Hermanson v. Multicare Health Sys., Inc.

475 P.3d 484, 196 Wash. 2d 578

• Court: Washington Supreme Court
• Decided: November 12, 2020
• Docket: 97783-6
• Status: Published

Opinion

FILE THIS OPINION WAS FILED FOR RECORD AT 8 A.M. ON IN CLERK’S OFFICE NOVEMBER 12, 2020 SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WASHINGTON NOVEMBER 12, 2020 SUSAN L. CARLSON SUPREME COURT CLERK

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DOUG HERMANSON, an individual, ) ) Respondent/Cross-Appellant, ) No. 97783-6 ) v. ) En Banc ) MULTICARE HEALTH SYSTEM, INC., a ) Washington Corporation d/b/a TACOMA ) Filed: November 12, 2020 GENERAL HOSPITAL, JANE and JOHN ) DOES 1-10 and their marital communities ) comprised thereof, ) ) Petitioners/Cross-Respondents. ) )

OWENS, J. — This case considers the boundaries of the corporate attorney-

client privilege and how it operates when in conflict with a plaintiff’s physician-

patient privilege. First, we are asked to determine whether the corporate attorney-

client privilege allows a defendant hospital to have ex parte communications with a

plaintiff’s nonparty treating physician who is the hospital’s independent contractor,

but not its employee. We held in Youngs v. PeaceHealth that a defendant hospital

may have ex parte communications with a plaintiff’s nonparty treating physician— Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

who is the hospital’s employee—provided those communications are limited to the

facts surrounding the alleged negligent event. 179 Wn.2d 645, 671, 316 P.3d 1035

(2014). We now hold that the nonparty physician in this case, while technically an

independent contractor of MultiCare, still maintains a principal-agent relationship

with MultiCare and serves as the “functional equivalent” of a MultiCare employee

such that Youngs would apply in this case; therefore, MultiCare may have ex parte

communications with the physician under the same limitations we set forth in Youngs.

Second, we are asked to determine whether the corporate attorney-client

privilege extends to communications between MultiCare and its nonphysician

employees who treated the plaintiff—specifically, two nurses and a social worker.

Because the nurse-patient privilege and the social worker-client privilege are

essentially identical in purpose to the physician-patient privilege, and because we

already held in Youngs that the corporate attorney-client privilege trumps the

physician-patient privilege when the hospital needs to gather information about the

alleged negligent event, we hold that MultiCare may have ex parte communications

with these nonphysician employees under the limitations we set forth in Youngs.

Accordingly, we reverse the Court of Appeals’ judgment as to MultiCare’s ex

parte communications with the physician, affirm the Court of Appeals’ judgment as to

MultiCare’s ex parte communications with the nurses and the social worker, and

remand to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

2 Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On September 11, 2015, Doug Hermanson sideswiped an unoccupied vehicle

and crashed into a utility pole. Hermanson was transported to Tacoma General

Hospital, which is owned by MultiCare Health System Inc. Hermanson was treated

by several MultiCare employees, including two nurses and a crisis intervention social

worker. However, the physician who treated Hermanson, Dr. Patterson, is an

independent contractor of MultiCare pursuant to a signed agreement between

MultiCare and Trauma Trust, his employer. Trauma Trust was created by MultiCare;

Dr. Patterson has his own office at Tacoma General Hospital and is expected to abide

by MultiCare’s policies and procedures.

During Hermanson’s treatment, an unidentified person at Tacoma General

Hospital conducted a blood test on Hermanson that showed a high blood alcohol level.

As a result, someone reported this information to the police, and the police charged

Hermanson with first degree negligent driving and hit and run of an unattended

vehicle.

Based on this disclosure of his blood alcohol results, Hermanson sued

MultiCare and multiple unidentified parties for negligence, defamation/false light,

false imprisonment, violation of Hermanson’s physician-patient privilege under RCW

5.60.060(4), and unauthorized disclosure of Hermanson’s confidential health

information under RCW 70.02.020(1). MultiCare retained counsel to jointly represent

3 Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

MultiCare, Dr. Patterson, and Trauma Trust, reasoning that while Dr. Patterson and

Trauma Trust were not identified parties, Hermanson’s initial demand letter

implicated both parties. Hermanson objected to this joint representation and argued

that MultiCare’s ex parte communications with Dr. Patterson violated Hermanson’s

physician-patient privilege. MultiCare subsequently filed a motion for a protective

order to have ex parte communications with Dr. Patterson. In the same motion,

MultiCare sought to protect its ex parte communications with the two nurses and the

social worker who cared for Hermanson. In response, the trial court

1. Denied MultiCare’s motion as to Dr. Patterson,

2. Granted MultiCare’s motion as to the two nurses, and

3. Denied MultiCare’s motion as to the social worker.

The trial court reasoned that based on Youngs, 179 Wn.2d at 671, Dr. Patterson

is not a MultiCare employee and thus does not fall under the corporate attorney-client

privilege, and the social worker does not fall under any type of medical privilege.

However, the trial court held Hermanson’s nurses qualified under the corporate

attorney-client privilege because they are MultiCare employees.

The trial court further ordered MultiCare to seek leave of court before it spoke

with any other MultiCare employees. Both parties filed a motion for reconsideration,

which the trial court denied.

4 Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

MultiCare then filed a motion for discretionary review with the Court of

Appeals, and the Court of Appeals treated Hermanson’s response as a cross motion

for discretionary review. The Court of Appeals affirmed in part and reversed in part.

