NOTICE: This opinion is subject to modification resulting from motions for reconsideration under Supreme Court Rule 27, the Court’s reconsideration, and editorial revisions by the Reporter of Decisions. The version of the opinion published in the Advance Sheets for the Georgia Reports, designated as the “Final Copy,” will replace any prior version on the Court’s website and docket. A bound volume of the Georgia Reports will contain the final and official text of the opinion.
In the Supreme Court of Georgia
Decided: August 12, 2025
S25A0849. HENDERSON v. STATE
COLVIN, Justice.
Appellant Sean Henderson appeals his convictions for malice
murder and other crimes related to the shooting death of Derrick
Hinton. 1 On appeal, Appellant argues that the trial court erred when
it failed to instruct the jury on the lesser offense of voluntary
1 The crimes occurred on August 29, 2019. On November 21, 2019, a
DeKalb County grand jury returned a four-count indictment against Appellant for malice murder (Count 1), felony murder (Count 2), aggravated assault (Count 3), and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (Count 4). A jury trial was held from February 7 to 9, 2022, and the jury found Appellant guilty on all counts. The trial court sentenced Appellant to life for malice murder (Count 1) and five consecutive years in prison for possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (Count 4). All other counts merged or were vacated by operation of law. Appellant filed a motion for new trial through new counsel on March 7, 2022, and amended his motion through different counsel on May 5, 2024. The trial court denied Appellant’s motion for new trial on May 15, 2024. Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal to this Court on May 17, 2024. The appeal was docketed to this Court’s April 2025 term and was submitted for a decision on the briefs. manslaughter, that the prosecutor’s comments on his statement
that he would speak with an attorney during a pretrial interrogation
constituted reversible error, and that trial counsel was ineffective
for failing to object to testimony concerning his invocation of the
right to counsel and for failing to request a curative instruction. We
affirm Appellant’s convictions for the reasons explained below.
In August 2019, Appellant and Hinton lived in different rooms
in the same motel. Hinton lived there along with his girlfriend,
Precious Hector, and her three daughters, the youngest of whom she
shared with Hinton. According to Appellant, Hector approached him
one day and asked to purchase some marijuana. Appellant testified
that he refused and that this refusal created a rift between
Appellant and Hinton. According to Appellant, this rift was
apparent on at least three subsequent occasions. On the first
occasion, Appellant was crossing a street to go to a store when he
saw Hinton. According to Appellant, Hinton looked at him
“violently” and “moved into [a] position” that temporarily blocked
Appellant from opening the store’s door “all the way[.]” On the
2 second occasion, Appellant was waiting at a bus stop when Hinton
walked towards him from across the street, staring at him
“violently” and “up and down” in a manner that felt “threatening” to
Appellant. The third occasion took place at the motel while
Appellant was getting ice from a machine. According to Appellant,
Hinton came and “walk[ed] right up on [Appellant’s] shoulder” and
“put his chest . . . or . . . his stomach . . . on [Appellant,]” causing
him to drop his ice. Appellant testified that when he turned around,
both he and Hinton stared at each other in a “threatening” manner,
and that as Hinton turned away, Hinton “lift[ed] up his elbow” as if
to hit Appellant. Appellant testified that each run-in with Hinton
caused him to wonder whether he needed to “defend [him]self.”
Sometime later that same month, Appellant took his gun with
him to pay his motel bill. He testified that, on the way, he saw that
Hector and Hinton’s door was “open” and thought he would go
“check[ ] on [Hinton].” Appellant further testified that he saw
Hinton sweeping inside. As Appellant stood “in the doorway[,]” he
asked Hinton if “everything [was] all right[.]” Hinton responded in
3 the affirmative, and Appellant asked whether the two could speak
further to “iron . . . out” their “differences[.]” Appellant testified that
Hinton began to grow angry, that he approached Appellant with a
broom, and that Appellant began to feel “afraid,” especially because
Hinton was significantly larger than him. According to Appellant,
Hinton was “doing all this yelling, causing all this commotion,” and
“deliberately” “spitting out of his mouth while he was talking[.]”
