The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Watkins, J.
Plaintiffs, alleging themselves to be the heirs of Gilbert Leonard, deceased, instituted this suit for the recovery of a tract of land, purchased by their ancestor in 1810, of Celestino De St. Maxeut, and which he caused to be laid off and divided in town lots; and averred that same constituted one of the environs of the city of Baton Rouge, and is designated upon the map of the city as Leonard town, and which extends along the Mississippi river, between the terminal points of North Boulevard and Convention streets,.in that city.
They allege that Leonard town was laid off to Front street, but the control and administration of the property, on the river side of said Front street, has been assmned and retained, on the ground that it was necessary for public uses; and that, for many years, a large strip of batture, between the river landing and North Boulevard and Front streets, has not been required for any public use; but, on the contrary, the defendant lias continuously, for a period of five years, rented said property to private parties, and has been deriving a revenue therefrom.
They claim $6000 accrued revenues, and $1000 per annum, accruing revenues. They join the lessees as defendants, and ask judgment against them in solido.
There is in the records an exhibit from the official map of the city, showing the extent of batture and location of the L., N. O. and T. R. R., west of square No. 1 of that part of the city of Baton Rouge, known as Leonard town, certified by the parish surveyor.
The track of this railroad traverses the vacant space between square No. 1 and the water’s edge, denominated by the plaintiffs as batture, in a somewhat diagonal direction; so that, at the point of its intersection of North Boulevard street, it is one hundred and thirtyffour feet from the latter and fifty feet from the former; while, at the point of its intersection with Convention street, it is only one hundred feet from the water’s edge and eighty feet from the square.
The vacant space thus traversed by the railroad is on the map denominated Front street.
It is this property that plaintiffs claim to be exempt from public use.
This suit appears to have been brought under the provisions of the Revised Statutes of 1870, see. 318, and which reads as follows, viz: Whenever the riparian owner of-any property in the incorporated [279]*279towns or cities of this State is entitled to the right of accretion, and batture lias been formed in front of his land more than is necessary for public use, which the corporation withholds from him, he shall have the right to institute suit against the corporation for so much of the batture as may not be necessary for public use; and, if it be determined by the court, that any portion of it be not necessary for public use, it shall decree that the owner is entitled to the property, and shall compel the corporation to permit him to enjoy the use and the ownership of such portion of it.”
In order that plaintiffs be entitled to recover, in our opinion, the following conditions must concur :
1st. The evidence must disclose that they are the “ riparian own - ners” of the property in dispute.
2d. That there has formed an accretion or batture in front of their land more than is necessary for public use.
3d. That the defendant city withholds this accretion, or batture, from them.
In answer defendant claims possession, since 1810, of all that portion of ground, above described as being traversed by the railroad track, and that the map, or plan referred to by plaintiffs, shows plainly that the land claimed by them was dedicated to public use by '(heir ancestor, from whom they claim to derive title.
The city also urges that said dedication having been made prior to the 27th of October, 1810, when President Madison ordered Gov. Claiborne to take possession of Western Florida, wherein the town of Baton Rouge was then situated, the city is fully protected in the enjoyment of all the rights of use, ana jproperty therein, as same existed under the laws of Spain, to which government that territory belonged at the time, and that under said laws the river bank in front of Baton Rouge, and particularly that part of it in front of Leonard town, belonged to the defendant.
The city contends that her right to said vacant space was recognized by France in the treaty of Ildefonzo, in 1800, whereby Spain conveyed the province of Louisiana to that republic; and again in the treaty between France and the United States, in 1803, whereby same was ceded to the latter; and that judgment in plaintiffs’ favor would be in violation thereof.
Defendant expressly denies that there is any increase in alluvion, in front of that portion of the town divided into lots by Gilbert Leonard, since said division was made; and avers that the works erected by the [280]*280Mississippi Valley Railway Company prevent the inundation of Front street, and the lots fronting thereon, and theretofore occurring.
The city admits that, in the exercise of her corporate powers, and to provide a revenue, lessen the burden of taxation, and to increase her facilities of trade in the article of fuel, which is one of prime necessity, she permitted a landing for coal in front of said Leonard town, where boats and barges are moored, and that for this privilege she has charged an annual rent.