Hermanson v. MultiCare Health Sys., Inc., 10 Wn. App. 2d 343, 346, 448 P.3d 153

(2019). Specifically, the Court of Appeals

1. Affirmed the trial court’s ruling as to Dr. Patterson (no ex parte contact),

2. Affirmed the trial court’s ruling as to the two nurses (permitting contact), and

3. Reversed the trial court’s ruling as to the social worker (permitting contact).

Id. The Court of Appeals agreed that MultiCare was not authorized to have ex parte

communications with Dr. Patterson because he is not a MultiCare employee. Id. But

using the same reasoning, the Court of Appeals held that MultiCare may have ex parte

communications with the nurses and the social worker who cared for Hermanson

because they are MultiCare employees. Id. at 363-64. Judge Glasgow concurred with

the majority regarding the nonphysician employees, but dissented as to Dr. Patterson;

Judge Glasgow reasoned that the corporate attorney-client privilege does not hinge on

whether the physician is an employee or an agent, and that MultiCare should be

allowed to communicate with Dr. Patterson regarding Hermanson’s injuries at issue

because Dr. Patterson admitted he is MultiCare’s agent and Dr. Patterson is the

“functional equivalent” of a MultiCare employee. Id. at 369, 371 (Glasgow, J.,

concurring in part, dissenting in part).

5 Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

Both parties filed petitions for review, which were granted. Hermanson v.

MultiCare Health Sys., Inc., 194 Wn.2d 1023 (2020). The Washington State

Association for Justice Foundation, the Washington State Hospital Association, the

Washington State Medical Association, and the American Medical Association all

filed amicus briefs.

ANALYSIS

Though we ordinarily review a trial court’s discovery rulings for an abuse of

discretion, a trial court’s interpretations of statutes and judicial decisions constitute

issues of law, which we review de novo. Fellows v. Moynihan, 175 Wn.2d 641, 649,

285 P.3d 864 (2012). The attorney-client privilege protects clients from disclosure of

confidential communications made between the client and their attorney within the

course of the attorney’s professional employment. RCW 5.60.060(2). This privilege

exists “to encourage full and frank communication between attorneys and their clients

and thereby promote broader public interests in the observance of law and

administration of justice.” Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 389, 101 S. Ct.

677, 66 L. Ed. 2d 584 (1981). This privilege extends to corporations and their hired

counsel and will sometimes apply to midlevel and lower level corporate employees.

Id. at 390, 394, 395; Newman v. Highland Sch. Dist. No. 203, 186 Wn.2d 769, 777-78,

381 P.3d 1188 (2016).

6 Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

However, defense counsel may not engage in ex parte communications with a

plaintiff’s treating physicians. Loudon v. Mhyre, 110 Wn.2d 675, 676, 756 P.2d 138

(1988) (hereinafter the “Loudon rule”). We promulgated this rule because “[t]he mere

threat that a physician might engage in private interviews with defense counsel would,

for some, have a chilling effect on the physician-patient relationship and hinder

further treatment.” Id. at 679. The Loudon rule further ensures that physicians may

maintain their own ethical duties under the Hippocratic Oath and under the American

Medical Association’s guidelines. Id.

In a medical malpractice lawsuit, a hospital defendant’s corporate attorney-

client privilege often conflicts with the plaintiff’s physician-patient privilege—

specifically when the plaintiff’s treating physician is the defendant’s employee. RCW

5.60.060(4); see Youngs, 179 Wn.2d at 661. Thus, in Youngs, we reevaluated the

Loudon rule and held, “If Loudon conflicts with a defendant’s corporate attorney-

client privilege . . . it must yield to that privilege.” Id. at 671. Specifically, we held

that a corporate defendant’s attorney “may engage in privileged (ex parte)

communications with the corporation’s physician-employee where the physician-

employee has firsthand knowledge of the alleged negligent event and where the

communications are limited to the facts of the alleged negligent event.” Id.

We are now faced with two new questions that we did not expressly answer in

Youngs: First, can this exception apply to a plaintiff’s treating physician who is an

7 Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

independent contractor of the defendant, not an employee? And second, does this

exception extend to a plaintiff’s treating nurses and social worker who are the

defendant’s employees? For the reasons discussed below, we conclude that Youngs

can apply to a plaintiff’s treating physician who is an independent contractor of the

defendant so long as there is a principal-agent relationship between the physician and

the defendant hospital; we conclude this is true for Dr. Patterson and MultiCare. We

further conclude that Youngs does extend to a plaintiff’s treating nurses and social

worker who are employees of the defendant hospital.

1. The Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege Applies to Dr. Patterson, Subject to the Limitations in Youngs

The physician-patient privilege “prohibits a physician from being compelled to

testify, without the patient’s consent, regarding information revealed and acquired for

the purpose of treatment.” Loudon, 110 Wn.2d at 677-78; see also RCW 5.60.060(4).

In Youngs, we created an exception to this privilege when it conflicts with the

defendant hospital’s corporate attorney-client privilege. See Youngs, 179 Wn.2d at

671. In Youngs, the plaintiff objected to the hospital having ex parte interviews with

his treating health care providers, who were the hospital’s employees. Id. at 653-54.