Appellant further testified that he “couldn’t believe” that Hinton
was “taking [the situation] th[at] far.” At some point during the
encounter, Appellant dropped his jacket. As Appellant reached down
to pick it up before making to leave, Hinton “stepped in front of
[him].” Appellant picked up his jacket “quick[ly]” and then put his
hand into his backpack, where he had stored his gun. Appellant
testified that when Hinton noticed that Appellant had a gun, Hinton
said, “I don’t give a f**k.” Appellant further testified that, in that
moment, the men were “face-to-face[,]” and it was “a race” between
Hinton “hitting [him]” and Appellant “defending [him]self.”
According to Appellant, he shot Hinton as Hinton was “in motion”
4 with the broom.
P. H., Hector’s teenage daughter was in the room with Hinton
during the altercation. According to P. H., it appeared as though
Appellant had no particular “subject” to discuss with Hinton. She
described Appellant’s voice as “soft” and “faded at first” as he asked
Hinton questions along the lines of, “Are you okay man?” “Are you
fine?” and “How’s your day going?” P. H. further testified that
Hinton responded, “No, I’m okay, man, I just woke up[.]” Up to that
point, P. H. testified, there was “no argument” until Appellant told
Hinton, “You look like something’s wrong with you” and then asked
Hinton, “What’s wrong with your face[?]” P. H. further testified that
Hinton “got weird by it” and “got real loud[,]” questioning why
Appellant kept asking him what was “wrong” with him. According
to P. H., as the conversation between Hinton and Appellant got
louder, she went toward the door where Hinton and Appellant were
standing. P. H. testified that she did not see the entire encounter,
but she reported hearing four gunshots and seeing the final shot,
which she said hit Hinton in the stomach once “he got to the
5 ground[.]” According to P. H., when Hinton fell at her feet, she saw
Appellant’s “gun[,]” “face[,]” and distinctive gait as he walked away.
P. H. also testified that she identified Appellant in a photograph as
the shooter for law enforcement officers. And at trial, Hector, who
was on the other side of the motel at the time of the shooting,
testified that she saw Appellant walking away from the scene after
hearing gunshots.
The medical examiner testified that Hinton sustained three
gunshot wounds: one to the chest, one to the hand, and one to the
left side of the back. According to the medical examiner, Hinton died
of a gunshot wound to the torso shortly after the shooting.
Appellant testified at trial that his acquaintance, Brandon
Brooks, helped him move out of his motel room and into another
motel the day after the shooting. Brooks testified that, on the ride to
the new motel, Appellant told Brooks that he “got into a scuffle with
a guy” and that he “basically, had to protect himself[.]” But Detective
J.B. Williams testified that Brooks’s account of the discussion
during the car ride was different in his pretrial interview with him.
6 Detective Williams’s interview with Brooks was played in open
court, and in it, Brooks and Williams engaged in the following
colloquy:
DETECTIVE WILLIAMS: Alright, tell me exactly what he told you. BROOKS: [H]e beat around the bush. He didn’t tell me too much details. He literally said, “I got in it with this dude, and then I seen him one day, and he said something smart, so I busted at him six times.” DETECTIVE WILLIAMS: Okay. And that was his exact words? BROOKS: Yep.
Appellant was arrested shortly after he and Brooks arrived at
the second motel. Law enforcement officers found several items in
Appellant’s room, including a backpack and a gun that was later
identified as the murder weapon.
1. Appellant contends that the trial court erred when it failed
to instruct the jury on the lesser offense of voluntary manslaughter
upon request. We disagree.