She pleads in bar of plaintiffs’ right of action, the prescription of ten, twenty and thirty years, and prays judgment sustaining same, and decreeing the city entitled to the o%onership, use and possession of the property in controversy.
The word “ batture” has a precise legal signification: Vide Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, verbo, batture : “An elevation of the bed of a river, under the surface of the water; but is sometimes used to signify tlie same elevation when it has risen above the surface. The term “battures ” is applied principally to certain portions of the bed of the Mississippi river, which are left dry when the water is low, and are covered again, either in whole, or in part, by the annual swells.” 33 Ann. 548, Hollingsworth vs. Cliaffe.
Abbott’s Law Dictionary is the same.
In 6 O. S. 216, Morgan vs. Livingstone, the rights of riparian owners to batture formations on their river front, was thoroughly examined by Judge Martin, and from which the foregoing definitions were extracted.
The bank of a river is that space the water covers when the river is highest in any season of the year. The banks are not sold; they pass rather as an accessory of the contiguous land when sold, and the property of the banks belongs to those whose fields are contiguous. They must be the property of the riparian owners, without being included, or mentioned in their grants; for if they were only when included, (here would be no use for the provision of the law.
“ If,” says the learned judge, “therefore, when the sovereign grants land contiguous to the river, without mentioning the bank, it passes, it must do so as an accessory. If the bank passes as an accessory in the grant of the sovereign, it must also in the deeds of private persons.”
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The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Watkins, J.
Plaintiffs, alleging themselves to be the heirs of Gilbert Leonard, deceased, instituted this suit for the recovery of a tract of land, purchased by their ancestor in 1810, of Celestino De St. Maxeut, and which he caused to be laid off and divided in town lots; and averred that same constituted one of the environs of the city of Baton Rouge, and is designated upon the map of the city as Leonard town, and which extends along the Mississippi river, between the terminal points of North Boulevard and Convention streets,.in that city.
They allege that Leonard town was laid off to Front street, but the control and administration of the property, on the river side of said Front street, has been assmned and retained, on the ground that it was necessary for public uses; and that, for many years, a large strip of batture, between the river landing and North Boulevard and Front streets, has not been required for any public use; but, on the contrary, the defendant lias continuously, for a period of five years, rented said property to private parties, and has been deriving a revenue therefrom.
They claim $6000 accrued revenues, and $1000 per annum, accruing revenues. They join the lessees as defendants, and ask judgment against them in solido.
There is in the records an exhibit from the official map of the city, showing the extent of batture and location of the L., N. O. and T. R. R., west of square No. 1 of that part of the city of Baton Rouge, known as Leonard town, certified by the parish surveyor.
The track of this railroad traverses the vacant space between square No. 1 and the water’s edge, denominated by the plaintiffs as batture, in a somewhat diagonal direction; so that, at the point of its intersection of North Boulevard street, it is one hundred and thirtyffour feet from the latter and fifty feet from the former; while, at the point of its intersection with Convention street, it is only one hundred feet from the water’s edge and eighty feet from the square.
The vacant space thus traversed by the railroad is on the map denominated Front street.
It is this property that plaintiffs claim to be exempt from public use.
This suit appears to have been brought under the provisions of the Revised Statutes of 1870, see. 318, and which reads as follows, viz: Whenever the riparian owner of-any property in the incorporated [279]*279towns or cities of this State is entitled to the right of accretion, and batture lias been formed in front of his land more than is necessary for public use, which the corporation withholds from him, he shall have the right to institute suit against the corporation for so much of the batture as may not be necessary for public use; and, if it be determined by the court, that any portion of it be not necessary for public use, it shall decree that the owner is entitled to the property, and shall compel the corporation to permit him to enjoy the use and the ownership of such portion of it.”
In order that plaintiffs be entitled to recover, in our opinion, the following conditions must concur :
1st. The evidence must disclose that they are the “ riparian own - ners” of the property in dispute.
