forma 24 pauperis on appeal be denied because Petitioner has not made a substantial showing that 25 he was denied a constitutional right. (Doc. 18 at 15). 26 Petitioner filed an Objection to the Magistrate Judge’s R&R (Doc. 25). In the 27 Objection, Petitioner objects to the Magistrate Judge’s findings regarding his ineffective 28 assistance of counsel claims. (Doc. 25). Specifically, Petitioner contends that he received 1 ineffective assistance of counsel because his trial counsel failed to interview or call 2 witnesses who could establish that Petitioner was not the same “Jorge” who was the 3 telephone accomplice to co-defendant Leyva. (Doc. 25 at 3-4). Petitioner further asserts 4 his counsel was ineffective because his counsel did not sever his case from co-defendant 5 Leyva’s case. (Doc. 25 at 4). Last, Petitioner asserts that he should have received a hearing 6 regarding his ineffective assistance of counsel claims. (Doc. 25 at 7). 7 II. Standards 8 “A judge of the court may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings 9 or recommendations made by the magistrate judge.” 28 U.S.C.A. § 636(b)(1). A district 10 court evaluating a Magistrate Judge’s report may specifically adopt those portions of the 11 report to which no “specific written objection” is made, so long as the factual and legal 12 bases supporting the findings and conclusions set forth in those sections are not clearly 13 erroneous. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b); Thomas, 474 U.S. at 149. A district court is not 14 required to review any portion of a magistrate judge’s R&R that is not the subject of an 15 objection. Thomas, 473 U.S. at 149. See also 28 U.S.C.A. § 636(b)(1) (the district court 16 “shall make a de novo determination of those portions of the report or specified proposed 17 findings or recommendations to which objection is made”). 18 III. Analysis 19 Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), habeas relief 20 is not available on any claim adjudicated on its merits in state court unless the state court 21 adjudication (1) “resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable 22 application of, clearly established Federal law” or (2) “resulted in a decision that was based 23 on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State 24 court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Review under this provision is “limited to the 25 record that was before the state court that adjudicated the claim on the merits.” Cullen v. 26 Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 181-82 (2011). In other words, once a claim is adjudicated on 27 the merits in state court, the federal habeas court may not consider any new evidence of 28 the claim. See id. The petitioner bears the burden of proving the standards for habeas relief 1 have been met. Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 25 (2002). When applying this highly 2 deferential standard of review, ‘the federal court should review the ‘last reasoned decision’ 3 by a state court.” Robinson v. Ignacio, 360 F.3d 1044, 1055 (9th Cir. 2004). Accordingly, 4 the Court has reviewed the Memorandum Decision issued by the Arizona Court of Appeals 5 on August 15, 2014. (Doc. 1-1 at 122-125). 6 A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel 7 The controlling Supreme Court precedent on claims of ineffective assistance of 8 counsel is Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Under Strickland, a convicted 9 defendant must show that counsel’s performance was objectively deficient and that 10 counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the petitioner. Id. at 687. To be deficient, 11 counsel’s performance must fall “outside the wide range of professionally competent 12 assistance.” Id. at 690. When reviewing counsel’s performance, the court engages a strong 13 presumption that counsel rendered adequate assistance and exercised reasonable 14 professional judgment. Id. “[A] fair assessment of attorney performance requires that 15 every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the 16 circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s 17 perspective at the time.” Id. at 689. Review of counsel’s performance is “extremely 18 limited.” Coleman v. Calderon, 150 F.3d 1105, 1113 (9th Cir. 1998), rev’d on other 19 grounds, 525 U.S. 141 (1998). Acts or omissions that “might be considered sound trial 20 strategy” do not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. 21 In addition to showing counsel’s deficient performance, a petitioner must establish 22 that he suffered prejudice as a result of that deficient performance. Id. at 691-92. To show 23 prejudice, a petitioner must demonstrate a “reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s 24 unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable 25 probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694; 26 Hart v. Gomez, 174 F.3d 1067, 1069 (9th Cir. 1999). The prejudice component “focuses 27 on the question whether counsel’s deficient performance renders the result of the trial 28 unreliable or the proceeding fundamentally unfair.” Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 1 372 (1993). It is not enough to merely show “that the errors had some conceivable effect 2 on the outcome of the proceeding.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693. A habeas court may 3 proceed directly to the prejudice prong without deciding whether counsel’s performance 4 was deficient. Id. at 697; Jackson v. Calderon, 211 F.3d 1148, 1155 n.3 (9th Cir. 2000). 5 The court, however, may not assume prejudice solely from counsel’s allegedly deficient 6 performance. Jackson, 211 F.3d at 1155. 7 Finally, in the context of a habeas petition, a petitioner must do more than 8 demonstrate that the state court applied Strickland incorrectly. Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 9 698-99 (2002). Rather, a petitioner must show the state court “applied Strickland to the 10 facts of his case in an objectively unreasonable manner.” Id. at 699. Because the standards 11 created by Strickland and § 2254(d) are both “highly deferential,” review under both 12 standards in tandem is even more deferential. Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S 86, 105 13 (2011) (citations omitted). “[T]he question is not whether counsel’s actions were 14 reasonable. The question is whether there is any reasonable argument that counsel satisfied 15 Strickland’s deferential standard.” Id. 16 In its decision, the Arizona Court of Appeals rejected Petitioner’s claim of 17 ineffective assistance of counsel. (Doc. 1-1 at 123-125). It addressed Petitioner’s claims 18 that his trial counsel was ineffective because: (1) counsel did not interview co-defendant 19 Leyva to establish that the “Jorge” to whom Leyva referred in his statement to a detective 20 was a different Jorge than Petitioner; (2) counsel failed to adequately investigate the 21 identity of the owner of the telephone that called Petitioner; and (3) counsel should have 22 moved to sever Petitioner’s trial from Leyva’s trial. The Court of Appeals rejected these 23 arguments, noting that there was no evidence that co-defendant Leyva would have agreed 24 to an interview. (Doc. 1-1 at 124). The Court of Appeals further noted that Petitioner 25 failed to “develop any meaningful arguments” regarding his other contentions, and 26 therefore he waived those arguments. (Doc. 1-1 at 124-25). The Court finds Petitioner has 27 failed to demonstrate that the Court of Appeals decision affirming the trial court’s decision 28 was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Supreme 1 Court law, or was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts. See 28 U.S.C. § 2 2254(d)(1), (2). Review is limited to the evidence presented on the record before the state 3 court. Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 181-82. 4 First, regarding Petitioner’s claim that counsel was ineffective by not interviewing 5 co-defendant Leyva to establish that a different Jorge was involved in the purchase of 6 marijuana, the Court agrees with the Magistrate Judge that there is no evidence that Leyva 7 would have been willing to testify on Petitioner’s behalf. (Doc. 18 at 9). Notably, to testify 8 that Petitioner was not involved in the conspiracy, Leyva would necessarily have admitted 9 his own involvement in the conspiracy. There is no evidence in the record supporting the 10 suggestion that Leyva would incriminate himself in order to establish Petitioner’s possible 11 innocence. Therefore, Petitioner cannot show that Leyva was available and willing to 12 testify. See United States v. Harden, 846 F.2d 1229, 1231-32 (9th Cir. 1988) (finding that, 13 to succeed on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim based on failing to call a witness, 14 a petitioner must establish that the witness was available and willing to testify). 15 In his Objections to the Magistrate Judge’s R&R, Petitioner similarly claims that 16 counsel was deficient for failing to interview or call to testify at trial the alleged other Jorge, 17 Jorge Vasquez-Munoz. (Doc. 25 at 5-6). The Court first notes that Petitioner failed to 18 make this argument before the state court or in his initial Petition (Doc. 1); he has therefore 19 waived the argument. See James v. Borg, 24 F.3d 20, 24 (9th Cir. 1994) (stating that a 20 habeas petition should be dismissed for failed to exhaust state remedies if the Petitioner 21 failed to present a claim for review to the state’s highest court). Even if the argument was 22 not waived, however, the argument fails because, as with co-defendant Leyva, there is no 23 evidence that Jorge Vasquez-Munoz would have been willing to testify on Petitioner’s 24 behalf, which would necessarily involve incriminating himself. Accordingly, the Court 25 also rejects Petitioner’s claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call Mr. 26 Vasquez-Munoz to testify at trial. 27 Further, regardless of whether there was another Jorge involved in the conspiracy, 28 as noted by the trial court in Petitioner’s state court post-conviction relief proceeding, the 1 evidence establishing Petitioner’s involvement was strong:

2 The State’s case was largely circumstantial but quite strong. [Petitioner] was seen acting in tandem with co-defendants, carrying a 3 large bag later found to contain the marijuana in question, and a dog alerted on the truck he was driving for the presence of marijuana. He 4 received numerous calls on his phone from co-defendant Leyva after his arrest. Finally, he made several incriminating statements against 5 his own interest. 6 (Doc. 1-1 at 77). Accordingly, based on this evidence, Petitioner cannot establish a 7 “reasonable probability” that, even if counsel had attempted to obtain testimony from either 8 Leyva or Vasquez-Munoz, “the result of the proceeding would have been different.” See 9 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. 10 Petitioner’s claim that trial counsel was ineffective by failing to sever Petitioner’s 11 trial from Leyva’s trial also fails. “Before severance is required, defenses must be 12 irreconcilable; they must be antagonistic to the point of being mutually exclusive.” State 13 v. Cruz, 672 P.2d 470, 473 (Ariz. 1983). Defenses are mutually exclusive if, in order to 14 believe the testimony of one defendant, the jury “must necessarily disbelieve the testimony 15 offered on behalf of his co-defendant.” Id. (citations omitted). As noted by the Magistrate 16 Judge, both Petitioner and co-defendant Leyva claimed that they were innocent, and 17 defense of one did not require that the other be found guilty. Therefore, even if Petitioner’s 18 counsel had moved to sever the trials, the defenses were not irreconcilable and it is unlikely 19 that the trial court would have granted the motion to sever. Accordingly, Petitioner cannot 20 succeed on an inadequate assistance of counsel claim based on trial counsel’s failure to 21 move for severance. See James, 24 F.3d at 27 (“Counsel’s failure to make a futile motion 22 does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel”). 23 Therefore, neither the trial court, nor the Court of Appeals, in affirming the trial 24 court, made an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented 25 in the state court, or an unreasonable application of Strickland. The Court thus finds that 26 Petitioner has failed to show that the state courts’ decisions denying his ineffective 27 assistance of counsel claim satisfy the standards for habeas relief. Accordingly, 28 Petitioner’s objection that the Magistrate Judge erred is rejected. 1 B. Evidentiary Hearing 2 In his Objection, Petitioner also claims that he should have received an evidentiary 3 hearing under Rule 32.8 of the Arizona Rules of Criminal Procedure. (Doc. 25 at 9). Under 4 Arizona law, a defendant “is entitled to an evidentiary hearing when he presents a colorable 5 claim, that is a claim which, if defendant’s allegations are true, might have changed the 6 outcome.” State v. Gutierrez, 278 P.3d 1276, 1281 (Ariz. 2012). The purpose of an 7 evidentiary hearing is “to allow the court to receive evidence, make factual determinations, 8 and resolve material issues of fact.” Id. at 1282. If there are no material facts in dispute 9 and “ the only legal issue is the legal consequence of undisputed material facts, the superior 10 court need not hold an evidentiary hearing.” Id. 11 The state trial court did not hold an evidentiary hearing on Petitioner’s ineffective 12 assistance of counsel claim. (Doc. 1-1 at 76-77). The state trial court, however, did review 13 the purported new evidence presented to it and found that this evidence would not have 14 altered the outcome of the trial. (Doc. 1-1 at 77). Specifically, the trial court found that, 15 even if co-defendant Leyva told an investigator after the trial that he was referring to a 16 different Jorge, co-defendant Leyva did not testify at trial and there was no evidence that 17 he would have submitted to an interview prior to trial. (Doc. 1-1 at 77). Likewise, the trial 18 court found that, at trial, Detective Cano did testify that he did not know if Leyva’s 19 reference to Jorge was to the Petitioner or to another Jorge. (Id.) As the Court of Appeals 20 found, an evidentiary hearing was not necessary because, even if Leyva’s post-trial 21 statements were credible, there was no evidence the jury would have ever heard that version 22 of events; therefore, Petitioner could not establish that the allegations, if true, could have 23 changed the outcome:

24 [E]ven if Leyva’s post-trial statements were credible, he is unlikely to have agreed to an interview. And nothing in the record suggests Leyva would have 25 done so. Thus, irrespective of Leyva’s version of events, that version would not have been presented to the jury. We therefore need not determine 26 whether the court properly could evaluate Leyva’s credibility without an evidentiary hearing. 27 (Doc. 1-1 at 124). Accordingly, because Petitioner had not presented any material facts 28 that may have changed the outcome of the trial, the Court finds that Petitioner was not 1 entitled to a trial court evidentiary hearing on his petition for post-conviction relief. 2 C. Actual Innocence 3 Petitioner has also not established a claim of actual innocence. As discussed above, 4 Petitioner asserts that there was a different Jorge that the evidence would incriminate. 5 (Doc. 1 at 6-7). The Supreme Court has held that, in order for a petitioner to successfully 6 claim actual innocence, he must be able to pass through the Schlup v. Delo actual innocence 7 gateway by showing that “it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have 8 convicted him in the light of the new evidence.” Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 327 (1995). 9 The evidence must be reliable and must not have been presented at trial. Id. at 324. 10 Reliable evidence includes exculpatory scientific evidence, trustworthy eyewitness 11 accounts, and critical physical evidence. Id. 12 Here, Petitioner fails to present new, reliable evidence in support of his actual 13 innocence claim. The only additional evidence he claims is that, after the trial, Leyva told 14 an investigator that there was a different Jorge involved in the conspiracy. This, however, 15 does not constitute new evidence because, as discussed above, there is nothing to suggest 16 that Leyva would have testified in Petitioner’s favor in exchange for incriminating himself 17 at trial. Further, even if there was an additional Jorge involved in the conspiracy, there was 18 ample evidence incriminating Petitioner: officers saw him placing a bulky black bag in his 19 truck; officers saw someone meet him and move the bag from his truck to their car; over 20 seven pounds of marijuana were found in the bag that had been moved to the car; a drug 21 sniffing dog signaled the presence of marijuana in Petitioner’s truck shortly after the bag 22 transfer; and there were multiple phone calls to Petitioner’s phone from a number that 23 Leyva identified as his phone number. Based on this evidence, Petitioner’s argument of 24 actual innocence fails. 25 D. Certificate of Appealability 26 Pursuant to Rule 11 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United States 27 District Courts, “[t]he district court must issue or deny a certificate of appealability when 28 it enters a final order adverse to the applicant,” and the Court must state the specific issue || or issues that satisfy the showing required for a certificate of appealability (“COA”). The 2|| Court is authorized to issue a COA “only where a petitioner has made a ‘substantial || showing of the denial of a constitutional right.’” Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)). “Under the controlling standard, a petitioner must 5 || show that reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the 6 || petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Jd. at 336 (internal quotations and 8 || citations omitted). A COA “does not require a showing that the appeal will succeed.” Jd. 9|| at 337. Here, the Court concludes that Petitioner has not made a substantial showing of the □□ denial of a constitutional right. Accordingly, the Court agrees with Magistrate Judge 11 || Willett that Petitioner is not entitled to a certificate of appealability. 12 Accordingly, 13 IT IS ORDERED that Magistrate Judge Willett’s R&R (Doc. 18) is accepted and || adopted as the order of this Court. Petitioner’s Objections (Doc. 25) are overruled. 15 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus pursuant 16]| to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (Doc. 1) is denied and dismissed with prejudice. 17 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that pursuant to Rule 11(a) of the Rules Governing |} Section 2254 Cases, a Certificate of Appealability and leave to proceed in forma pauperis onappeal are denied because dismissal of the Petition is justified because reasonable jurists 20 || would not find the assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong. 21 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of Court shall terminate this action 22 || and enter judgment accordingly. 23 Dated this 13th day of September, 2019. 24 25 oC. . fo □ 26 norable'Diang4. Huretewa United States District Judge 28

-ll-