Under Georgia law, a person commits the offense of voluntary
manslaughter when he or she “causes the death of another human
being under circumstances which would otherwise be murder” and
7 “acts solely as the result of a sudden, violent, and irresistible passion
resulting from serious provocation sufficient to excite such passion
in a reasonable person[.]” OCGA § 16-5-2 (a). “A trial court must
grant [a] defendant’s request for a charge on . . . voluntary
manslaughter if there is any evidence, however slight, to support
such a charge.” Allen v. State, 319 Ga. 415, 419–20 (2024) (citation
and punctuation omitted). We have held that
a charge on voluntary manslaughter is warranted only where it can be shown that the accused was so influenced and excited that he reacted passionately rather than simply in an attempt to defend himself. A charge on voluntary manslaughter is not available to a defendant whose own statement unequivocally shows that he was not angered or impassioned when a killing occurred, and when the other evidence does not show otherwise.
Ward v. State, 318 Ga. 884, 893 (2024) (citations omitted). And we
have further held that “[n]either fear that someone is going to pull
a weapon nor fighting are the types of provocation which demand a
voluntary manslaughter charge.” Allen, 319 Ga. at 426 (citation and
punctuation omitted). This is not to say that “a defendant’s claim of
self-defense . . . preclude[s] an alternative claim of voluntary
8 manslaughter.” Id. As we have made “clear,” when “there is some
evidence to support more than one theory, a defendant who pursues
alternative defense theories is entitled to requested charges on both
theories.” Id. at 427 (citation and punctuation omitted). But, as
relevant here, for a voluntary manslaughter charge to be warranted,
there must be at least “slight evidence that the defendant, in killing
the victim, acted under a serious provocation that could excite a
sudden, violent, and irresistible passion in a reasonable person.”
Anderson v. State, 319 Ga. 56, 61 (2024) (citations and punctuation
omitted). And “words alone, regardless of the degree of their
insulting nature, will not in any case justify the excitement of
passion so as to reduce the crime from murder to manslaughter.” Id.
at 443 n.25.
Here, the trial court did not err in failing to charge the jury on
voluntary manslaughter because Appellant’s own testimony showed
that, at most, he was fearful and attempting to defend himself when
he shot Hinton, not that he was angered or impassioned. Appellant
testified that there was a “race” between Hinton hitting him and
9 Appellant “defending [him]self.” He further testified that he was
“afraid, threatened,” and of the belief that Hinton might “beat [him]
up or beat [him] with the broom.” Moreover, there was no evidence
that Appellant was provoked in a way that supported a voluntary
manslaughter instruction. Accordingly, the trial court was not
required to charge the jury on voluntary manslaughter. See Ward,
318 Ga. at 891–93 (holding that a voluntary manslaughter charge
was not warranted when the appellant denied shooting the victim
out of “heat of passion” and instead testified that it was “him or me”
and that he shot the victim because he was “scared for his life” after
the two “tussled” and the victim had a gun (punctuation omitted));
Williams v. State, 306 Ga. 717, 721 (2019) (holding that a voluntary
manslaughter charge was not warranted when the evidence showed
that the defendant “was attempting to repel an attack, not that he
was so angered that he reacted passionately” (citation omitted));
Burke v. State, 302 Ga. 786, 790–91 (2018) (“[A]cting out of fear of
bodily harm is not the same as acting in the heat of passion, and
only evidence of the latter supports a voluntary manslaughter
10 conviction.”); Baugh v. State, 293 Ga. 52, 55 (2013) (holding that no
voluntary manslaughter instruction was warranted when, according
to the appellant, he shot the victim out of “reflex” after the victim
“fir[ed] a gun in his direction”).
Appellant, however, compares his case to Webb v. State, 284
Ga. 122 (2008), to support his argument that the trial court erred by
failing to charge the jury on voluntary manslaughter. Specifically,
Appellant argues that “[w]ords connected with other acts or
provocative conduct, such as aggressive behavior or physical
violence, can form the basis of the required ‘slight’ evidence.” In
Webb, trial evidence showed that the defendant “overreacted” and
fatally stabbed one of his house guests after a “confrontation” arose
between them, and we held that the trial court erred in failing to
give a voluntary manslaughter charge. Id. at 126.