While we reflected that the physician-patient privilege “‘is a fiduciary one of the

highest degree,’” id. at 659 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Loudon, 110

Wn.2d at 679), we also reasoned that the corporate attorney-client privilege must be

protected. Thus, we adopted a modified version of the corporate attorney-client

8 Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

privilege discussed in the United States Supreme Court’s Upjohn decision to permit a

corporate defendant to speak ex parte with its employees who have firsthand

knowledge of the incident, so long as such communications “are limited to the facts of

the alleged negligent event.” Id. at 671.

Hermanson argues, and the lower courts agreed, that Youngs is limited to

nonparty physicians who are the hospital defendant’s employees—not its independent

contractors. However, Youngs was not decided based on this distinction but was,

instead, based on “counsel’s ability to ‘ascertain[ ] the factual background’ of a ‘legal

problem’” and corporate counsel’s ability “‘to determine what happened’ to trigger

the litigation.” Id. at 664 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted)

(quoting Upjohn, 449 U.S. at 390, 392). As Judge Glasgow correctly stated in her

dissent, Upjohn and Youngs had “the central goal of promoting candid and honest

communication between a corporation’s attorney and the individuals acting as agents

of the corporation who may know the factual details germane to the legal problem.”

Hermanson, 10 Wn. App. 2d at 370 (Glasgow, J., concurring in part, dissenting in

part). Regardless if Dr. Patterson is an independent contractor, both parties state that

Dr. Patterson treated Hermanson for the injuries at issue in their lawsuit and performs

work on behalf of MultiCare. Dr. Patterson has the information to “‘determine what

happened’ to trigger the litigation,” and Youngs does not restrict MultiCare from

consulting Dr. Patterson on these matters because of Hermanson’s physician-patient

9 Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

privilege. Id. at 363 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Youngs, 179 Wn.2d

at 664).

Furthermore, pursuant to our holding in Newman, Dr. Patterson still maintains a

principal-agent relationship with MultiCare such that they should be allowed to have

ex parte communications limited by our holding in Youngs. In Newman, we held the

corporate attorney-client privilege does not extend to former employees because

“[w]ithout an ongoing obligation between the former employee and employer that

gives rise to a principal-agent relationship, a former employee is no different from

other third-party fact witnesses to a lawsuit.” 186 Wn.2d at 780 (emphasis added).

We did not extend the corporate attorney-client privilege to former employees in

Newman because such former employees “c[ould] no longer bind the corporation and

no longer owe[d] duties of loyalty, obedience, and confidentiality.” Id.

In Newman, we relied on the Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing

Lawyers. See id. Under this restatement, “[t]he concept of agent . . . includes

independent contractors with whom the corporation has a principal-agent

relationship.” RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF THE LAW GOVERNING LAWYERS § 73

cmt. d (AM. LAW INST. 2000). When determining if there is a principal-agent

relationship between two parties, “‘the most crucial factor is the right to control the

details of the work.’” Wilcox v. Basehore, 187 Wn.2d 772, 789, 389 P.3d 531 (2017)

(quoting Larner v. Torgerson Corp., 93 Wn.2d 801, 804-05, 613 P.2d 780 (1980)).

10 Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

In this case, Dr. Patterson’s employer, Trauma Trust, is an organization formed

in part by MultiCare, and even though Dr. Patterson is not a MultiCare employee, he

is expected to abide by MultiCare policies and procedures as a trauma surgeon; he

even has his own office inside Tacoma General Hospital, which is operated by

MultiCare. Based on the relationship that exists between MultiCare and Trauma

Trust, Dr. Patterson still “owes duties of loyalty, obedience, and confidentiality” to

MultiCare regardless of his status as an independent contractor. Newman, 186 Wn.2d

at 780. The fact that MultiCare and Trauma Trust list Dr. Patterson as an

“independent contractor” in their agreement does not alter the fact that MultiCare

controls Dr. Patterson’s conduct by ensuring he abides by MultiCare’s policies and

procedures.

Finally, Dr. Patterson serves as the “functional equivalent” of MultiCare’s

employee, in line with persuasive authorities from the federal Eighth and Ninth

Circuit Courts of Appeals. See In re Bieter Co., 16 F.3d 929, 938 (8th Cir. 1994); see

also United States v. Graf, 610 F.3d 1148, 1159 (9th Cir. 2010). In Bieter, the Eighth

Circuit held that the corporate attorney-client privilege extended to nonemployees

“who possess a ‘significant relationship to the [client] and the [client]’s involvement

in the transaction that is the subject of legal services.’” 16 F.3d at 938 (alterations in

original) (quoting John E. Sexton, A Post-Upjohn Consideration of the Corporate

Attorney-Client Privilege, 57 N.Y.U. L. REV. 443, 487 (1982)). Similarly, in Graf,

11 Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

the Ninth Circuit held that while the defendant was an outside consultant for

Employers Mutual, he was still the “functional equivalent” of an employee because he

“communicated with insurance brokers and agents on behalf of Employers Mutual,

. . . managed company employees . . . [and] was the company’s primary agent in its

communications with corporate counsel.” 610 F.3d at 1159.

