i i i i i i
OPINION
No. 04-07-00806-CV
Henry SANCHEZ, Jr. and Josefina Sanchez, Appellants
v.
Ryan MULVANEY d/b/a Freestone Equipment Co. and Hypersonic Construction, LLC, Appellees
From the 79th Judicial District Court, Brooks County, Texas Trial Court No. 06-07-13594-CV Honorable Richard Terrell, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Sitting: Catherine Stone, Justice Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice Rebecca Simmons, Justice
Delivered and Filed: August 6, 2008
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED
This is an appeal from the trial court’s summary judgment rendered in favor of appellees.
We affirm in part and reverse in part and remand.
BACKGROUND
Appellants, Henry Sanchez, Jr. and Josefina Sanchez, are the co-owners of real property on
which they intended to construct a Sonic Drive-in restaurant. The Sanchezes hired appellee
Hypersonic Construction, LLC (“Hypersonic”) as the general contractor. Appellee, Ryan Mulvaney, 04-07-00806-CV
was one of the member-owners of Hypersonic. Ryan Mulvaney d/b/a Freestone Equipment Co.
(“Mulvaney”) was also one of the subcontractors on the project. Alamo Concrete Products, Ltd.
(“Alamo”) supplied the concrete. At some point during construction, Alamo was not paid for all the
concrete it supplied to the project, and it filed a mechanic’s and materialman’s lien encumbering the
Sanchezes’ property. To avoid foreclosure and obtain permanent financing for the project, the
Sanchezes paid Alamo the amount owed, plus attorney’s fees and interest.
The Sanchezes then sued Hypersonic; Ryan Mulvaney individually, in his capacity as an
owner of Hypersonic, and in his capacity as owner/operator of Freestone Equipment Co.; and four
other individuals who were either owners or managers of Hypersonic on the following causes of
action: violation of the Construction Trust Fund Act, DTPA violations, breach of contract,
conversion, and common law contribution and equitable subrogation. In their petition, the
Sanchezes asserted they paid to Hypersonic sufficient funds earmarked for payment to Alamo, but
that neither Hypersonic nor Mulvaney ensured that the money was tendered to Alamo. The
Sanchezes sought reimbursement for the monies paid by them to Alamo.
During mediation, the Sanchezes settled their claims against the four other individuals. Also,
by this time, Hypersonic was defunct and insolvent. Eventually, the trial court rendered summary
judgment in favor of Mulvaney on all of the Sanchezes’ claims, and this appeal ensued.
MULVANEY’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
As a preliminary matter, we first address the parties’ disagreement over the type of summary
judgment sought by Mulvaney and the grounds on which he sought summary judgment. Mulvaney’s
motion states he sought both a traditional and no-evidence summary judgment. However, we
determine the standard of proof on a summary judgment motion after considering the substance of
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the motion, rather than categorizing the motion strictly by its form or title. See Rodgers v.
Weatherspoon, 141 S.W.3d 342, 344 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.).
A motion for summary judgment must state the specific grounds upon which judgment is
sought. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). Under traditional summary judgment standards, a party
moving for summary judgment has the burden of establishing as a matter of law that no genuine
issue of material fact exists as to one or more essential elements of the plaintiff’s cause of action.
Casso v. Brand, 776 S.W.2d 551, 556 (Tex. 1989); Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546,
548-49 (Tex. 1985). On the other hand, a no-evidence motion for summary judgment “must state
the elements as to which there is no evidence.” See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). A no-evidence motion
for summary judgment is legally insufficient as a matter of law if it is not specific in challenging a
particular element or is conclusory. See McConnell v. Southside Ind. Sch. Dist., 858 S.W.2d 337,
342 (Tex. 1993); Callaghan Ranch, Ltd. v. Killam, 53 S.W.3d 1, 3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000,
pet. denied).