2d. That there has formed an accretion or batture in front of their land more than is necessary for public use.
3d. That the defendant city withholds this accretion, or batture, from them.
In answer defendant claims possession, since 1810, of all that portion of ground, above described as being traversed by the railroad track, and that the map, or plan referred to by plaintiffs, shows plainly that the land claimed by them was dedicated to public use by '(heir ancestor, from whom they claim to derive title.
The city also urges that said dedication having been made prior to the 27th of October, 1810, when President Madison ordered Gov. Claiborne to take possession of Western Florida, wherein the town of Baton Rouge was then situated, the city is fully protected in the enjoyment of all the rights of use, ana jproperty therein, as same existed under the laws of Spain, to which government that territory belonged at the time, and that under said laws the river bank in front of Baton Rouge, and particularly that part of it in front of Leonard town, belonged to the defendant.
The city contends that her right to said vacant space was recognized by France in the treaty of Ildefonzo, in 1800, whereby Spain conveyed the province of Louisiana to that republic; and again in the treaty between France and the United States, in 1803, whereby same was ceded to the latter; and that judgment in plaintiffs’ favor would be in violation thereof.
Defendant expressly denies that there is any increase in alluvion, in front of that portion of the town divided into lots by Gilbert Leonard, since said division was made; and avers that the works erected by the [280]*280Mississippi Valley Railway Company prevent the inundation of Front street, and the lots fronting thereon, and theretofore occurring.
The city admits that, in the exercise of her corporate powers, and to provide a revenue, lessen the burden of taxation, and to increase her facilities of trade in the article of fuel, which is one of prime necessity, she permitted a landing for coal in front of said Leonard town, where boats and barges are moored, and that for this privilege she has charged an annual rent.
She pleads in bar of plaintiffs’ right of action, the prescription of ten, twenty and thirty years, and prays judgment sustaining same, and decreeing the city entitled to the o%onership, use and possession of the property in controversy.
The word “ batture” has a precise legal signification: Vide Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, verbo, batture : “An elevation of the bed of a river, under the surface of the water; but is sometimes used to signify tlie same elevation when it has risen above the surface. The term “battures ” is applied principally to certain portions of the bed of the Mississippi river, which are left dry when the water is low, and are covered again, either in whole, or in part, by the annual swells.” 33 Ann. 548, Hollingsworth vs. Cliaffe.
Abbott’s Law Dictionary is the same.
In 6 O. S. 216, Morgan vs. Livingstone, the rights of riparian owners to batture formations on their river front, was thoroughly examined by Judge Martin, and from which the foregoing definitions were extracted.
The bank of a river is that space the water covers when the river is highest in any season of the year. The banks are not sold; they pass rather as an accessory of the contiguous land when sold, and the property of the banks belongs to those whose fields are contiguous. They must be the property of the riparian owners, without being included, or mentioned in their grants; for if they were only when included, (here would be no use for the provision of the law.
“ If,” says the learned judge, “therefore, when the sovereign grants land contiguous to the river, without mentioning the bank, it passes, it must do so as an accessory. If the bank passes as an accessory in the grant of the sovereign, it must also in the deeds of private persons.”
But defendant contends that the city of Baton Rouge occupies an exceptional position, and her counsel cite in their brief several paragraphs from the Partidas, to show that under the laws of Spain, prevailing at tlie date of the treaty of Ildefonso, when the province of [281]*281Louisiana was ceded to France, “ the alluvion of said deposits on the banks of rivers ” belonged to the commons of cities and towns that were incorporated.'
In the opinion above quoted, (p. 236), the court said on this question : “ Under the Spanish government no town or city seems to have been erected by legal authority; that of New Orleans was the only one that existed.
“ It is true that in it the owners of the lots nearest the river have no part of the bank as accessory- thereto. These, lots are not charged with any of the burdens attending- rural riparious estates; the levee, roads and streets were made and kept in repair at the joint expense of every lot in the city. The farthest from the water contributing as much thereto as the nearest. No riparian duties are imposed on a lot in New Orleans, either by the law, or any clause in its grant.