Dr. Patterson performs work for MultiCare similar to the parties in Bieter and

Graf. Like the nonemployee in Bieter, Dr. Patterson maintains a “significant

relationship” to MultiCare, as Dr. Patterson performs work on behalf of MultiCare as

a trauma surgeon and reports his work pursuant to MultiCare’s and Trauma Trust’s

agreement. Clerk’s Papers at 475-76. And similar to the nonemployee in Graf who

performed multiple employee-equivalent tasks on behalf of Employers Mutual that

Employers Mutual monitored, Dr. Patterson conducts work on patients in Tacoma

General Hospital under the purview of MultiCare and has his own office inside

Tacoma General Hospital, essentially working on behalf of both MultiCare and

Trauma Trust. Unlike most independent contractors who are hired on a project-by-

project basis, Dr. Patterson constantly performs work in a MultiCare facility that is

consistently monitored by MultiCare, thus making him the “functional equivalent” of

a MultiCare employee.

Therefore, based on Youngs and Newman, and in keeping with the Eighth and

Ninth Circuits’ holdings in Bieter and Graf, we hold that MultiCare may have ex parte

12 Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

communications with Dr. Patterson “limited to the facts of the alleged negligent

event.” Youngs, 179 Wn.2d at 671. Our holding ensures we do not erode the Loudon

rule—recognizing that a patient’s physician-patient privilege must be well

protected—while acknowledging that we must continue to allow corporations to

effectively “‘ascertain[ ] the factual background’” of any alleged incidents that

involve their agents or employees. Id. at 664 (quoting Upjohn, 449 U.S. at 390).

Both parties raise arguments regarding whether MultiCare’s alleged vicarious

liability for Dr. Patterson’s actions affects whether MultiCare and Dr. Patterson

should be allowed to have ex parte communications. MultiCare’s Suppl. Br. at 5-12;

Resp. to MultiCare’s Pet. for Review and Cross-Pet. for Review at 7-8. Both parties

miss the point. Whether there is vicarious liability between two defendants is separate

from whether such parties may have ex parte communications with one another under

evidentiary privilege. See Wright v. Grp. Health Hosp., 103 Wn.2d 192, 202, 691

P.2d 564 (1984)) (“A corporate employee who is a ‘client’ under the attorney-client

privilege is not necessarily a ‘party’ for purposes of the disciplinary rule.”).

Determining whether a corporate hospital may have ex parte communications with the

plaintiff’s nonparty treating physician does not necessarily answer whether the

13 Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

hospital is vicariously liable for the physician’s actions. The trial court has not yet

ruled on vicarious liability here, and we do not rule on it now.1

2. The Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege Applies to the MultiCare Nurses and the Social Worker Who Treated Hermanson, Subject to the Limitations in Youngs

In its ruling, the Court of Appeals reasoned that since neither the nurse-patient

privilege nor the social worker-client privilege have “divergent underlying policies”

from the physician-patient privilege, the corporate attorney-client privilege also

trumps these two privileges when the corporation is seeking to gather information

surrounding the alleged negligent event. Hermanson, 10 Wn. App. 2d at 363-64. We

agree. We held in Youngs that the defendant hospital’s attorney-client privilege

trumps the plaintiff’s physician-patient privilege when the physician is the defendant’s

employee; so it follows that unless the nurse-patient privilege or the social worker-

client privilege is more protective than the physician-patient privilege, the corporate

attorney-client privilege also trumps these privileges when applied under similar

circumstances.

1 MultiCare further argues that it should be allowed to have ex parte communications with a plaintiff’s treating physician if it enters into a representation agreement with the physician. MultiCare’s Suppl. Br. at 13-15. But MultiCare’s argument would allow any corporation to circumvent a plaintiff’s physician-patient privilege by entering into a representation agreement with a treating physician, rendering the physician-patient privilege moot whenever the corporation chooses. Our holding here is strictly limited to allowing ex parte communications between MultiCare and Dr. Patterson based on the limitations already set in Youngs.

14 Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

The nurse-patient privilege is codified at RCW 5.62.020, and the social worker-

client privilege is codified at RCW 5.60.060(9); both operate in a similar fashion as

the physician-patient privilege. Compare with RCW 5.60.060(4). The legislature

enacted the nurse-patient privilege because, based on the similar work nurses and

physicians conduct with their patients, “policy considerations . . . dictate[d]

application of a privilege for registered nurses similar to the physician privilege.”

SUBSTITUTE S.B. REP. 4107, 49th Leg., Reg. Sess., at 1 (Wash. 1985). And when the

legislature enacted the social worker-client privilege, it considered clients’ fears that

information they had shared with their social workers would be “divulged in a court of

law,” SUBSTITUTE S.B. REP. 5931, 61st Leg., Reg. Sess., at 2 (Wash. 2009), similar to

patients’ fears of their physicians divulging their information. See Loudon, 110

Wn.2d at 678 (“The danger of an ex parte interview is that it may result in disclosure

of irrelevant, privileged medical information.”). In other words, both privileges are

identical in their policies to the physician-patient privilege.

The intent behind our decision in Youngs was to ensure “‘full and frank

communication’” between the corporate defendant and its employees and agents to

discover the facts surrounding the alleged negligent event. 179 Wn.2d at 650 (internal

quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Jicarilla Apache Nation, 564 U.S.

162, 131 S. Ct. 2313, 180 L. Ed. 2d 187 (2011)). We clearly indicated that this goal

under a corporation’s attorney-client privilege trumps the Loudon rule and the

15 Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

plaintiff’s physician-patient privilege. Id. at 664. Since the policies underlying the

nurse-patient and social worker-client privileges reflect that they are just as strong as

the physician-patient privilege, they should also make way for the corporate attorney-

client privilege in this context. Were we to now hold otherwise, such a ruling would

unnecessarily limit a corporate defendant’s ability to prepare for litigation and blur

our holding in Youngs. Therefore, we hold that MultiCare may have ex parte

communications with the nurses and the social worker who cared for Hermanson,

“limited to the facts of the alleged negligent event.” Id. at 671.