The Sanchezes assert that, to the extent Mulvaney’s motion seeks a no-evidence summary
judgment, it was insufficient because it failed to identify any elements of their causes of action upon
which Mulvaney moved for summary judgment. Mulvaney contends his reply to the Sanchezes’
response set out the elements of the Sanchezes’ claims as to which there was no evidence. For the
first time in his reply, Mulvaney specifically challenged the Sanchezes’ causes of action under the
Texas Construction Trust Fund Act, and for DTPA violations, breach of contract, conversion, and
common law contribution and equitable subrogation. However, a movant may not use a reply brief
to meet the specificity requirement or to assert new grounds for summary judgment. Community
Intitives, Inc. v. Chase Bank of Texas, 153 S.W.3d 270, 280 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2004, no pet.); see
also Callaghan Ranch, 53 S.W.3d at 4; Sams v. N.L. Indus., 735 S.W.2d 486, 487-88 (Tex.
-3- 04-07-00806-CV
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, no writ). Therefore, we do not consider any arguments raised in
Mulvaney’s reply and we will consider only those grounds specifically raised in Mulvaney’s motion
for summary judgment in order to determine the basis on which he moved for judgment.
In his motion for summary judgment, Mulvaney argued all of the liability the Sanchezes
sought to impose on him was related to or arose from the contract between Hypersonic and the
Sanchezes; therefore, personal liability could be imposed on him only if the Sanchezes could pierce
Hypersonic’s corporate veil. Mulvaney argued the corporate veil could not be pierced because there
was no evidence he committed any actual fraud or that he used Hypersonic as a sham to perpetrate
a fraud. Mulvaney also argued that the Sanchezes could not impose individual liability on him based
upon Hypersonic’s forfeiture of its charter because all causes of action arose before Hypersonic
forfeited its charter in December 2006. Mulvaney did not seek to establish his entitlement to a
traditional summary judgment by arguing that there existed no genuine issue of material fact as to
one or more essential elements of each of the Sanchezes’ causes of action. Instead, he sought a no-
evidence summary judgment only on the grounds that he was shielded from personal liability
because there was no evidence of actual fraud on his part. Therefore, we construe Mulvaney’s
motion as seeking a no-evidence summary judgment, and we apply the appropriate standard of
review.
A no-evidence summary judgment motion is improperly granted when the non-movant
brings forth more than a scintilla of probative evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact.
TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Gomez v. Tri City Cmty.
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i i i i i i
OPINION
No. 04-07-00806-CV
Henry SANCHEZ, Jr. and Josefina Sanchez, Appellants
v.
Ryan MULVANEY d/b/a Freestone Equipment Co. and Hypersonic Construction, LLC, Appellees
From the 79th Judicial District Court, Brooks County, Texas Trial Court No. 06-07-13594-CV Honorable Richard Terrell, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Sitting: Catherine Stone, Justice Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice Rebecca Simmons, Justice
Delivered and Filed: August 6, 2008
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED
This is an appeal from the trial court’s summary judgment rendered in favor of appellees.
We affirm in part and reverse in part and remand.
BACKGROUND
Appellants, Henry Sanchez, Jr. and Josefina Sanchez, are the co-owners of real property on
which they intended to construct a Sonic Drive-in restaurant. The Sanchezes hired appellee
Hypersonic Construction, LLC (“Hypersonic”) as the general contractor. Appellee, Ryan Mulvaney, 04-07-00806-CV
was one of the member-owners of Hypersonic. Ryan Mulvaney d/b/a Freestone Equipment Co.
(“Mulvaney”) was also one of the subcontractors on the project. Alamo Concrete Products, Ltd.
(“Alamo”) supplied the concrete. At some point during construction, Alamo was not paid for all the
concrete it supplied to the project, and it filed a mechanic’s and materialman’s lien encumbering the
Sanchezes’ property. To avoid foreclosure and obtain permanent financing for the project, the
Sanchezes paid Alamo the amount owed, plus attorney’s fees and interest.
The Sanchezes then sued Hypersonic; Ryan Mulvaney individually, in his capacity as an
owner of Hypersonic, and in his capacity as owner/operator of Freestone Equipment Co.; and four
other individuals who were either owners or managers of Hypersonic on the following causes of
action: violation of the Construction Trust Fund Act, DTPA violations, breach of contract,
conversion, and common law contribution and equitable subrogation. In their petition, the
Sanchezes asserted they paid to Hypersonic sufficient funds earmarked for payment to Alamo, but
that neither Hypersonic nor Mulvaney ensured that the money was tendered to Alamo. The
Sanchezes sought reimbursement for the monies paid by them to Alamo.
