Garland, J.
delivered the opinion of the court.
The plain.tiffs allege they are the lawful owners and proprietors and are now in possession of all- that portion or space of ground in the faubourg St.Mary, known by the name of the site [65]*65of the Canal Gravier, as will be more fully shown by reference to a plan annexed. They say that the council of the Municipality No. 2, in violation of their rights and assuming legislative authority not embraced by their charter, have passed two ordinances requiring the plaintiffs under heavy penalties to tqar down and remove certain enclosures which they have made around apiece of ground in Poydras street, which was a.part of the site of said Canal Gravier. That these resolutions are illegal, oppressive and in violation of long known rights, which have on various occasions been recognized and admitted by the former corporation of New Orleans and the present defendants. Wherefore they pray an injunction may issue for the protection of their rights, and the Municipality enjoined from proceeding in any manner to carry-these ordinances into effect, or otherwise disturbing their title and possession, and that said ordinances he declared null and void.
An injunction was granted, the defendants cited and for answer say:
1. They deny the ownership of the plaintiffs to the piece of land described in the petition.
2. They deny possession or interest in the plaintiffs; and aver that the space is a public street or place of which the public has the use, and that neither the plaintiffs or any other person can have any ownership, property or possession of the same.
3. The pretended possession of the plaintiffs is a disturbance of the public right to the use, the place having ever since the establishment of the faubourg been subject to a right in the public of way and view.
4. That by the ancient plans of the faubourg St. Mary, the space in question was dedicated as a public street and has always been used as such.
5. That the original proprietors of the faubourg sold the lots with reference to the right of view and way on said space, and among the ancient plans they particularly rely on that made by Carlos Trudeau, the 1st April, 1788, that made by the same person on the 14th of May, 1796, and on that made by Jean [66]*66Gravier on the 5th of June, 1805, by which he illegally attempted to encroach upon said space, also on the plan made by the city surveyor in the year 1809. J J J
6. That by the plan of 1809, the previous plan of Gravier, , , , , , , , which had never been accepted by any competent authority, was repudiated and the ancient limits of the street restored, which plan was deposited in the archives; as also a plan of the 24th of April in the year 1788.
7. They say, by law the council has the right of regulating by ordinance the use of the streets, arid that the ordinances in question are legal. They further deny every thing not expressly admitted.
The answer concludes by praying a dissolution of the injunction; that it be decreed said place belongs to the public, with all its services and uses ; that the plaintiffs be forever enjoined from interrupting the possession and use of it, and that they (the defendants,) be authorized to exercise all rightful acts of legislation and police over it.
Sometime after the filing of this answer the plaintiffs filed a supplemental petition in which they set forth their title to the ground in question stating the various mesne conveyances by which it was derived from Bertrand Gravier, alleging the defendants had slandered their title, threatened them with a suit, and did other acts calculated to injure them and reduce the value of their property. They also alleged various ratifications and recognitions of their title by the old corporation of New Orleans and the present defendants. They pray the defendants may be compelled to exhibit their title, if any they have, that it be rejected and they quieted in their possession. To this the defendants answered, setting up the rights of the public and the various plans of the faubourg, which they say show a dedication to public use as, a public highway or open space. Thus the action was changed from the possessory character which it at first presented, to a petitory form.
On the trial the plaintiffs presented a regular chain of title from Bertrand Gravier, through Jean Gravier and the Orleans [67]*67Navigation company to themselves, all of which acts have been ratified by the curator and heirs of Jean Gravier deceased. The defendants for the purpose of showing that the place 1 1 ° 1 in question has been dedicated to public use, offer in evidence . a figurative plan of a portion of the faubourg St. Mary, drawn by Laveau Trudeau, dated the 1st of April in the year 1788, which represents the levee, and Magazine, Camp and St. Charles streets only, with a single range of lots on the west side of the latter, and Gravier, Poydras, Girod, Julia, and St. Joseph streets, with the exception of the former, running nearly at right angles. Trudeau, in his explanation of this plan, says it has three cross streets with four perpendicular and one oblique, (“trois rues de traverse avec quatre rues perpendi-culares et une oblique.”) The introduction of this plan as evidence was objected to by the plaintiffs, on the ground it was never recognized by either Bertrand or Jean Gravier, signed by them, or accepted by the Spanish authorities or the City Council, nor does Trudeau sign it as a public officer. These are questions of much importance not only in this case hut to the public and though it is not very necessary to decide them in this case, yet it is as well to say, there is no other plan of the faubourg known before this. Bertrand Gravier certain- ° ly submitted some plan to the Spanish governor, according to i -i mi • - i . „ ° the evidence. This went into the archives of the city council as early as 1804, as the plan of that part of the faubourg, and both Bertrand and Jean Gravier sold lots in conformity to it. We think it is now too late for a party claiming under those , persons to object to it. It appears from the records of the council to have been received by them as such, and we think it properly admitted in evidence to prove the boundaries of the lots and the direction of the streets, so far as it extends. But it includes no part of the premises in dispute.