“ Not so with regard to rural estates-; the law and a clause in the original grant burden those contiguous to the river with the confection and repair of roads, ditches, bridges and levees.”
In 18 La. 123, Municipality No. 2 vs. Orleans Cotton Press, this question was exhaustively considered in a very elaborate opinion. The Court said : “ Cities may acquire jwre aUwvionis, but it must be as owner of the front, or as riparian proprietor; for the alluvion is but an accessory to the principal estate or land.”
Again : “ The mere act of incorporation of the city in 1805, changing the name of this property from rural? to urban, neither made the city a front proprietor, so as to acquire jure alhmonis, or deprive the front lots of the right to such accretion.”
Again : “ The public, through the agency of the corporation, has the sole use of the levee and the bank of the river.”
In 10 Ann. 55, Kennedy vs. Municipality, the Court said: “ The next point made by defendants, namely, that the batture is loeuspublieus, and belongs to the city by destination, is a renewal of the pretensions set forth by the city in the case just quoted, of Municipality No. 2 vs. Orleans Cotton Press, and which were overruled after the fullest argument, and the most mature consideration.” 18 La. 237.
This question was thoroughly considered in 10 Peters, 709, New Orleans vs. United States; 6 Peters, 431, the city of Cincinnati vs. the Lessee of White; and in 6 Peters, 490, Barclay vs. Howells, Lessee.
In the opinion in the first case the history of Louisiana is traced from the 26th of September, 1712, when the King of France granted a charter of right to Crozat, and whereby the laws, edicts and ordinances of the-.realm, and the custom of Paris, were extended thereto; and the [282]*282lands, coasts, harbors and islands were granted to him. In that case the principles above quoted were recognized and applied.
We conclude that the claim of ownership set up by defendant is not well founded.
II.
This brings us to the consideration of the pleas of prescription urged in behalf of the city.
In 10 Ann. 54, Kennedy vs. Municipality, the Court said: “As to the claim by prescription, it results very clearly from the authorities above invoked that the possession of the loeus in quo by the city, was a possession simply for the purpose of administration, not at all inconsistent with the right of ownership in the riparian proprietor, and destined, in its nature, to terminate upon the happening of a certain contingency. Such a possession cannot be pleaded against the riparian proprietor, as the basis of an adverse title in the city. This suit is very different from a petitory action.'’’ 11 Ann. 148, Remy vs. Municipality; 11 Ann. 788, Gaiennie vs. Municipality.
The plea must be overruled.
III.
This brings us to the consideration of the question of dedication to public use of the property in question.
Prom the map to be found in the record it appears that the space between the lots Nos. 1, 2, 8, 4, 5, in square No. 1, in that part of the city of Baton Rouge designated thereon as Leonard town, and the river is about one hundred and eighty feet in depth. That, in this space, is laid out and in use a street called Front street, of the mien width of fifty -three and one-third feet, and between it and the river the track of the Mississippi Valley Railroad is constructed. The front of Leonard town, from Convention to North Boulevard street, is 320 feet, and the batture is used by Wood, Widney & Co., as a coal-yard and coal-chute. The railroad track is on batture. The chute rests on trestles, and is used to load coal on the cars. The locomotive and machinery to raise the coal is on a barge in the river.
The judge, in his opinion, says : “ The witnesses agree that if the embankment or breakwater, made by the railroad company, was removed, the whole front of Leonard town square would be under during high water in the river. The whole of the front of the square has been filled up by the railroad company.”
In 6 Peters, 502, the Court said of the city of Pittsburg: “ From the plan of the town it does not appear that any artificial boundary, as the southern limit of Water street, was laid down. The name of [283]*283the street is given, and its northern boundary, but the space to the south of it is left open to the river. All of the streets leading to the south terminate at Water street, and no indication is given on the plat * * that it did not extend to the river. * * * * And it appearing that the commerce of the town required the extension of the street to the river, and there being no statement, or line marked on the plat of the town opposed to it; and, as the public, for thirty years or more, in some parts of the town, had used this street; and that property had been bought and sold in reference, to it, in this form; it was held to be sufficient dedication to public use.”
