UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
HEART 6 RANCH, LLC, Plaintiff Civil Action No. 17-2711 (CKK) v. RYAN ZINKE, et al., Defendants
MEMORANDUM OPINION (January 4, 2018)
This is an Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) case challenging the manner by which
the National Park Service (“NPS”) has allocated the rights to provide oversnow vehicle (“OSV”)
services in Yellowstone National Park. Before the Court is Plaintiff’s [2] Application for a
Temporary Restraining Order (“TRO”). Upon consideration of the pleadings, 1 the relevant legal
authorities, and the record as it currently stands, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s Application.
Without making any final determination as to the merits of Plaintiff’s claims, the Court
concludes that, at this very early stage, Plaintiff has not demonstrated a likelihood of success.
The Court is also not persuaded that Plaintiff would suffer irreparable injury in the absence of
preliminary injunctive relief.
I. BACKGROUND In 2013, NPS solicited offers from concessioners to provide OSV services in
Yellowstone National Park. Compl., ECF No. 1, at ¶ 2. Concessioners were invited to bid on
contracts to provide OSV services for ten years at the north, south, east or west entrances to the
1 The Court’s consideration has focused on the following documents: • Pl.’s App. for Temporary Restraining Order (“Pl.’s App.”), ECF No. 2; • Defs.’ Opp’n to Pl.’s App. for Temporary Restraining Order (“Defs.’ Opp’n”), ECF No. 7; • Pl.’s Reply to Defs.’ Opp’n to Pl.’s App. (“Pl.’s Reply”), ECF No. 8. In an exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that holding oral argument in this action would not be of assistance in rendering a decision. See LCvR 7(f). 1 park. Id. A certain number of daily snowmobile and snowcoach trips, or “transportation
events,” were allocated to each contract. Id. Plaintiff, a purveyor of OSV services, submitted
proposals for the ten contracts associated with the park’s south entrance, but was not awarded
any of them. Id. DTRS Jackson Hole, LLC, doing business as Four Seasons Resort Jackson
Hole (“Four Seasons”), was awarded one of the ten contracts for which Plaintiff had bid. Id. ¶
28. However, for unspecified reasons, Four Seasons subsequently terminated its contract with
NPS. Id. ¶ 3. In its complaint, Plaintiff stated that it was not sure “what happened to the
allocation of oversnow vehicle trips associated with the terminated contract, specifically whether
NPS had awarded a replacement contract to another vendor, or had modified an existing
concession contract to add an additional daily allocation.” Id. Plaintiff speculated that NPS had
taken one of these two actions, and alleged that either violated the APA. Id. ¶ 9. Plaintiff
claimed that it should have been awarded the terminated contract. Id. ¶ 10.
Plaintiff filed this lawsuit on December 20, 2017, and simultaneously filed the pending
Application for a TRO. The Court held a teleconference on the record with the parties later that
day, during which it set a briefing schedule that was consented to by both parties. Defendants
then filed their Opposition to Plaintiff’s Application.
In their Opposition, Defendants have explained how NPS reassigned the transportation
events associated with the terminated Four Seasons contract. The terminated contract had given
Four Seasons the right to provide two daily transportation events. See Decl. of Dale Rinehart,
ECF No. 7-1, at ¶ 2. That contract was cancelled in October 2014, at the request of Four
Seasons. Id. NPS did not reassign the two transportation events associated with the cancelled
contract during the 2014-15 or 2015-16 winter seasons. Id. ¶ 3. They went unused. Id. Then,
on October 19, 2016, NPS notified concessioners who already held contracts to provide OSV
2 services in the park and told them that NPS had decided to reallocate the two transportation
events on an “experimental basis” for one season. Id.; see also Defs.’ Ex. 3, ECF No. 7-5. NPS
solicited those concessioners to participate in a lottery to distribute the events. Id. In the
solicitation, NPS indicated that the transportation events would be used to provide “one-way
transportation to and from West Yellowstone and Old Faithful and to and from the South
Entrance and Old Faithful.” Defs.’ Ex. 3. In the end, one transportation event was added to a
contract already held by an OSV concessioner at the South entrance, and another was reassigned
to a contract at the West entrance to the park. Rinehart Decl. ¶ 3.