Appellant argues that his case is similar to Webb in that there
is “ample evidence that [he] and Hinton were arguing,” that Hinton
blocked Appellant from leaving, and that Appellant believed that
Hinton was going to “beat” him with a broom. Webb, however,
11 contains a key fact that Appellant lacks: evidence that the defendant
reacted out of passion. Webb admitted to “overreact[ing]” in his
police statement. Webb, 284 Ga. at 126 n.4. And that admission, in
addition to evidence of the confrontation, constituted slight evidence
that Webb acted out of heat of passion. Id. Here, on the other hand,
no evidence showed that Appellant reacted solely out of passion. See
Tarpley v. State, 298 Ga. 442, 445 (2016) (holding that a voluntary
manslaughter charge was not warranted when “[the appellant’s]
statements to police and trial testimony d[id] not indicate that he
killed [the victim] out of some irresistible passion — whatever the
source of that passion — but, instead, that the killing occurred
because [the appellant] was ‘very afraid’ of [the victim] that night”).
Accordingly, Webb is factually distinct, and Appellant’s reliance on
it is unavailing.
Appellant also cites Washington v. State, 249 Ga. 728 (1982),
for the proposition that evidence of a victim’s ongoing conduct
toward the accused can support a voluntary manslaughter charge.
See id. at 730 (holding that the trial court erred in failing to give a
12 voluntary manslaughter instruction when the victim cut the neck of
Washington’s son and days later, “was continuing to make threats
and taunts against the life of [Washington’s] son” (emphasis
supplied)). Appellant points to his three previous encounters with
Hinton and claims that, at the time of the shooting, Hinton was
exhibiting some of the same threatening behavior he had exhibited
in the past. And Appellant asserts that, as in Washington, the jury
should have been instructed on voluntary manslaughter.
Washington is distinguishable from the present case, however,
and does not support Appellant’s claim that the trial court erred in
failing to give a voluntary manslaughter charge. In Washington, we
held that the trial court erred in failing to give a voluntary
manslaughter instruction when there was evidence that the victim
made threats against the Appellant’s son’s life. Washington, 249 Ga.
at 730. But here, unlike in Washington, there is no evidence that
Hinton made threats against any of Appellant’s loved ones, which
might generate a passion sufficient to warrant an instruction on
voluntary manslaughter. Compare Allen v. State, 319 Ga. 415, 418,
13 423 (2024) (holding that a charge on voluntary manslaughter was
warranted when there was evidence amounting to a reasonable
belief that adulterous conduct had occurred between the victim and
the appellant’s wife, including evidence that when the appellant
asked the victim why he, as a married man, was “f**king up” the
appellant’s family, the victim responded, “man, f**k you” with a
“smirk on his face”); Scott v. State, 291 Ga. 156, 157 (2012) (holding
that a voluntary manslaughter charge was warranted when the
“appellant proffered evidence supporting an inference that he shot
the victim in the heat of passion during a confrontation about the
victim’s molestation of [the] appellant’s niece”). Accordingly,
Washington does not support Appellant’s claim.
2. Appellant also argues that the trial court erred when it
permitted the prosecutor to ask a detective questions about
Appellant’s statement made during his interrogation that he would
“talk to” an attorney. Appellant further asserts that the trial court
erred when it failed to give a curative instruction. These claims fail.
During the direct examination of Detective Chris Tappan, the
14 prosecutor played an audio recording of Appellant’s interview with
him and another detective after Appellant was taken into custody.