During mediation, the Sanchezes settled their claims against the four other individuals. Also,
by this time, Hypersonic was defunct and insolvent. Eventually, the trial court rendered summary
judgment in favor of Mulvaney on all of the Sanchezes’ claims, and this appeal ensued.
MULVANEY’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
As a preliminary matter, we first address the parties’ disagreement over the type of summary
judgment sought by Mulvaney and the grounds on which he sought summary judgment. Mulvaney’s
motion states he sought both a traditional and no-evidence summary judgment. However, we
determine the standard of proof on a summary judgment motion after considering the substance of
-2- 04-07-00806-CV
the motion, rather than categorizing the motion strictly by its form or title. See Rodgers v.
Weatherspoon, 141 S.W.3d 342, 344 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.).
A motion for summary judgment must state the specific grounds upon which judgment is
sought. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). Under traditional summary judgment standards, a party
moving for summary judgment has the burden of establishing as a matter of law that no genuine
issue of material fact exists as to one or more essential elements of the plaintiff’s cause of action.
Casso v. Brand, 776 S.W.2d 551, 556 (Tex. 1989); Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546,
548-49 (Tex. 1985). On the other hand, a no-evidence motion for summary judgment “must state
the elements as to which there is no evidence.” See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). A no-evidence motion
for summary judgment is legally insufficient as a matter of law if it is not specific in challenging a
particular element or is conclusory. See McConnell v. Southside Ind. Sch. Dist., 858 S.W.2d 337,
342 (Tex. 1993); Callaghan Ranch, Ltd. v. Killam, 53 S.W.3d 1, 3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000,
pet. denied).
The Sanchezes assert that, to the extent Mulvaney’s motion seeks a no-evidence summary
judgment, it was insufficient because it failed to identify any elements of their causes of action upon
which Mulvaney moved for summary judgment. Mulvaney contends his reply to the Sanchezes’
response set out the elements of the Sanchezes’ claims as to which there was no evidence. For the
first time in his reply, Mulvaney specifically challenged the Sanchezes’ causes of action under the
Texas Construction Trust Fund Act, and for DTPA violations, breach of contract, conversion, and
common law contribution and equitable subrogation. However, a movant may not use a reply brief
to meet the specificity requirement or to assert new grounds for summary judgment. Community
Intitives, Inc. v. Chase Bank of Texas, 153 S.W.3d 270, 280 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2004, no pet.); see
also Callaghan Ranch, 53 S.W.3d at 4; Sams v. N.L. Indus., 735 S.W.2d 486, 487-88 (Tex.
-3- 04-07-00806-CV
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, no writ). Therefore, we do not consider any arguments raised in
Mulvaney’s reply and we will consider only those grounds specifically raised in Mulvaney’s motion
for summary judgment in order to determine the basis on which he moved for judgment.
In his motion for summary judgment, Mulvaney argued all of the liability the Sanchezes
sought to impose on him was related to or arose from the contract between Hypersonic and the
Sanchezes; therefore, personal liability could be imposed on him only if the Sanchezes could pierce
Hypersonic’s corporate veil. Mulvaney argued the corporate veil could not be pierced because there
was no evidence he committed any actual fraud or that he used Hypersonic as a sham to perpetrate
a fraud. Mulvaney also argued that the Sanchezes could not impose individual liability on him based
upon Hypersonic’s forfeiture of its charter because all causes of action arose before Hypersonic
forfeited its charter in December 2006. Mulvaney did not seek to establish his entitlement to a
traditional summary judgment by arguing that there existed no genuine issue of material fact as to
one or more essential elements of each of the Sanchezes’ causes of action. Instead, he sought a no-
evidence summary judgment only on the grounds that he was shielded from personal liability
because there was no evidence of actual fraud on his part. Therefore, we construe Mulvaney’s
motion as seeking a no-evidence summary judgment, and we apply the appropriate standard of
review.
A no-evidence summary judgment motion is improperly granted when the non-movant
brings forth more than a scintilla of probative evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact.
TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Gomez v. Tri City Cmty. Hosp., Ltd., 4 S.W.3d 281, 283 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 1999, no pet.). More than a scintilla of evidence exists if the evidence would allow
reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions. Forbes, Inc. v. Granada
-4- 04-07-00806-CV
Biosciences, Inc., 124 S.W.3d 167, 172 (Tex. 2003). Less than a scintilla of evidence exists if the
evidence is so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion of a fact. Id.
