Herbert Cox III v. State

• Court: Indiana Court of Appeals
• Decided: July 7, 2015
• Docket: 45A03-1501-CR-38
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM DECISION Jul 07 2015, 8:41 am Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

APPELLANT PRO SE ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Herbert Cox III Gregory F. Zoeller Westville, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana

Jodi Kathryn Stein Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Herbert Cox III, July 7, 2015

Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 45A03-1501-CR-38 v. Appeal from the Lake Superior Court The Honorable Diane R. Boswell, The State of Indiana, Judge Appellee-Plaintiff. The Honorable Kathleen A. Sullivan, Magistrate Trial Court Cause No. 45G03-1210- FD-239

Bradford, Judge.

Case Summary

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1501-CR-38 | July 7, 2015 Page 1 of 10 [1] In February of 2013, Appellant-Defendant Herbert Cox III pled guilty to Class

C felony habitual traffic violator. Pursuant to the terms of Cox’s plea

agreement, the trial court sentenced Cox to a term of seven years, all of which

was to be executed in the Department of Correction. In December of 2014,

Cox filed a petition seeking a modification of his sentence. The trial court

denied Cox’s petition. On appeal, Cox contends that the trial court abused its

discretion in denying his petition. Finding no abuse of discretion, we affirm.

Facts and Procedural History [2] On or about May 3, 1995, Cox’s driving privileges were suspended for life after

Cox was found to have driven while being a habitual traffic violator. On

October 6, 2012, Cox was stopped by the Lake Station Police Department for

operating a motor vehicle, i.e., a black Harley Davidson motorcycle, at the

speed of approximately 100 miles per hour in a posted thirty-five miles per hour

zone. Cox was subsequently charged with Class C felony habitual traffic

violator. He was also alleged to have committed numerous traffic infractions.

[3] On or about February 19, 2013, Cox pled guilty to the Class C felony habitual

traffic violator charge. The terms of Cox’s plea agreement are as follows:

A. [Cox] agrees to plead guilty to the charge of Habitual Traffic Violator, a Class C Felony, in Cause #45G03-1210-FD-00239; B. The Parties agree that [Cox] shall be sentenced to seven (7) years to be executed in the Department of Correction. C. The Parties agree and understand that participation in an alternative sentence program is not an option for [Cox], for his plea of

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1501-CR-38 | July 7, 2015 Page 2 of 10 guilty to the charge of Habitual Traffic Violator, a Class C Felony, in Cause #45G03-1210-FD-00239; D. The Parties agree and understand that the sentence imposed in Cause #45G03-1210-FD-00239 shall be served consecutive to any/all sentences(s) currently imposed in Lake County and Porter County; E. The Parties agree and understand that the sentence imposed in Cause #45G03-1210-FD-00239 shall be served consecutive to any/all sentence(s) to be imposed in Lake County and Porter County; F. Additionally, any Defendant on Pretrial ICU Monitoring will not receive credit days toward their sentence[;] G. At the time of sentencing, [Appellee-Plaintiff the State of Indiana (the “State”)] agrees to dismiss Cause #45G03-1206-FD- 00136 in its entirety; [and] F. Attached hereto and incorporated herein as Exhibit ‘A’ is the Stipulated Factual Basis.

Appellant’s App. p. 7 (italics added, bold in original). The trial court approved

the parties’ plea agreement and sentenced Cox in accordance with its terms.

[4] On December 4, 2014, Cox filed a pro-se petition for the modification of his

sentence. The trial court denied Cox’s petition, stating that “The Court rules

that pursuant to Robinette v. State[,] 798 N.E.2d 537 (Ind. App. 2003) and ex

rel Goldsmith v. Superior Court, 419 N.E.2d 109 (Ind. 1981), the Court is

without authority to, and may not, modify the sentence.” Appellant’s App. p. 4

(bold in original). Cox subsequently filed a pro-se motion to reconsider. The

motion to consider was also denied by the trial court. This appeal follows.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1501-CR-38 | July 7, 2015 Page 3 of 10 Discussion and Decision 1

[5] Cox contends that the trial court abused its discretion by denying his petition

for a modification of his seven-year sentence. Specifically, Cox claims that the

trial court abused its discretion in determining that it did not have the authority

to modify Cox’s sentence. “We review a trial court’s decision to modify a

sentence only for abuse of discretion.” Hobbs v. State, 26 N.E.3d 983, 985 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2015) (citing Gardiner v. State, 928 N.E.2d 194, 196 (Ind. 2010)). “An

abuse of discretion occurs if the court’s decision is clearly against the logic and

effect of the facts and circumstances before the court.” Id. (citing Myers v. State,