MultiCare requests this court to make a blanket statement as to whether Youngs

and Loudon apply to all nonphysician health care employees. MultiCare’s Reply Br.

at 13-15. We will not entertain MultiCare’s request. We decided Youngs by

balancing two significant, historical sets of privileged communications, ultimately

creating an exception to the Loudon rule, 179 Wn.2d at 662-63, and the present case

reaches only two nonphysician privileges. Other privileges still exist that are not at

issue in this case that could conflict with a hospital’s corporate attorney-client

privilege. See, e.g., RCW 5.60.060(7), (7)(a) (sexual assault advocates who work for

an association that provides medical and/or legal advice); RCW 5.60.060(8), (8)(a)

(domestic violence advocates who work for a human services program); RCW

5.60.060(3) (clergy members, which easily applies in health care settings when such

16 Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

members are serving as hospital chaplains). Defining the appropriate interaction of

these various privileges is not germane to this case and is not properly before us.

3. The Court of Appeals Erred by Holding That the Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege Applies to the Nonphysician Employees on the Basis That They Are “Named Parties” to Hermanson’s Lawsuit

The Court of Appeals held that because the nurses and the social worker are

“named parties” in Hermanson’s lawsuit, MultiCare is authorized to have ex parte

communications with these nonphysician employees. Hermanson, 10 Wn. App. 2d at

364. The Court of Appeals is incorrect. The nurses and the social worker are not

“named parties” because a plaintiff may list a party as “unknown” only if the plaintiff

does not know that party’s identity, but the plaintiff may then amend the complaint

once the plaintiff discovers the party’s identity. CR 10(a)(2). Based on the record,

Hermanson clearly knows these employees’ identities and has not added their names

to his complaint. Therefore, we reject the Court of Appeals’ reasoning here.

4. We Decline Review of Hermanson’s Miscellaneous Claims Raised in His Supplemental Brief

Hermanson requests in his supplemental brief that we overrule Youngs.

Resp’t’s/Cross-Appellant’s Suppl. Br. at 1-8. He also argues that the Court of

Appeals erred in reversing the trial court’s order that MultiCare seek leave of court

before engaging in any further ex parte contact with its employees. Id. 13-15;

Hermanson, 10 Wn. App. 2d at 346. Neither issue was raised in his cross petition for

17 Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. No. 97783-6

review (PRV), nor does MultiCare discuss these issues in its PRV or reply brief. 2

When granting review of a Court of Appeals decision, we “will review only the

questions raised in the . . . petition for review and the answer, unless [we] order[]

otherwise upon the granting of the motion or petition.” RAP 13.7(b). Our order

granting the parties’ PRVs did not stipulate that Hermanson may raise these

miscellaneous claims in his supplemental brief, so we do not review them here. See

Hermanson, 194 Wn.2d 1023.

CONCLUSION

We hold that MultiCare may have ex parte communications with Dr. Patterson

limited to the facts of the alleged negligent event. Additionally, we hold that Youngs

extends to a defendant hospital’s employee nurses and social workers, and MultiCare

may have ex parte communications with the nurses and the social worker who treated

Hermanson under the same limitations. Accordingly, we reverse the Court of

Appeals’ judgment as to ex parte communications with Dr. Patterson, affirm the Court

of Appeals’ judgment as to ex parte communications with the nurses and the social

worker, and remand to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

2 MultiCare mentions that Hermanson seeks reversal of the Court of Appeals’ decision striking down this leave of court order, MultiCare’s Reply Br. at 4, but Hermanson makes no mention of it in his own cross PRV, and MultiCare does not discuss this issue in its PRV or reply brief.

18 Owens, J.

Gordon McCloud,J.

Yu, J.

Madsen, J. Montoya-Lewis, J.

Chun, J.P.T. Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc. et al. (Stephens, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part)

No. 97783-6

STEPHENS, C.J. (concurring in part, dissenting in part)—Six years ago in

Youngs v. PeaceHealth, we created a narrow exception to the bright-line rule that

protection of the physician-patient relationship requires defense counsel may not

engage in ex parte contacts with plaintiff’s physicians. 179 Wn.2d 645, 673, 316

P.3d 1035 (2014) (Stephens, J., concurring in part/dissenting in part) (citing Loudon

v. Mhyre, 110 Wn.2d 675, 682, 756 P.2d 138 (1988)). This narrow exception is

rooted in the corporate attorney-client privilege, which requires corporate counsel

be able to investigate the circumstances potentially giving rise to corporate liability.

Id. at 663. I accept that Youngs is now the law, but the balance struck in Youngs

concerned only treating health care providers who are employees of the defendant—

here, it allows MultiCare’s counsel to have ex parte contact with its two employee Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc., et al. (Stephens, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part), 97783-6

nurses and social worker who treated Doug Hermanson. With respect to the

plaintiff’s nonemployee treating physician, Dr. Patterson, the policy underlying the

Loudon rule must prevail and require the use of formal discovery processes.

