Herdt v. State

816 P.2d 1299, 1991 Wyo. LEXIS 145, 1991 WL 176138
CourtWyoming Supreme Court
DecidedSeptember 11, 1991
Docket90-136
StatusPublished
Cited by11 cases

This text of 816 P.2d 1299 (Herdt v. State) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Wyoming Supreme Court primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Herdt v. State, 816 P.2d 1299, 1991 Wyo. LEXIS 145, 1991 WL 176138 (Wyo. 1991).

Opinions

GOLDEN, Justice.

Appellant Michael Herdt appeals his conviction of first degree sexual assault.1 Although he assigns as errors a pretrial ruling allowing the prosecution’s use in rebuttal of prior bad acts evidence, ineffective assistance of trial counsel, and the trial court’s failure to hold a hearing on his trial counsel’s pretrial motion to withdraw, we must take the extraordinary step of deciding this appeal on the basis of an issue raised neither below nor here. That issue is whether the trial court abridged appellant’s fundamental right to make a closing summary of the evidence to the trier of the facts.

FACTS

For several years before February 22, 1989, the date of the alleged sexual assault, the complaining witness had been friends with appellant and his wife. Appellant had been a close friend of the complaining witness’ first husband. Following the latter’s untimely death, the complaining witness [1300]*1300and appellant and his wife consoled one another.

With respect to the facts and circumstances surrounding appellant’s alleged sexual assault on the complaining witness, in opening statement to the jury and in the testimony of witnesses in its case in chief, the prosecution alleged that appellant on many previous occasions had made sexual advances toward the complaining witness which she resolutely rejected; that on the day of the alleged assault appellant entered her house uninvited and unannounced, surprised her as she was taking a shower, forced her into a bedroom and sexually assaulted her without consent.

In contrast, appellant’s trial counsel, in opening statement, in cross-examination of the complaining witness, and in direct examination of defense witnesses focused on the admitted friendships and suggested the existence of an ongoing, intimate relationship between them. Appellant claimed the two engaged in a three-hour period of card playing during the time when the alleged assault occurred, asserted the complaining witness had drunk a large quantity of alcohol when they were together that day, noted that her body bore no objective signs of physical force — no bruises or abrasions or lacerations, and raised doubts about the complaining witness’ credibility in her explanation of her relationship with appellant and what they did on the day in question.

After opening statements, the trial court told the jury that the prosecution and the defense stipulated that intrusion, one of the two key elements of the crime charged, had occurred. Given that stipulation, the only element remaining for trial was lack of consent. As to the element of lack of consent, however, the trial court had held in a pretrial ruling that if the defense in its case in chief raised the issue of consent, then the prosecution could introduce evidence of appellant’s prior bad acts in rebuttal.

Following the state’s presentation of its case in chief, defense trial counsel called several witnesses, the thrust of whose testimony was the friendship and suggested intimate relationship between the complaining witness and appellant. Appellant did not testify.

After the defense rested, the prosecution tried to introduce evidence of appellant’s prior bad acts, explaining the defense had raised the issue of consent in its case in chief. In the trial court’s opinion, however, the defense had not raised that issue. Defense trial counsel agreed. Consequently, the trial court ruled the prosecution could not introduce the prior bad acts evidence. In its next breath following that ruling, however, the trial court also ruled that defense trial counsel was not to argue the issue of consent in closing argument. The trial judge explained that defense trial counsel could argue that the complaining witness was not believable, “but there has been no evidence presented that there was consent in any way. * * * So there won’t be any argument on that either.”

The jury returned a verdict of guilty. The trial court sentenced appellant to a term of not less than ten nor more than fifteen years in the state penitentiary, with credit given for time served awaiting trial. Appellant appealed.

During appellate argument, appellant’s counsel suggested the trial court erred in its closing argument ruling. After argument, appellate counsel moved to permit briefing and submission of that issue. We so ordered. For reasons unknown to us, the parties chose not to brief and submit on that issue. In our review of this case, however, we believe that issue, in the factual context of this case, directly involves appellant’s fundamental rights of receiving effective assistance of counsel and a fair trial. Consequently, we are obligated to take cognizance of it. White v. Fisher, 689 P.2d 102, 105 (Wyo.1984); W.R.A.P. 7.05.

DISCUSSION

In past decisions of this court, we have discussed the subject of closing argument in the context of prosecutorial misconduct. See e.g., McLaughlin v. State, 780 P.2d 964, 967-72 (Wyo.1989) and cases cited therein. In a consistent line of cases [1301]*1301from Jones v. State, 580 P.2d 1150, 1154 (Wyo.1978) to McLaughlin, we have made clear “[t]he right with which we are concerned is the fundamental right to a fair trial, free from tainted argument.” In Wheeler v. State, 691 P.2d 599, 605 (Wyo. 1984), this court said: “The purpose of closing arguments is to allow counsel to offer ways of viewing the significance of the evidence * * * submitted to the jury; counsel may review the evidence and offer to the jury inferences based thereon.” While the scope of permissible argument is a matter for the trial court’s sound discretion, the court must avoid subjecting counsel to unreasonable restraint in commenting on and interpreting the evidence in the light most favorable to the represented party. Counsel should be allowed a wide latitude. State v. Spears, 76 Wyo. 82, 108, 300 P.2d 551, 561 (1956). Counsel “is entitled to reflect upon the evidence and to draw reasonable inferences from that evidence in order to assist the jury in its function.” Jeschke v. State, 642 P.2d 1298, 1301-02 (Wyo.1982).

The United States Supreme Court, in Herring v. New York, 422 U.S. 853, 95 S.Ct. 2550, 45 L.Ed.2d 593 (1975), struck down a state statute granting a judge in a nonjury criminal trial the power to deny defense counsel final summation on grounds that it denied the accused the assistance of counsel guaranteed by U.S. Const, amend. VI, as applied to the states by the fourteenth amendment. The Court stated:

[Cjlosing argument for the defense is a basic element of the adversary factfind-ing process in a criminal trial. Accordingly, it has universally been held that counsel for the defense has a right to make a closing summation to the jury, no matter how strong the case for the prosecution may appear to the presiding judge.

Herring, 422 U.S. at 858, 95 S.Ct. at 2553, 45 L.Ed.2d at 598. The Court added:

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Herdt v. State
816 P.2d 1299 (Wyoming Supreme Court, 1991)

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Bluebook (online)
816 P.2d 1299, 1991 Wyo. LEXIS 145, 1991 WL 176138, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/herdt-v-state-wyo-1991.