HARALSON, J.
The contention here is, whether the agreement between the appellants and appellee, as set out in the abstract, provides for a penalty or for liquidated damages, in case the appellee, during the existence of the partnership, violated the written agreement between him and his partners, the appellants, to abstain altogether from the use and indulgence in spiriuous, vinous and malt liquors in any form or quantity.
It is difficult, if not impossible, to lay down any one or more rules which will be a test by which all cases of the kind are to be determined, for in many cases a great number of considerations are to be considered in reaching the real intention of the parties. But it is agreed on all hands, that where the true intention of the parties, who are legally competent to contract, is clear and unmistakable, the courts will give it effect; for it is a universally admitted principle that in construing any contract, whether oral or written, the first and controlling inquiry is to ascertain the intention of the parties and give it effect, in the sense in which they mutually understood it, at the time it was made; and courts will not relieve them from the hardships of hard or improvident bargains, if made. — McPherson v. Harris, 59 Ala. 620; Williams v. Glover, 66 Ala. 189; Evington v. Smith, [560] Ib. 401; Comer v. Bankhead, 70 Ala. 136; Mason v. Alabama Iron Co., 73 Ala. 270.
In the case of Keeble v. Keeble, 85 Ala. 552, this court had occasion to consider the question here presented, and laid down many rules, as formulated from the authorities, for the consideration of courts in determining it. Among the rules formulated, are those that “Whether the sum agreed to be paid is out of proportion to the actual damages, which will probably be sustained by a breach, is a fact into which the court will not enter on inquiry, if the intent is otherwise made clear, that liquidated damages and not a penalty is in contemplation and “When the agreement is in the alternative, to do one of two acts, but is to pay a larger sum of money in the one than in the other, the obligor having his election to do either, the amount thus agreed to be paid will be held liquidated damages and not a penalty.” In another and the concluding test there stated, the court added, that “in applying these rules, the controlling purpose of which is to ascertain the real intention of the parties, the court will consider the nature of the contract, the terms of the whole instrument, the consequences naturally resulting from a breach of its stipulations, and the peculiar circumstances surrounding the transaction, thus permitting each case to stand, as far as possible, on its own merits and peculiarities.” Another rule, as stated by Wood in a note to Mayne on Damages, 203, is “that where the damages are uncertain, and not susceptible of ready ascertainment, and the sum fixed upon as damages is not unreasonable and unconscionable in view of the probable damages, and, from the whole contract and surrounding circumstances, appears to have been the intention of the parties, such sum will be treated as liquidated damages ; but when the damages are certain and susceptible of ready ascertainment, or where the sum fixed upon is out of all proportion with the probable damages, it will be treated as a penalty.” — Kelso v. Reid, 145 Penn. St. Rep. 606; s. c. 27 Am. St. Rep. 716, and note. And again, it is held, that “where a sum of money, whether in the name of a penalty or otherwise, is introduced into a covenant or agreement merely to secure the enjoyment of a collateral object, the enjoyment, of the object is to be considered as the principal intent [561] of the deed or contract, and the penalty only an accessory, and, therefore, only to secure the damages really incurred.” See note to Williams v. Vance, 30 Am. Rep. 28, 29. But when the purpose is clear, it is said there seems to be no reason to hesitate to give it effect — Sedgwick on Damages, 421; Dankins v. Williams, 17 Wend. 447; Keeble v. Keeble, supra.
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HARALSON, J.
The contention here is, whether the agreement between the appellants and appellee, as set out in the abstract, provides for a penalty or for liquidated damages, in case the appellee, during the existence of the partnership, violated the written agreement between him and his partners, the appellants, to abstain altogether from the use and indulgence in spiriuous, vinous and malt liquors in any form or quantity.
It is difficult, if not impossible, to lay down any one or more rules which will be a test by which all cases of the kind are to be determined, for in many cases a great number of considerations are to be considered in reaching the real intention of the parties. But it is agreed on all hands, that where the true intention of the parties, who are legally competent to contract, is clear and unmistakable, the courts will give it effect; for it is a universally admitted principle that in construing any contract, whether oral or written, the first and controlling inquiry is to ascertain the intention of the parties and give it effect, in the sense in which they mutually understood it, at the time it was made; and courts will not relieve them from the hardships of hard or improvident bargains, if made. — McPherson v. Harris, 59 Ala. 620; Williams v. Glover, 66 Ala. 189; Evington v. Smith, [560] Ib. 401; Comer v. Bankhead, 70 Ala. 136; Mason v. Alabama Iron Co., 73 Ala. 270.