Today’s majority disrupts the balance of policy considerations and tips the

scales dramatically in favor of medical corporations by extending Youngs’s logic—

in conflict with our precedent regarding the corporate attorney-client privilege—to

independent contractors. Because I would decline to expand Youngs to allow

ex parte privileged communication between MultiCare and Dr. Patterson, I

respectfully dissent in part.

FACTS

In September 2015, Doug Hermanson received care at Tacoma General

Hospital (owned by MultiCare) following an automobile accident. Hermanson was

primarily treated by Dr. Patterson, an employee of Trauma Trust working as an

independent contractor for MultiCare.1 Hermanson was also treated by a number of

MultiCare employees: two nurses, a crisis intervention social worker, and others not

relevant here.

1 Trauma Trust is a third-party entity created by MultiCare Health System and Franciscan Health System providing trauma services in the Pierce County area. Clerk’s Papers at 474. Trauma Trust directly employs physicians and other medical personnel who deliver trauma care in contract partner hospitals.

-2- Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc., et al. (Stephens, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part), 97783-6

During the course of Hermanson’s treatment, an unknown worker at Tacoma

General communicated the results of Hermanson’s blood alcohol test to law

enforcement investigating the car crash. Hermanson brought suit against MultiCare

and multiple unidentified parties for unauthorized disclosure of confidential health

information under RCW 70.02.020, violation of physician-patient privilege under

RCW 5.60.060(4), and other claims. MultiCare entered into a joint representation

agreement along with Trauma Trust and Dr. Patterson, even though neither Trauma

Trust nor Dr. Patterson were named in Hermanson’s complaint. Hermanson

opposed the joint representation agreement and objected to MultiCare’s counsel

having ex parte communication with any of the nonparty health care providers

involved with his care. This interlocutory appeal followed.

This case requires us to carefully consider the balance struck in Youngs

between the physician-patient privilege and the corporate attorney-client privilege

when the doctor who treated the plaintiff is a nonparty witness in litigation. Unlike

in Youngs, the treating doctor here is not the defendant’s employee. The majority

nonetheless authorizes ex parte attorney-client privileged communications, based on

an imprecise “functional equivalency” test borrowed from federal circuit courts in

conflict with our own precedent. Worse yet, the majority applies this test on a record

-3- Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc., et al. (Stephens, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part), 97783-6

that fails to establish how Dr. Patterson is in fact the functional equivalent of a

MultiCare employee, especially in the face of a contract between MultiCare and

Trauma Trust describing an independent contractor relationship. As a result, the

majority disrupts the balance struck in Youngs and risks further erosion of the long-

standing Loudon rule⸺a rule essential to the integrity of the physician-patient

relationship.

I. The Majority Needlessly Expands Youngs To Include Agents and Independent Contractors Based on Inapplicable Federal Cases and an Erroneous Conclusion That Dr. Patterson Is the “Functional Equivalent” of a MultiCare Agent

The majority bases its agency determination on curious grounds. It borrows

reasoning from federal cases that expanded the attorney-client privilege to some

independent contractors. Majority at 11 (citing In re Bieter Co., 16 F.3d 929, 938

(8th Cir. 1994); United States v. Graf, 610 F.3d 1148, 1159 (9th Cir. 2010)). But

this court has already rejected such expansion: in Newman v. Highland School

District No. 203 we expressly refused to expand the corporate attorney-client

privilege beyond the employer-employee context. 186 Wn.2d 769, 776-77, 381 P.3d

1188 (2016) (citing Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 394 n.3, 101 S. Ct.

677, 66 L. Ed. 2d 584 (1981) (“[W]e conclude Upjohn does not justify applying the

attorney-client privilege outside the employer-employee relationship.”)). The

-4- Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc., et al. (Stephens, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part), 97783-6

majority attempts to distinguish Newman because the specific circumstances of that

case involved former employees. Majority at 10-11. This reasoning misses the

point. Newman did not limit its holding to former employees—it plainly held that

the corporate attorney-client privilege does not apply to nonemployees. 186 Wn.2d

at 780. Today’s majority is not at liberty to disregard that holding in favor of a

different rule adopted by select federal courts.

Even assuming the majority’s newly adopted rule of agency law applies, it

does not support allowing ex parte contact between MultiCare and Hermanson’s

treating physician here. The majority concludes a principal-agent relationship exists

between MultiCare and Dr. Patterson by relying on a “functional equivalen[cy]” test

from two federal circuit courts. Majority at 11 (citing Bieter, 16 F.3d at 938; Graf,

610 F.3d at 1159). But the Court of Appeals correctly distinguished these federal

cases because they concerned independent contractors who “were enmeshed in the

management structure.” Hermanson v. MultiCare Health Sys., Inc., 10 Wn. App. 2d

343, 360, 448 P.3d 153 (2019). In Bieter, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals

observed that the independent contractor was the “sole representative” for the

company at particular meetings and was “intimately involved” in the company’s

attempt to develop farmland. 16 F.3d at 938. Similarly, Graf concerned a

nonemployee who regularly made marketing and management decisions on behalf

-5- Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc., et al. (Stephens, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part), 97783-6

of the defendant company. 610 F.3d at 1157. In other words, these cases concerned

agents with managerial responsibilities, who often served as spokespersons for the

defendants in question. Bieter, 16 F.3d at 938; Graf, 610 F.3d at 1159.