Plaintiff’s TRO Application is now ripe for resolution.
II. LEGAL STANDARD A temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction is “an extraordinary remedy that
may only be awarded upon a clear showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.” Sherley v.
Sebelius, 644 F.3d 388, 392 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc.,
555 U.S. 7, 22 (2008)); see also Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968, 972 (1997) (“[A]
preliminary injunction is an extraordinary and drastic remedy, one that should not be granted
unless the movant, by a clear showing, carries the burden of persuasion.” (emphasis in original;
quotation marks omitted)). “A plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must establish [1] that
he is likely to succeed on the merits, [2] that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence
of preliminary relief, [3] that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and [4] that an injunction is
in the public interest.” Aamer v. Obama, 742 F.3d 1023, 1038 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting Sherley,
644 F.3d at 392 (quoting Winter, 555 U.S. at 20) (alteration in original; quotation marks
omitted)). “‘When seeking a preliminary injunction, the movant has the burden to show that all
four factors, taken together, weigh in favor of the injunction.’” Abdullah v. Obama, 753 F.3d
193, 197 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting Davis v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 571 F.3d 1288, 1292
3 (D.C. Cir. 2009)). “The four factors have typically been evaluated on a ‘sliding
scale.’” Davis, 571 F.3d at 1291 (citation omitted). Under this sliding-scale framework, “[i]f the
movant makes an unusually strong showing on one of the factors, then it does not necessarily
have to make as strong a showing on another factor.” Id. at 1291-92.
The Court notes that it is not clear whether this Circuit’s sliding-scale approach to
assessing the four preliminary injunction factors survives the Supreme Court’s decision
in Winter. See Save Jobs USA v. US. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 105 F. Supp. 3d 108, 112 (D.D.C.
2015). Several judges on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
(“D.C. Circuit”) have “read Winter at least to suggest if not to hold ‘that a likelihood of success
is an independent, free-standing requirement for a preliminary injunction.’” Sherley, 644 F.3d at
393 (quoting Davis, 571 F.3d at 1296 (concurring opinion)). However, the D.C. Circuit has yet
to hold definitively that Winter has displaced the sliding-scale analysis. See id.; see also Save
Jobs USA, 105 F. Supp. 3d at 112. In any event, this Court need not resolve the viability of the
sliding-scale approach today as the Court determines that “a preliminary injunction is not
appropriate even under the less demanding sliding-scale analysis.” Sherley, 644 F.3d at 393.
III. DISCUSSION Plaintiff’s Application for a TRO will be denied. Plaintiff has not demonstrated a
likelihood of success on the merits, nor has it demonstrated that it will suffer irreparable harm in
the absence of a TRO. The balance of equities and public interest factors are in equipoise, and
accordingly do not support the granting of preliminary injunctive relief.
A. Plaintiff Fails to Establish a Likelihood of Success on the Merits
Plaintiff has not carried its burden of establishing a likelihood of success in this lawsuit.
Before considering the merits of Plaintiff’s APA claim, the Court first addresses Defendants’
argument that no judicial review is available at all in this case. Defendants argue that Plaintiff
4 lacks standing, that there has been no final agency action, and that the challenged conduct is
“entirely within the discretion of the Director of the National Park Service.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 9-
11. At least on the current record, the Court is not persuaded by these arguments.
Plaintiff has shown at least a “substantial likelihood” of standing, as is required for the
issuance of a preliminary injunction. Food & Water Watch, Inc. v. Vilsack, 808 F.3d 905, 913
(D.C. Cir. 2015). Plaintiff claims that it was deprived of the right to a legally valid procurement
process for OSV services for which it had bid and lost. The D.C. Circuit has held that “[a]n
injury to ‘a bidder’s right to a fair procurement is obviously an injury both traceable to the
alleged illegality in a procurement and redressable by any remedy that eliminates the alleged
illegality.’” Nat’l Mall Tours of Washington, Inc. v. United States Dep’t of the Interior, 862 F.3d
35, 44 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (quoting Nat’l Mar. Union of Am. v. Commander, Military Sealift
Command, 824 F.2d 1228, 1237-38 (D.C. Cir. 1987)). There also appears to be a final agency
action that can be challenged in this case—the allocation of the two transportation events from
the terminated Four Seasons contract to concessioners other than Plaintiff for the 2016-17 winter
season. Defendants fail to explain why this action does not constitute a “final agency action.”