An°lent Plaas oí a city are admissible in evi-(lence to prove the boundaries reference there-rection^ofstreets 60 far as they may extend, although not in¿«^’^fo^^and ¿aims under those who caused the plans to be made.
The plan No. 2, offered by the defendants, purports to be a copy on a reduced scale of that of the 1st of April, 1788. When it is carefully examined it is evident it is a correction of two plans, one made on the 24th of April, 1788, and the other [68]*68the 14th. of May, 1796, but when corrected is not known, probably in 1804, when Trudeau was called on for a plan of the faubourg-. The first statement is that it is a plan on a reduced scale of the previous one which is represented . ait . on it, by the letter A placed at .four different points. The streets on the original plan are named on this in the explanation but no additional streets are named in it. In the note dated May 14th, 1796, it is said Carondelet, Baronne, and Philippa and Perdido streets, were projected or added with a square or plaza, and in another note it is said the copies of these plans were given to B.
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Garland, J.
delivered the opinion of the court.
The plain.tiffs allege they are the lawful owners and proprietors and are now in possession of all- that portion or space of ground in the faubourg St.Mary, known by the name of the site [65]*65of the Canal Gravier, as will be more fully shown by reference to a plan annexed. They say that the council of the Municipality No. 2, in violation of their rights and assuming legislative authority not embraced by their charter, have passed two ordinances requiring the plaintiffs under heavy penalties to tqar down and remove certain enclosures which they have made around apiece of ground in Poydras street, which was a.part of the site of said Canal Gravier. That these resolutions are illegal, oppressive and in violation of long known rights, which have on various occasions been recognized and admitted by the former corporation of New Orleans and the present defendants. Wherefore they pray an injunction may issue for the protection of their rights, and the Municipality enjoined from proceeding in any manner to carry-these ordinances into effect, or otherwise disturbing their title and possession, and that said ordinances he declared null and void.
An injunction was granted, the defendants cited and for answer say:
1. They deny the ownership of the plaintiffs to the piece of land described in the petition.
2. They deny possession or interest in the plaintiffs; and aver that the space is a public street or place of which the public has the use, and that neither the plaintiffs or any other person can have any ownership, property or possession of the same.
3. The pretended possession of the plaintiffs is a disturbance of the public right to the use, the place having ever since the establishment of the faubourg been subject to a right in the public of way and view.
4. That by the ancient plans of the faubourg St. Mary, the space in question was dedicated as a public street and has always been used as such.
5. That the original proprietors of the faubourg sold the lots with reference to the right of view and way on said space, and among the ancient plans they particularly rely on that made by Carlos Trudeau, the 1st April, 1788, that made by the same person on the 14th of May, 1796, and on that made by Jean [66]*66Gravier on the 5th of June, 1805, by which he illegally attempted to encroach upon said space, also on the plan made by the city surveyor in the year 1809. J J J
6. That by the plan of 1809, the previous plan of Gravier, , , , , , , , which had never been accepted by any competent authority, was repudiated and the ancient limits of the street restored, which plan was deposited in the archives; as also a plan of the 24th of April in the year 1788.
7. They say, by law the council has the right of regulating by ordinance the use of the streets, arid that the ordinances in question are legal. They further deny every thing not expressly admitted.
The answer concludes by praying a dissolution of the injunction; that it be decreed said place belongs to the public, with all its services and uses ; that the plaintiffs be forever enjoined from interrupting the possession and use of it, and that they (the defendants,) be authorized to exercise all rightful acts of legislation and police over it.
Sometime after the filing of this answer the plaintiffs filed a supplemental petition in which they set forth their title to the ground in question stating the various mesne conveyances by which it was derived from Bertrand Gravier, alleging the defendants had slandered their title, threatened them with a suit, and did other acts calculated to injure them and reduce the value of their property. They also alleged various ratifications and recognitions of their title by the old corporation of New Orleans and the present defendants. They pray the defendants may be compelled to exhibit their title, if any they have, that it be rejected and they quieted in their possession. To this the defendants answered, setting up the rights of the public and the various plans of the faubourg, which they say show a dedication to public use as, a public highway or open space. Thus the action was changed from the possessory character which it at first presented, to a petitory form.