The facts here are quite different. Upjohn requires analyzing the scope of

attorney-client privilege on a case-by-case basis. 449 U.S. at 396. Nothing in the

record in this case supports treating Dr. Patterson as the “functional equivalent” of a

MultiCare employee. The majority notes Dr. Patterson had an office in a MultiCare

facility and was monitored by MultiCare. Majority at 12. But these facts alone are

insufficient to demonstrate an employee-like relationship that justifies application of

the attorney-client privilege. There is no evidence Dr. Patterson played a part in

managerial decisions made by MultiCare or was a corporate spokesperson.

To the contrary, the relevant evidence in the record describes an independent

contractor relationship. The contract between MultiCare and Trauma Trust

(Dr. Patterson’s actual employer) unequivocally states that no employee/employer

agency relationship exists between the two: “[E]ach party is an independent

contractor with respect to the others. Except as expressly provided in this agreement,

no party is authorized or permitted to act or to claim to be acting as an agent or

employee of any other party.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 479 (emphasis added).

-6- Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc., et al. (Stephens, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part), 97783-6

Presumably, MultiCare had good reason to structure its contract with Trauma Trust

this way, including to limit its own liability.

The majority makes too much of MultiCare’s current willingness to agree that

Dr. Patterson is an agent.2 We should not allow a party to make an (apparently

conditional) adverse admission to establish a beneficial privilege and thereby avoid

the actual facts in the record. The majority’s willingness to do so results in failing

to meaningfully grapple with the realities of corporate control over medical services

and the pressures the corporate structure puts on both physicians and patients.

II. The Majority’s Expansion of Ex Parte Contact with Treating Health Care Providers Will Undermine the Physician-Patient Relationship and Disrupt the Careful Balance Struck in Loudon and Youngs

Even if the record could support treating Dr. Patterson as MultiCare’s agent,

the majority’s decision to depart from Loudon and expand Youngs beyond the direct

employment context is unwise. The relationship between physician and patient is a

“fiduciary one of the highest degree . . . involv[ing] every element of trust,

confidence and good faith.” Lockett v. Goodill, 71 Wn.2d 654, 656, 430 P.2d 589

(1967). Our adoption of the rule against ex parte contact in Loudon recognized the

importance of protecting this relationship, even in a litigation context in which the

2 The majority states that “Dr. Patterson admitted he is MultiCare’s agent.” Majority at 5. In fact, it was MultiCare’s chief medical officer who “admitted” Dr. Patterson was an agent, and the legal effect of this statement, if any, has not been established. CP at 472.

-7- Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc., et al. (Stephens, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part), 97783-6

plaintiff has waived the evidentiary privilege by putting their medical condition at

issue. 110 Wn.2d at 677-678. We understood that patients are willing to disclose

the most private details of their lives to their physicians, in large part, because they

trust that this sensitive private information will be held in the utmost confidence and

used only to further their own care. If a patient suspects their physician might betray

this trust in ex parte conversations, the societal benefit of the relationship will be

undermined and fully informed, quality medical care will suffer.

Recognizing the societal benefit of fostering full and frank communication

between patients and their doctors, Washington’s legislature codified the common

law physician-patient privilege to safeguard the confidentiality of those

communications. LAWS OF 1965, ch. 13, § 7(4) (codified at RCW 5.60.060(4)). We

have previously identified two core purposes of the physician-patient privilege: “(1)

to ‘surround patient-physician communications with a cloak of confidentiality to

promote proper treatment by facilitating full disclosure of information’ and (2) ‘to

protect the patient from embarrassment or scandal which may result from revelation

of intimate details of medical treatment.’” Smith v. Orthopedics Int’l, Ltd., PS, 170

Wn.2d 659, 667, 244 P.3d 939 (2010) (plurality opinion) (internal quotation marks

omitted) (quoting Carson v. Fine, 123 Wn.2d 206, 213, 867 P.2d 610 (1994)).

-8- Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc., et al. (Stephens, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part), 97783-6

Safeguarding the confidential relationship between health care providers and

patients is more vital than ever in this modern era of increasingly consolidated

corporate medicine. Though historically most doctors worked in small physician-

owned practices, a shift has taken place in recent years, and today most doctors are

either directly employed by or engaged as independent contractors by hospitals and

other large corporate entities. See CAROL K. KANE, AM. MED. ASS’N, UPDATED

DATA ON PHYSICIAN PRACTICE ARRANGEMENTS: FOR THE FIRST TIME, FEWER

PHYSICIANS ARE OWNERS THAN EMPLOYEES (May 2019), https://www.ama-

assn.org/system/files/2019-07/prp-fewer-owners-benchmark-survey-

2018.pdf.[https://perma.cc/RGU6-T9S9] This shift often places physicians in a

difficult position, with competing allegiances to the patients they serve and to the

corporations that write their paychecks. These allegiances are inevitably tested when

a patient brings a lawsuit against their doctor’s corporate employer. Though the

plaintiff patient waives the evidentiary privilege by putting their medical condition

at issue, the societal interest in protecting the physician-patient relationship remains.

Over 30 years ago, we recognized that protecting this societal interest required

adopting a bright-line rule that “defense counsel may not engage in ex parte contacts

with a plaintiff’s physicians.” Loudon, 110 Wn.2d at 682. This rule recognizes that

“[t]he mere threat that a physician might engage in private interviews with defense

-9- Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc., et al. (Stephens, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part), 97783-6

counsel would, for some, have a chilling effect on the physician-patient relationship

and hinder further treatment.” Id. at 679. Specifically, we emphasized (1) the need

to ensure physicians maintain their ethical obligations under the Hippocratic Oath

and the guidelines of the American Medical Association, (2) the possibility that

ex parte contact could result in defense counsel being called at trial as an

impeachment witness, and (3) the problematic nature of asking treating physicians—

or defense counsel—to determine the relevancy of a plaintiff’s medical information.