The recording captured Appellant’s oral waiver of his rights under
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 US 436 (1966), prior to the interview, as
well as the detectives’ assurance that Appellant could “stop” the
interrogation “whenever [he] want[ed] to.” The recording further
revealed that Appellant answered the detectives’ questions for
approximately 20 minutes without hesitation. But when a detective
asked Appellant, “[W]hen was the last time you saw [Hinton]?”
Appellant responded, “Imma talk to a lawyer about that, the last
time I saw him.” The interrogation continued:
DETECTIVE: Are there any other questions you want to answer, or do you want to refer to an attorney? APPELLANT: If you got any questions for me — if I feel I should talk to a lawyer, then I’ll just let you know. ... DETECTIVE: Have you shot the — gun that you have recently? APPELLANT: I’ll talk to a lawyer about that. DETECTIVE: I mean, not necessarily at a person. Have you just discharged it recently? APPELLANT: I’ll talk to a lawyer about that. ... DETECTIVE: [W]hat made you leave the [motel] 15 yesterday? APPELLANT: What made me leave? I’ll talk to a lawyer about that.
A detective asked Appellant only two other general questions about
how he was able to get back into the motel the day after the shooting,
which Appellant answered without hesitation. After Appellant
answered those questions, the detective stated that it appeared
Appellant was beginning to “not want[ ] to answer a lot of
questions[.]” And Appellant responded, “I’ll just talk to an attorney
and see where it goes from there.” The detectives did not ask
Appellant any other questions past that point of the recording. 2
After the recording was finished playing, the prosecutor
examined Detective Tappan as follows:
PROSECUTOR: It’s your understanding that at that time he invoked his right to an attorney. DETECTIVE TAPPAN: That’s — it depends on your interpretation of what he just said. PROSECUTOR: He did invoke his rights to an attorney
2 Appellant asserts that his statement that he would “talk to” an attorney
was an invocation of his right to counsel. And the State does not contest that Appellant invoked that right. Accordingly, we assume without deciding that Appellant’s statement that he would “talk to” an attorney invoked a constitutional right which prohibited the State from using his silence against him. 16 at that time; Correct? DETECTIVE TAPPAN: He said I need to talk to a lawyer about that, specifically, about that question, which he did not want to answer the question.
Trial counsel did not object to this line of questioning during trial.
The United States Supreme Court has held that when a
defendant is taken into custody, prior to being questioned, he must
be “warned . . . that he has the right to remain silent[.]” Miranda,
384 U.S. at 479. “To use a defendant’s custodial statements in its
case-in-chief, the State must show that the defendant was advised
of his Miranda rights and that he voluntarily, knowingly, and
intelligently waived them.” Hinkson v. State, 310 Ga. 388, 400 (2020)
(citation omitted). “[T]he use for impeachment purposes of [an
accused’s] silence, at the time of arrest and after receiving Miranda
warnings, violate[s] the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment.” Doyle v. Ohio, 426 US 610, 619 (1976). “With respect
to post-Miranda warnings ‘silence,’ . . . silence does not mean only
muteness; it [also] includes the statement of a desire . . . to remain
silent until an attorney has been consulted.” Wainwright v.
17 Greenfield, 474 US 284, 295 n.13 (1986).
(a) Appellant argues that the prosecutor’s questions — and the
detective’s response — violated Appellant’s due process rights under
Doyle. Specifically, Appellant asserts that “twice” the State
“intentionally elicited” testimony meant to “imply his guilt — that
he was willing to speak with law enforcement until the topic of
Hinton came up, at which point he wanted to speak with a lawyer,
because he had done something wrong.”