In the record we find an ordinance of the city of Baton Rouge, of date May 22,1847, in which it is declared “ that from and after the 1st day of September next the steamboat landing will be extended to the. lower line of Convention street.”
We also And another ordinance of date April 25, 1860, which declares “that the space comprised between the lower line of Convention street and the lower line of North Boulevard street, shall be exclusively reserved for all landings noi otherwise provided for.”
After being set apart for public use, and enjoyed as such, and private and individual rights acquired with reference to it, the law considers it in the nature of an estoppel in pais which precludes the original owner from denying such dedication. 2 Dillon on Corporations, p. 598.
While a mere survey of land by the owner into lots defining streets, squares, etc., will not, without a sale, amount to a dedication, yet a sale of lots with reference to such plat, when bounded by streets, will amount to an immediate and irrevocable dedication of the latter, binding on both the vendor and vendee. 2 Dillon Corp., sec. 503,
In 10 Ann. 81, Saulet vs. New Orleans, the Court said : “ To support a dedication to public use, it must appear that the property has been so used with the assent of the owner, or else it must appear unequivocally by some plan or writing, that the owner had made a dedication, to violate which would involve a breaeli of good faith.”
In 24 Ann. 194, Arrowsmith vs. New Orleans, the Court said : “It is manifest from the evidence in the record that plaintiff sold the greater-part of the lots in 1835, and his acts of sale refer to the plan, and have been located according to the conditions imposed by the City Council. He has acquiesced in this respect for thirty years with full knowledge of the facts and by adopting the changed location; by the act of selling lots in accordance with it, we think the purpose to dedicate to public use may be fairly inferred.”
[284]*284In 6 Peters, 431, Cincinnati vs. White, the following principles were settled:
1. That it is not essential to a dedication that the legal title should pass.
2. Nor that there should be any grantee of the use to take the fee.
3. Nor that a deed or writing is necessary to a valid dedication.
Upon the foregoing compilation of authority, as applied to the evidence, we have no hesitancy in saying that the dedication of the space in controversy is fully made out.
It is unnecessary for the purposes of this enquiry for us to adjudge plaintiffs’ title, because the public has the use irrespective of the question as to where the fee resides. 2 Dillon Corp., p. 524.
IV.
The question left for decision is whether — conceding for the argument that plaintiffs are “ riparian proprietors ” — has the defendant city in her possession and under her administration more of the accretion or batture than is necessary for public use.
We are of the opinion that the plaintiffs have not, in this respect, made out a case. The weight of testimony is to the effect “ that there is no more batture in front of the square included between Convention street and North Boulevard now than there was many years ago.” The level of the bank was raised by the railway company. Its present improved condition is not referable to accretion.
The plaintiffs complain that the city has for several years leased this front for purposes of a coal yard, and have made of it a coaling station ; and that this is not “ a public use.” Their counsel cites in support of that view 5 Ann. 36; 6 Ann. 450; 12 Ann. 657; but we do not regard this case as falling within the provisions of either.
The defendant has not built, nor permitted to be constructed, upon the space in controversy, any permanent structure. The city claims that she only permitted and allowed certain constructions and embankments to be made from the bed or sloping bank of the river, between high and low water, in the interest of the commercial prosperity of the city, and to meet the actual wants of the people. It appears that if those artificial embankments had not been made, this property would not have been susceptible of occupancy. It also appears that wharf-age dues are now, and have been, collected from steamboats and other crafts that land in front of this space.
This right was well recognized under the laws of Prance and Spain. 10 Peters, 727, New Orleans vs. United States.
[285]*285In her answer, the city claims, u that in the exercise of her corporate powers, and to provide a revenue for the city, lessen the burden of taxation, and increase the facilities of trade in the article of fuel— which is of prime necessity — she has permitted a landing for coal in front of Leonardtown square, where boats and barges are moored.”
Such rights and privileges' as the city claims were well recognized by the civilians, as well as by common law writers, and their allowance is specially sanctioned by our Code. R. C. C. 868.
The judgment of the lower court is therefore affirmed.