In the case of Keeble v. Keeble, 85 Ala. 552, this court had occasion to consider the question here presented, and laid down many rules, as formulated from the authorities, for the consideration of courts in determining it. Among the rules formulated, are those that “Whether the sum agreed to be paid is out of proportion to the actual damages, which will probably be sustained by a breach, is a fact into which the court will not enter on inquiry, if the intent is otherwise made clear, that liquidated damages and not a penalty is in contemplation and “When the agreement is in the alternative, to do one of two acts, but is to pay a larger sum of money in the one than in the other, the obligor having his election to do either, the amount thus agreed to be paid will be held liquidated damages and not a penalty.” In another and the concluding test there stated, the court added, that “in applying these rules, the controlling purpose of which is to ascertain the real intention of the parties, the court will consider the nature of the contract, the terms of the whole instrument, the consequences naturally resulting from a breach of its stipulations, and the peculiar circumstances surrounding the transaction, thus permitting each case to stand, as far as possible, on its own merits and peculiarities.” Another rule, as stated by Wood in a note to Mayne on Damages, 203, is “that where the damages are uncertain, and not susceptible of ready ascertainment, and the sum fixed upon as damages is not unreasonable and unconscionable in view of the probable damages, and, from the whole contract and surrounding circumstances, appears to have been the intention of the parties, such sum will be treated as liquidated damages ; but when the damages are certain and susceptible of ready ascertainment, or where the sum fixed upon is out of all proportion with the probable damages, it will be treated as a penalty.” — Kelso v. Reid, 145 Penn. St. Rep. 606; s. c. 27 Am. St. Rep. 716, and note. And again, it is held, that “where a sum of money, whether in the name of a penalty or otherwise, is introduced into a covenant or agreement merely to secure the enjoyment of a collateral object, the enjoyment, of the object is to be considered as the principal intent [561] of the deed or contract, and the penalty only an accessory, and, therefore, only to secure the damages really incurred.” See note to Williams v. Vance, 30 Am. Rep. 28, 29. But when the purpose is clear, it is said there seems to be no reason to hesitate to give it effect — Sedgwick on Damages, 421; Dankins v. Williams, 17 Wend. 447; Keeble v. Keeble, supra.
The main facts in this case are so certain and undisputed that there can be no possible uncertainty or ambiguity about them. The defendants had reasons to believe that complainant had reformed from his former habits of intemperance. They had, from the 1st óf Oc tober, 1892, as it would seem, been employing him as a clerk. They proposed, on the 14th of March, 1894, to interest him in their business, not for the purpose of encouraging him, simply, to keep sober, though that might have been incidental to the arrangement, but to secure his interest in and services to their business. The supposed pecuniary benefit to accrue to each was evidently the moving consideration. This conclusion finds support in the fact that on March 14th, 1894, the date of the partnership, he was offered an interest in a business with J. M. Henderson, 'another relative. The offer of defendants, therefore, may be regarded as having been made from a pecuniary and business point of view, to keep him from leaving them and going into the service of another. It cannot be said that the provisions in the contract against complainant’s use of intoxicatiiig liquors was merely to secure his sobriety for-his own benfit, and that this must be considered as the principal intent of the agreement, and that the forfeiture provided was merely accessory thereto, intended as a penalty to secure only the damages to defendants that might accrue from complainant’s breach of the agreement. Defendants knew that complainant had been addicted to the destroying vice of intemperance, and had, as he himself avers in the bill, lost and squandered a handsome fortune in consequence. So, after having, from interested pecuniary motives, taken him in as a partner, and having every expectation, no doubt, that he would continue to remain sober and attentive to business, how great must have been their disappointment when, on the 1st of June, following their partnership contract in March, he should have turned up intoxicated, just at the [562] wrong time? Defendants could not stand that. It portended too much damage to'them ; and when complainant had sobered, they made the plain, fair proposition to him we find embodied in their mutual written agreement, which he accepted. In this, they required that he should abstain altogether from the use and indulgence in spirituous, vinous or malt liquors in any form or quantity as a condition to his continuance in the partnership, and this independent of any damage he might or might not occasion to the defendants by his violation of the contract in this respect. This was a condition they had a rigfit and an interest to provide against. They knew the disaster that might come from a drunken partner, who had already squandered his estate in a dissipated life, and that he might do, in a day or night, or in a short time, far more damage than his services wex-e worth in a year. They made, axxd he, in good faith no doubt, accepted the proposition submitted in the alternative, that he should bind himself to drink no more, and if he did, the contract of partnership was to be thereby terminated ; that, in such case, he should thereafter have no interest in the partnership, whatever, and would accept, in lieu thereof, the wages of an employe for his services, at $83.33 per month,.from Oct. 1st, 1893, when the business, comxnenced, up to the time of his violation of the contract, less what he might have drawn out from the business meantime, and $47.50 to pay for the mortgage on .his house. He violated the agreement on'the 1st of Decexnber, 1894, and defendants simply stood on the letter of the contract, to hold him as no longer intex’ested in any of the business or profits of the partnership, but to pay him for his services as provided, which sum, by his deliberate viqlation of the agx’eement, he elected to take, in the place of profits. The agreement was fair, on a valuable consideration, so plain that no man in the world can construe it to be doubtful or ambigxxous, and on every principle of justice he must abide by it. To hold otherwise would be to set aside the agreement the parties intended to make and did make, and make another for them, which they did not make. This cannot be done. The damages to accrue from plaintiff’s violation of his agreement were not certain. They may have been very great, or very small, or none at.all, owing to circumstances. In view,of the [563] possible or probable injury he might occasion by its violation, the requirement that he should give up his interest in the partnership and accept the pay stipulated, in that event, for his services as a clerk, was not unreasonable or unconscionable, but just and wise to have been made. No fraud or imposition is suggested, the intention is cle.ar, and every reason, therefore, under the authorities referred to, for holding this provision as a penalty in the nature of a security for no more than the actual damage that might accrue to defendants from a violation by complainant of his agreement departs, and the theory on which the bill is filed is without foundation. That such was the intention of the parties is absolutely foreclosed by the writing itself. The demurrer interposed to it was good, and should have been sustained, or the bill dismissed for want of Equity. If there is any way to amend it, under the agreement set out, so as to give it equity, we fail to discover it. A decree will be here rendered reversing the decree of the Chancery Court overruling the motion to dismiss for want of equity, and dismissing the bill.
Reversed and rendered.