BREACH OF CONTRACT CLAIM
There is no dispute that the only contract in this case is the one entered into between the
Sanchezes and Hypersonic. In their petition, the Sanchezes alleged Hypersonic “and its individual
owners” breached the construction contract because “[Hypersonic] . . . failed to perform numerous
obligations under said contract.” The Sanchezes sought recovery against Mulvaney and the other
individual defendants “as a result of [Hypersonic’s] forfeited status as a Texas Limited Liability
Company.” Thus, the Sanchezes sought to hold Mulvaney individually liable for Hypersonic’s
breach of its contractual obligations.
Generally, members are not individually liable for the debts of a limited liability company.
McCarthy v. Wani Venture, A.S., 251 S.W.3d 573, 590 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet.
denied). Hypersonic is a limited liability corporation to which state law principles for piercing the
corporate veil apply. Id. Therefore, the Sanchezes could hold Mulvaney individually liable for
Hypersonic’s alleged breach of its contractual obligations only to the extent they pierced the
corporate veil. See Willis v. Donnelly, 199 S.W.3d 262, 271 (Tex. 2006). Accordingly, the burden
shifted to the Sanchezes to bring forth more than a scintilla of probative evidence that raises a
genuine issue of material fact on the issue of actual fraud on Mulvaney’s part. In their response to
Mulvaney’s motion for summary judgment, the Sanchezes alleged only that section 171.252 of the
Texas Tax Code applies exclusively to corporations, Hypersonic is a limited liability corporation,
and, therefore, they “may seek recovery from [Mulvaney] for [Hypersonic’s] breach of contract.”
The Sanchezes brought forth no evidence of fraud on Mulvaney’s part that would entitle them to
hold him individually liable for any breach by Hypersonic of its contractual obligations. Therefore,
-5- 04-07-00806-CV
the trial court properly rendered summary judgment in favor of Mulvaney on the Sanchezes’ breach
of contract claim.
NON-CONTRACT CLAIMS
We believe Mulvaney’s argument that liability could be imposed on him only if the
Sanchezes pierced Hypersonic’s corporate veil misconstrues the non-contract claims brought against
him. In their petition, the Sanchezes alleged Mulvaney “intentionally or knowingly or with intent
to defraud, directly or indirectly retained, used, disbursed, or otherwise diverted [construction
payments] without first fully paying obligations then owed . . . to [Alamo].” The Sanchezes also
alleged Mulvaney violated the DTPA by making certain misrepresentations, breaching certain
warranties, and engaging in an unconscionable action or course of action. It is therefore clear that
the Sanchezes sought to hold Mulvaney individually liable for his own allegedly tortious or
fraudulent actions.
The issue of a defendant’s liability in his individual capacity is distinct from that of his
liability under an alter ego theory. A corporation’s agent is personally liable for his own fraudulent
or tortious acts, even when acting within the course and scope of his employment. See Miller v.
Keyser, 90 S.W.3d 712, 717 (Tex. 2002); Cimarron Hydrocarbons Corp. v. Carpenter, 143 S.W.3d
560, 564 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied); Gore v. Scotland Golf, Inc., 136 S.W.3d 26, 32
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, pet. denied). In an action seeking to hold an agent individually
liable for his tortious or fraudulent acts, the corporate veil is not required to be pierced. Gore,
136 S.W.3d at 32; Kingston v. Helm, 82 S.W.3d 755, 761 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002, pet.
denied). Therefore, the trial court erred in rendering summary judgment in favor of Mulvaney on
the Sanchezes’ non-contract claims on the grounds that the Sanchezes were required to pierce the
corporate veil. See Cimarron Hydrocarbons, 143 S.W.3d at 564 (“Our review of [movant’s]
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summary judgment motion reveals he failed to show or even allege that no evidence exists to
support one or more elements of [non-movant’s] negligence, DTPA, and breach of warranty claims
against [movant] in his individual capacity.”) (emphasis added).
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s summary judgment in favor of Mulvaney on the Sanchezes’
breach of contract claim and we reverse the summary judgment in all other respects and remand for
further proceedings.
Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
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