718 N.E.2d 783, 789 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999)).

[6] Again, Cox claims that the trial court abused its discretion in stating that it did

not have the authority to modify Cox’s sentence. In support of this claim, Cox

relies on sub-section (i) of the version of Indiana Code section 35-38-1-17 which

went into effect on July 1, 2014. Cox asserts that it was the General Assembly’s

intent that this subsection would apply retroactively to a defendant who

committed a criminal act, was found guilty, and was sentenced prior to the date

when the amended version of Indiana Code section 35-38-1-17 went into effect.

We disagree.

1 We note that the State argued, on cross-appeal, that Cox’s appeal should be dismissed because it was not timely filed. Given our preference to decide matters on the merits, we will not address the State’s argument regarding whether the instant appeal was timely filed and will instead decide Cox’s claim on the merits.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1501-CR-38 | July 7, 2015 Page 4 of 10 [7] Indiana Code section 35-38-1-17 relates to the reduction or suspension of a

sentence. Effective July 1, 2014, the Indiana General Assembly amended

Indiana Code section 35-38-1-17 to read, in pertinent part,

(i) A person may not waive the right to sentence modification under this section as part of a plea agreement. Any purported waiver of the right to sentence modification under this section in a plea agreement is invalid and unenforceable as against public policy. This subsection does not prohibit the finding of a waiver of the right to sentence modification for any other reason, including failure to comply with the provisions of this section.

2014 Ind. Legis. Serv. P.L. 168-2014. In light of this language, which again

Cox argues was intended to apply retroactively, Cox claims that the trial court

abused its discretion in finding that it did not have the authority to modify his

sentence because Cox’s plea agreement was for a fixed term and indicated that

Cox had waived any potential future request for a sentence modification.

[8] However, the General Assembly made it clear that it did not intend for the

version of Indiana Code section 35-38-1-17 that went into effect on July 1,

2014, to apply retroactively. Also effective July 1, 2014, the General Assembly

passed Indiana Code section 1-1-5.5-21 which stated as follows:

(a) A SECTION of P.L. … P.L.168-2014 does not affect: (1) penalties incurred; (2) crimes committed; or (3) proceedings begun; before the effective date of that SECTION of … P.L.168-2014. Those penalties, crimes, and proceedings continue and shall be imposed and

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1501-CR-38 | July 7, 2015 Page 5 of 10 enforced under prior law as if that SECTION of … P.L.168-2014 had not been enacted. (b) The general assembly does not intend the doctrine of amelioration (see Vicory v. State, 400 N.E.2d 1380 (Ind. 1980)) to apply to any SECTION of … P.L.168-2014.

[9] In addition, we have previously concluded that the revisions of Indiana Code

section 35-38-1-17 that went into effect on July 1, 2014, do not apply

retroactively. See Swallows v. State, 31 N.E.3d 544, 545-47 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015)

(noting the plain meaning of the savings clause, and following the intent of the

Legislature and our court’s reasoning in Hobbs, we conclude that the current

version of Indiana Code section 35-38-1-17, which became effective July 1,

2014, does not apply to Swallows’s petition to modify a sentence that he began

serving in 1989); Hobbs, 26 N.E.3d at 985 (concluding that “despite Hobbs’[s]

assertions to the contrary on appeal, there is no question that the current

version of Indiana Code Section 35-38-1-17 does not apply to him”); Marley v.

State, 17 N.E.3d 335, 340 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (concluding that “[i]t is

abundantly clear from these statutes that the General Assembly intended the

new criminal code to have no effect on criminal proceedings for offenses

committed prior to the enactment of the new code”), trans. denied. As such, we

conclude that the version of Indiana Code section 35-38-1-17 that was in effect

at the time Cox committed the underlying offense applies to Cox.