Id. at 678-80. We later identified another significant policy concern: the potential

for defense counsel to utilize ex parte communications to improperly influence the

treating physician. Smith, 170 Wn.2d at 669 n.2. Any decision addressing

modification of the bright-line Loudon rule must meaningfully engage with each of

these concerns.

In Youngs, we considered the values underlying the Loudon rule in a direct

employment context where the attorney-client privilege also weighed heavily. 179

Wn.2d at 650. After carefully balancing the competing policy concerns, we held:

[C]orporate defense counsel may have privileged ex parte communications with a plaintiff’s nonparty treating physician only where the communication meets the general prerequisites to application of the attorney-client privilege, the communication is with a physician who has direct knowledge of the event or events triggering the litigation, and the communications concern the facts of the alleged negligent incident.

-10- Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc., et al. (Stephens, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part), 97783-6

Id. at 664 (footnote omitted). This narrow exception to the Loudon rule was

designed to “strik[e] the proper balance between the attorney-client and physician-

patient privileges, limiting Loudon’s prophylactic protections to the extent necessary

to protect a corporate defendant’s right to fully investigate its potential liability.” Id.

at 665.

Today’s majority disrupts this balance, giving undue weight to the interests of

the corporate defendant at the expense of the plaintiff patient—and health care

provider’s—interests. I note the health care provider’s interests because the court in

Youngs recognized the risk that ex parte communications may result in “‘inadvertent

wrongful disclosures’” and present the possibility that defense counsel might be

called at trial as an impeachment witness. Id. at 659-60 (quoting Loudon, 110 Wn.2d

at 680).

Youngs further recognized that if the corporate attorney-client privilege were

extended too far, it would “all but eviscerate Loudon,” particularly “in the era of

rapidly consolidating health care systems.” Id. at 661. We emphasized that

corporate counsel’s ability to investigate did not encompass health care that was

provided before or after the event triggering the litigation, such as care for

preexisting conditions or postevent recovery. Id. at 671.

-11- Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc., et al. (Stephens, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part), 97783-6

Our extensive discussion in Youngs grappling with the tensions between

competing evidentiary privileges—and the policies underlying these privileges—

exemplifies the length and depth of analysis necessary to do the meaningful

balancing these questions present. The majority’s analysis here, however, is all too

brief and cursory. The majority relies on a single phrase in Youngs to broadly hold

that the corporate attorney-client privilege essentially “trumps” the Loudon rule.

Majority at 15. But we cannot disregard the additional language that reveals our

holding was far more nuanced. Youngs, 179 Wn.2d at 652 (“We also reject the

suggestion . . . that Upjohn completely trumps Loudon. It does not.”).

The majority briefly acknowledges—but does not account for—two important

policy concerns raised in Loudon. First, the majority recognizes how the “‘mere

threat that a physician might engage in private interviews with defense counsel

would, for some, have a chilling effect on the physician-patient relationship and

hinder further treatment.’” Majority at 7 (quoting Loudon, 110 Wn.2d at 679).

Second, the majority describes how the Loudon rule ensures physicians are able to

maintain their own professional ethical duties. Id. These are not trivial concerns.

Without a foundation of trust, the physician-patient relationship crumbles, and health

care outcomes suffer. It must be remembered that what MultiCare seeks, and what

the majority grants, is the ability for defense counsel to have ex parte attorney-client

-12- Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc., et al. (Stephens, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part), 97783-6

privileged communications with Dr. Patterson about Hermanson’s health care.

Absent will be the protections of formal discovery, where both plaintiff’s and

defense counsel are present to safeguard the parties’ interests. If patients suspect

their physicians are prioritizing their own self-interests—or worse, the interests of

the physicians’ corporate employer—then in all health care settings we can expect

patients to hesitate in speaking candidly and completely.

Youngs intentionally set strict limitations on when and to what extent a

physician employed by the defendant may engage in ex parte communication with

corporate defense counsel for the purposes of investigating an alleged negligent

event. 179 Wn.2d at 653. The majority offers insufficient justification for

expanding this exception, and the imprecise functional equivalency test it adopts

from federal cases fails to actually establish agency and conflicts with our holding

in Newman. Balancing the competing evidentiary privileges and societal interests

considered in Youngs, I would adhere to the Loudon rule in this case and protect the

integrity of the physician-patient relationship.

While the narrow decision in Youngs was justified by the attorney-client

privilege, there is no justification for expanding the allowance of ex parte contact

between defendant corporations and nonemployee treating physicians of the

-13- Hermanson v. MultiCare Health System, Inc., et al. (Stephens, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part), 97783-6

plaintiff. The protections afforded by the Loudon rule are more important than ever

in our modern era of increasingly consolidated corporate health care delivery. In

Loudon, we were “unconvinced that any hardship caused the defendants by having

to use formal discovery procedures outweighs the potential risks involved with ex

parte interviews.” 110 Wn.2d at 680. I remain unconvinced today.

6��- �T __________ ---�Stephens, C.J. ;

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