Because Appellant failed to object during trial and preserve
this specific issue for appeal, we review only for plain error.3 See
Holloway v. State, 320 Ga. 668, 670 (2025) (reviewing the appellant’s
3 Appellant filed a motion in limine to suppress Appellant’s statement to
Detective Tappan on the ground that it was “not freely and voluntarily given and that [he] was not informed and/or did not understand” his rights under Miranda. While Appellant’s motion in limine challenged the admission of Appellant’s statement for the aforementioned reasons, it did not specifically challenge the admission of testimony pertaining to Appellant’s invocation of the right to counsel for impeachment purposes in violation of Doyle. Accordingly, our review is limited to plain error. See Madera v. State, 318 Ga. 593, 595 n.3 (2024) (“Although a party does not waive an error by failing to object to admission of evidence after a motion in limine is denied, this rule cannot be invoked to preserve a different, if perhaps related, error.” (citation and punctuation omitted) (quoting Williams v. Harvey, 311 Ga. 439, 452 (2021))). 18 constitutional claim only for plain error when the appellant “failed
to object to the trial court’s actions or otherwise seek to exclude th[e]
evidence at trial”); Dunbar v. State, 309 Ga. 252, 256 (2020)
(applying the plain error standard of review when the appellant “did
not object to the trial court on the constitutional grounds she” raised
on appeal). To show plain error, an appellant
must point to an error that was not affirmatively waived, the error must have been clear and not open to reasonable dispute, the error must have affected his substantial rights, and the error must have seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.
Render v. State, 320 Ga. 890, 899 (2025) (citation and punctuation
omitted). “If one prong of the plain error test is not satisfied, we need
not address the other prongs of the test.” Baker v. State, 319 Ga. 456,
462 (2024).
Here, the trial court did not plainly err because Appellant has
not shown that the alleged error likely affected the outcome of his
trial. In light of the strong evidence against him, it is unlikely that
the detective’s testimony about Appellant wanting to speak with a
19 lawyer had an effect on the jury’s verdict. See Henderson v. State,
317 Ga. 66, 80 (2023) (holding that the admission of a statement
which the defendant contended violated his Confrontation Clause
rights “was unlikely to have affected the outcome of the trial” given
the “otherwise strong case against [him]”); Jones v. State, 317 Ga.
466, 473 (2023) (holding that, “[e]ven assuming . . . it was clear error
to admit the portions of [a] video recording that [the appellant]
contend[ed] contained commentary on his silence . . . any error did
not affect [his] substantial rights” because the appellant’s “silence in
the face of the investigators’ questions and comments was
cumulative of other properly admitted evidence at trial and was
harmless in light of the substantial evidence of [his] guilt”). This
evidence included that Appellant, while armed with a gun, took it
upon himself to “check[ ] on” Hinton — with whom he had previous
tense encounters — when he saw that Hector and Hinton’s room
door was open. See Morris v. State, 301 Ga. 702, 704 (2017) (holding
that there was sufficient evidence of malice aforethought when,
“[p]rior to the shooting, [the defendant] acquired a gun and then
20 headed to the house” where the victim was located and shot him
“numerous times . . . even after he had already fallen to the ground”).
The evidence also included testimony from P. H. that Appellant did
not have a particular “subject” to discuss when he approached
Hinton other than to ask Hinton what was “wrong with [his] face[.]”
And other evidence included a recorded interview in which Brooks
told Williams that Appellant said he “busted at [Hinton] six times”
because Hinton said “something smart.” See Anderson v. State, 319
Ga. 56, 61 (2024) (“[T]hreats and insults on their own are not enough
to support a voluntary manslaughter instruction.”). Altogether, any
prejudice arising from the prosecutor’s questions and the detective’s
response did not likely affect the outcome of Appellant’s trial
because the evidence showing that he acted with malice
aforethought was strong. Appellant therefore cannot show plain
error.
(b) Appellant also argues that the trial court erred in failing to
give a curative instruction after the prosecutor’s colloquy with the
detective. This claim is also reviewed for plain error because
21 Appellant failed to request a curative instruction during trial. See
Wynn v. State, 313 Ga. 827, 830 (2022) (“Because [the appellant] did
not raise any objection regarding the . . . evidence at trial and did
not request a curative instruction, we review these issues only for
plain error.”). Under the third prong of plain error review, Appellant
cannot show that the trial court’s failure to, sua sponte, give a
curative instruction likely affected the outcome of his trial for the
reasons explained above. Accordingly, Appellant’s claim fails.