[10] Again, Cox committed the underlying offense of Class C felony habitual traffic

violator on October 6, 2012. The version of Indiana Code section 35-38-1-17

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1501-CR-38 | July 7, 2015 Page 6 of 10 that was in effect at the time Cox committed this criminal offense read as

follows:

(a) Within three hundred sixty-five (365) days after: (1) a convicted person begins serving the person's sentence; (2) a hearing is held: (A) at which the convicted person is present; and (B) of which the prosecuting attorney has been notified; and (3) the court obtains a report from the department of correction concerning the convicted person's conduct while imprisoned; the court may reduce or suspend the sentence. The court must incorporate its reasons in the record. (b) If more than three hundred sixty-five (365) days have elapsed since the convicted person began serving the sentence and after a hearing at which the convicted person is present, the court may reduce or suspend the sentence, subject to the approval of the prosecuting attorney. However, if in a sentencing hearing for a convicted person conducted after June 30, 2001, the court could have placed the convicted person in a community corrections program as an alternative to commitment to the department of correction, the court may modify the convicted person’s sentence under this section without the approval of the prosecuting attorney to place the convicted person in a community corrections program under IC 35-38-2.6. (c) The court must give notice of the order to reduce or suspend the sentence under this section to the victim (as defined in IC 35-31.5-2- 348) of the crime for which the convicted person is serving the sentence. (d) The court may suspend a sentence for a felony under this section only if suspension is permitted under IC 35-50-2-2. (e) The court may deny a request to suspend or reduce a sentence under this section without making written findings and conclusions.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1501-CR-38 | July 7, 2015 Page 7 of 10 (f) Notwithstanding subsections (a) and (b), the court is not required to conduct a hearing before reducing or suspending a sentence if: (1) the prosecuting attorney has filed with the court an agreement of the reduction or suspension of the sentence; and (2) the convicted person has filed with the court a waiver of the right to be present when the order to reduce or suspend the sentence is considered.

[11] In addition, we have previously concluded that where the trial court accepted a

plea agreement that contained a term of years and sentenced the defendant

accordingly, the trial court does not have the authority to subsequently modify

the defendant’s sentence. Robinett v. State, 798 N.E.2d 537, 539-40 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2003). We explained the reasons for reaching this conclusion in detail in

Robinett, stating:

Nor did the trial court abuse its discretion by denying Robinett’s motion for modification of sentence. Robinett’s plea agreement provided he would receive a thirty-year sentence, and pursuant to his guilty plea, the trial court sentenced Robinett to thirty years. Our supreme court has explained why trial courts may not modify sentences in these circumstances: Plea agreements between criminal defendants and prosecutors are designed to induce the defendant to plead guilty, typically in return for a promise of less than the maximum sentence. As we observed in [State ex rel. Goldsmith v. Superior Court, 275 Ind. 545, 419 N.E.2d 109 (1981)], a plea agreement is contractual in nature, binding the defendant, the state and the trial court. See also Thompson [v. State], 617 N.E.2d [576,] 578 [Ind. Ct. App. (1993)]. The prosecutor and the defendant are the contracting parties, and the trial court’s role with respect to their agreement is described by statute: “If the court

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1501-CR-38 | July 7, 2015 Page 8 of 10 accepts a plea agreement, it shall be bound by its terms.” Ind. Code Ann. § 35-35-3-3(e) (West Supp. 1993). As the statute suggests, the trial court may at its discretion reject the plea agreement and try the case or consider any new plea agreement the parties negotiate. Once it has accepted a plea agreement recommending a specific sentence, however, the terms of the agreement constrain the discretion the court would otherwise employ in sentencing. Even after a sentence has been imposed pursuant to a plea agreement containing a recommendation of a specific term of years, that sentence may not be altered upon subsequent motion, such as under Ind. Code § 35-38-1-23 for “shock probation,” unless the agreement contained a specific reservation of such authority for the trial judge. Goldsmith, 275 Ind. at 551-52, 419 N.E.2d at 114. Goldsmith and its progeny each uphold the principle that a deal is a deal. Once it has accepted a plea agreement, the sentencing court possesses only that degree of discretion provided in the plea agreement with regard to imposing an initial sentence or altering it later. Pannarale v. State, 638 N.E.2d 1247, 1248 (Ind. 1994). Because the court sentenced Robinett to the number of years provided in his plea agreement, the court had no authority to reduce that sentence. See id.

Id. As such, we concluded that “[b]ecause the trial court had no authority to

modify Robinett’s sentence, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it

denied his motion.” Id. at 540.

[12] Considering the language contained in the version of Indiana Code section 35-

38-1-17 that was in effect at the time Cox committed the underlying criminal

offense together with our prior conclusion in Robinett, we conclude that the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in determining that it did not have the

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1501-CR-38 | July 7, 2015 Page 9 of 10 authority to modify Cox’s previously agreed upon seven-year executed

sentence. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

[13] The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

Vaidik, C.J., and Kirsch, J., concur.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1501-CR-38 | July 7, 2015 Page 10 of 10