On the trial the plaintiffs presented a regular chain of title from Bertrand Gravier, through Jean Gravier and the Orleans [67]*67Navigation company to themselves, all of which acts have been ratified by the curator and heirs of Jean Gravier deceased. The defendants for the purpose of showing that the place 1 1 ° 1 in question has been dedicated to public use, offer in evidence . a figurative plan of a portion of the faubourg St. Mary, drawn by Laveau Trudeau, dated the 1st of April in the year 1788, which represents the levee, and Magazine, Camp and St. Charles streets only, with a single range of lots on the west side of the latter, and Gravier, Poydras, Girod, Julia, and St. Joseph streets, with the exception of the former, running nearly at right angles. Trudeau, in his explanation of this plan, says it has three cross streets with four perpendicular and one oblique, (“trois rues de traverse avec quatre rues perpendi-culares et une oblique.”) The introduction of this plan as evidence was objected to by the plaintiffs, on the ground it was never recognized by either Bertrand or Jean Gravier, signed by them, or accepted by the Spanish authorities or the City Council, nor does Trudeau sign it as a public officer. These are questions of much importance not only in this case hut to the public and though it is not very necessary to decide them in this case, yet it is as well to say, there is no other plan of the faubourg known before this. Bertrand Gravier certain- ° ly submitted some plan to the Spanish governor, according to i -i mi • - i . „ ° the evidence. This went into the archives of the city council as early as 1804, as the plan of that part of the faubourg, and both Bertrand and Jean Gravier sold lots in conformity to it. We think it is now too late for a party claiming under those , persons to object to it. It appears from the records of the council to have been received by them as such, and we think it properly admitted in evidence to prove the boundaries of the lots and the direction of the streets, so far as it extends. But it includes no part of the premises in dispute.
An°lent Plaas oí a city are admissible in evi-(lence to prove the boundaries reference there-rection^ofstreets 60 far as they may extend, although not in¿«^’^fo^^and ¿aims under those who caused the plans to be made.
The plan No. 2, offered by the defendants, purports to be a copy on a reduced scale of that of the 1st of April, 1788. When it is carefully examined it is evident it is a correction of two plans, one made on the 24th of April, 1788, and the other [68]*68the 14th. of May, 1796, but when corrected is not known, probably in 1804, when Trudeau was called on for a plan of the faubourg-. The first statement is that it is a plan on a reduced scale of the previous one which is represented . ait . on it, by the letter A placed at .four different points. The streets on the original plan are named on this in the explanation but no additional streets are named in it. In the note dated May 14th, 1796, it is said Carondelet, Baronne, and Philippa and Perdido streets, were projected or added with a square or plaza, and in another note it is said the copies of these plans were given to B. Gravier, one for himself and the other for Mr. Sarpy, as purchaser of a portion of the lots which figure in the copies. This explains the reason of this last plan being made or projected. Sarpy had contracted or was about contracting for the purchase of some lots, and the plan was made at the request of one or both, to enable them to complete the purchase. There is no evidence in the record the sale ever was completed, so the original projet remained in the possession of Trudeau, and the copies in the possession of Gravier, or he and Sarpy, until Trudeau in 1804 sent them to the city council in a corrected form. There is not the least evidence that the public authorities ever saw the reduced plan or that of 1796, until the period mentioned, and in the meantime, it is clear from copies of sales that Bertrand or Jean Gravier, probably the latter, had changed his mind as to the plan of that part of the city, which he had a right to do, as no lots were sold in conformity to the plan of 1796, nor is there any evidence of any acceptance or use by the public of the streets that had been projected.
The defendants next offer a plan made by Jean Gravier, at what precise period is not known, but we find it referred to in sales as early as 1802 and 1804, and deposited in a notary’s office annexed to an authentic act on the 5th June, 1805, on which Poydras street is represented as one hundred and ten feet wide, instead of seventy, with a space in the centre, for a canal, forty feet in width, and at the point where Baronne [69]*69street would have intersected it on tbe north side, we find a piece of ground one hundred and eighty feet square, called a Basin, and north of that a parallelogram called Place Gravier. ° This plan the defendants offer, to prove a change in the original one, which they complain of, and yet wish to take advantage of it. They and their predecessors say Gravier originally, made Poydras street seventy feet wide and dedicated it to public use ; that he afterwards added forty feet to it against their wishes and positive orders, hut as he has done so, they now allege he intended to give it to them together with the Place Gravier: all the other plans and acts of sale offered by the defendants go to show that Jean Gravier always acted on this plan, and when, at a much later period, he made another plan extending the faubourg from Philippa to St. Paul street, the canal is represented as being in the centre of Poydras street. This latter plan, it is not denied, the old corporation of New Orleans accepted; at least, there is no evidence they ever repudiated it. If they have not accepted it, no other plan of that part of the city is shown to exist, and very little support to the defence is obtained from it.