3. Finally, Appellant argues that trial counsel was ineffective
for failing to object to evidence regarding his statement that he
would “talk to” an attorney and for failing to request a curative
instruction. For the reasons explained below, Appellant has waived
these claims.
After Appellant was convicted, his trial counsel filed a motion
for new trial. He then filed an amended motion for new trial through
new counsel who represented him at the hearing for the amended
motion. Appellant raised several ineffective assistance claims in his
amended motion for new trial and at the hearing but did not raise
22 the claims, which he currently asserts on appeal. Appellant’s
current counsel entered an appearance after the trial court denied
Appellant’s motion for new trial and a notice of appeal was filed to
this Court.
Under Georgia law,
in order to avoid a waiver of a claim of ineffective assistance against trial counsel, the claim must be raised at the earliest practicable moment, and that moment is before appeal if the opportunity to do so is available. The pre-appeal opportunity is “available” when the convicted defendant is no longer represented by the attorney who represented him at trial.
Sturkey v. State, 319 Ga. 156, 162 (2024) (citation and punctuation
omitted).
Appellant argues that the ineffective assistance claims he now
asserts were not waived because his current counsel did not
“participate in the motion for new trial” and entered an appearance
only after the notice of appeal had been filed. To support his
argument, Appellant compares his case to Johnson v. State, 259 Ga.
428, 429 (1989), overruled in part on other grounds by Wilson v.
State, 277 Ga. 195 (2003). In Johnson, the defendant’s appellate
23 counsel “filed an appeal [to this Court] from the denial of [a] motion
for new trial filed by trial counsel” and raised the issue of ineffective
assistance for the first time on appeal. Id. at 429. Thereafter, the
State requested “that the case be remanded for an evidentiary
hearing” in the trial court on the issue of ineffective assistance. Id.
We granted the State’s request and reasoned that
the requirement . . . that an evidentiary hearing must be requested at the time of an amended motion for new trial does not apply to a case where the appellate counsel did not participate in the motion for new trial, and the issue of ineffectiveness of counsel is raised for the first time on appeal.
Id.
Appellant suggests that, just as an evidentiary hearing on an
ineffective assistance claim raised for the first time on appeal can be
requested when new counsel takes over after the denial of a motion
for new trial filed by trial counsel, Appellant should be able to raise
new ineffective assistance claims because his current counsel did not
participate in the motion for new trial stage. We disagree.
The earliest practicable moment for Appellant to raise the
24 ineffective assistance claims he now asserts was in his amended
motion for new trial after he was no longer represented by trial
counsel. See Williams v. State, 298 Ga. 538, 540 (2016) (holding that
the appellant’s ineffective assistance claims were waived when they
were neither “asserted by him in his amended motion for new trial
filed after he obtained new counsel” nor “raised at the hearing on his
amended motion for new trial”). Moreover, Appellant’s case is
distinguishable from Johnson because in that case, appellate
counsel entered an appearance after trial counsel represented the
defendant throughout the entire motion for new trial stage. But
here, new counsel, rather than trial counsel, filed Appellant’s
amended motion for new trial, making it the earliest practicable
moment for Appellant to raise the ineffective assistance claims he
now asserts.
And though Appellant raised several ineffective-assistance
claims in his amended motion for new trial and at the motion for
new trial hearing, Appellant never asserted that his counsel was
ineffective for failing to object to the prosecutors’ questions and
25 failing to request a curative instruction. Accordingly, these claims
are waived. See Berry v. State, 321 Ga. 251, 255 (2025) (holding that,
because the appellant asserted for the first time on appeal that his
counsel was ineffective for a different reason than he asserted in his
motion for new trial, his claim was waived).
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur, except Land, J., not participating.