The resolutions of the city council of the 2nd of June, and the 25th of August, 1804, show clearly that there was no plan in the archives of the faubourg St. Mary, as they call upon Trudeau to furnish one, which he did, but there is nothing to show Gravier knew any thing of this call, or approved of what Mr. Trudeau did. On the contrary, it is known that previous to these dates he was selling lots by the plan produced, and filed by him in June, 1805. In May, 1806, the council ordered another plan to be made to determine the width of the streets, which does not appear to have been executed.
From this latter period to March, 1809, the city council were silent, but on a representation made at that time by the city surveyor, that Jean Gravier was making various encroachments in the faubourg, which are indicated by marks on apian which the surveyor submits ; the mayor was authorized and directed to sue Gravier, to arrest him in his encroachments and [70]*70in future to maintain the integrity of the primitive plan of the faubourg. The encroachments or empiélemens indicated,'are at various places. On the levee near the faubourg Delord, on _ Lafayette square, in Baronne street below Gravier, at or near the intersection or Baronne and Poydras streets, and other places, but nothing is said as to the spot in dispute. Nothing appears to have been done under this resolution until the year 1818, when a suit was commenced against Jean Gravier to compel the removal of certain buildings and works which he had erected on Lafayette square. A reasonable inference to be drawn from the continued silence and inaction of the corporate authorities, is, that Gravier desisted from the encroachments which were unauthorized, and they did not disturb his basin and canal, because they supposed he had a right to make and use them.
Where a canal and hasin figures on the original plan of a city, hut are always used and sold by the proprietors, they will be considered as private property.
All the evidence, both for plaintiffs and defendants, shows that Jean Gravier always considered the basin and canal as his own. He used them; he contracted with Goodwin and others to enlarge and deepen the canal; he always asserted and maintained his possession until 1825, when the property was seized and sold under execution to Gordon, who purchased for the Orleans Navigation Company. They remained in undisturbed possession until 1833, when a sale was made to the plaintiffs. Immediately after the sale the old corporation of the city recognized the rights of the Rail Road Company, by receiving from them a grant of two pieces of ground, for the purpose of prolonging Baronne and Poydras streets, in consid-ation of which, they gave the company the use during the existence of their charter of a portion of the Place Gravier, to be used as turn-ou.ts for their road, a shelter or depot for their cars, and other purposes specified in the deed. In July, 1836, the defendants recognized the interest and right of the plaintiffs by a resolution calling on them to fill up the canal, and in the month of September, in the same year, actually purchased from them all the space between Baronne and Circus streets, and have built a market house on it, which was one of the [71]*71conditions of tbe sale. But almost as soon as the sale was completed and the mandate obeyed, the municipal authorities turn about and gravely say there is a mistake in all that has been said or done. That plaintiffs have no title and they have 1 _ J one, notwithstanding the plaintiffs have always been in possession and the defendants have protested heretofore that the common grantor had no right to change a plan by whioh this space is given to us. The conviction of error on the part of the municipality, is rather too sudden to operate in a like manner on minds not interested in the question, and we can find no argument to sustain it in the face of their own acts.
, 5? order dedicate property to public mes, there must be a plain and tion^to'give índ tQ Theform is not rnaterial.
What constitutes a dedication to public use, has been so r ' t much discussed in this court lately, as not to need repetition . . , . . ' . . . . now. 1 here must be a plain and positive intention to give and one equally plain to accept. The form is not material, We see nothing in the evidence to prove a dedication .of the basin and canal; on the contrary such a purpose was always . . J rr j repudiated by Jean Gravier. Upon that point we see hut little difference between this case and that of Livaudais vs. the 2nd Municipality; 16 La. Rep., 509. If any dedication was ever intended it remained inchoate, until some evidence of acceptance was exhibited. None has been shown. The defendants or the public never used the basin or canal in any manner, and it was in fact not susceptible of use, except by Gravier and his agents or lessees, who used it to transport wood from the swamp and to supply clay for making bricks. As the defendants have failed to prove a dedication, they have no legal title to the premises in question.
The plaintiffs complain of the judgment of the Parish Court, because the judge declines deciding to what uses they should apply the canal and basin, and ask us to amend the judgment in that particular. This request we must decline as we do not think it proper to give such an opinion in the present state of the case. The plaintiffs have a regular title from Jean Gravier and are vested with all his rights, as to the manner they may [72]*72choose to exercise them we’will not express an opinion in , advance.
the judgment of the Parish Court is therefore affirmed in all respects, except that the plaintiffs shall, during the existence of their charter, have the use of that portion of the Place Gra-vier set forth in the contract made with Dennis Prieur, Mayor of the city of New Orleans, on the ISth day of the month of July, in the year 1833. The defendants to pay the costs of this appeal.