Finally, Defendants’ argument that “the NPS was not required to issue a replacement contract”
and “[t]he decision whether to solicit a replacement contract is entirely within the discretion of
the Director of the National Park Service,” Defs.’ Opp’n at 11, misses the point. Even assuming
that these assertions are correct, Plaintiff is not challenging the NPS’s decision whether to issue a
replacement contract. Plaintiff is arguing that the manner by which Defendants allocated
transportation events associated with the terminated Four Seasons contract to concessioners other
than itself violated certain statutes and regulations. If Plaintiff is correct, NPS took actions
5 contrary to law and not within its discretion. The Court concludes, for the purposes of this
preliminary Application, that Plaintiff’s APA challenge is reviewable.
However, although Plaintiff may be able to overcome these threshold hurdles, the Court
is not persuaded by Plaintiff’s early showing regarding the merits of its APA claim. The APA
“sets forth the full extent of judicial authority to review executive agency action for procedural
correctness.” FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 556 U.S. 502, 513 (2009). It requires courts
to “hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions” that are “arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. §
706(2)(A). “This is a ‘narrow’ standard of review as courts defer to the agency’s expertise.”
Ctr. for Food Safety v. Salazar, 898 F. Supp. 2d 130, 138 (D.D.C. 2012) (quoting Motor Vehicle
Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)). The Court
begins with a presumption that agency action is valid. See Ethyl Corp. v. Envtl. Prot. Agency,
541 F.2d 1, 34 (D.C. Cir. 1976).
Although the parties rely on numerous different interrelated regulations and statutes in
their briefs, their dispute can be summarized succinctly: Defendants contend that the reallocation
of the transportation events associated with the terminated Four Seasons contract to other
already-existing contracts was a minor adjustment to user allocations that NPS was permitted to
make as it deemed appropriate without initiating a new full-fledged public procurement process.
In Plaintiff’s view, the reallocation was not minor at all, and indeed was such a major and
material change to the Yellowstone OSV services contracts that NPS was required to offer the
transportation events to the public (including Plaintiff) through a new competitive procurement
process.
6 The final resolution of this dispute will have to wait until a later stage of this case. The
only question now before the Court is whether Plaintiff has demonstrated that it is likely to
succeed and accordingly deserves the extraordinary remedy of a TRO. For the following
reasons, the Court is not convinced that Plaintiff has made such a showing. To briefly
summarize the facts laid out above: the transportation events at issue had already been awarded
to Four Seasons through a competitive procurement process in 2013 and 2014. The
transportation events were authorized but not being used during the 2014-15 and 2015-16 winter
seasons. In 2016, these events were merely reallocated to the contracts of other concessioners.
Those concessioners who received the transportation events were already providing OSV
services in Yellowstone. Their allotment of transportation events simply increased.
Because no new contracts were awarded, the Court is not persuaded that the statutes and
regulations Plaintiff cites that require a public solicitation process for the award of new
concession contracts are applicable. See 54 U.S.C. § 101913(2)(A) (“prior to awarding a new
concession contract . . . the Secretary shall publicly solicit proposals for the concession
contract”); 36 C.F.R. § 51.4(a) (“The Director must award all concession contracts, except as
otherwise expressly provided in this part, through a public solicitation process.”).
Instead, what appears to be at issue in this case is the amendment of already existing
contracts to increase the amount of transportation events allotted to particular concessioners. As
Defendants point out, statutory and regulatory provisions appear to expressly permit such
amendments. One NPS regulation states that “[a] concession contract may be amended to
authorize the concessioner to provide minor additional visitor services that are a reasonable
extension of the existing services. A concessioner that is allocated park area entrance, user days
or similar resource use allocations for the purposes of a concession contract will not obtain any
7 contractual or other rights to continuation of a particular allocation level pursuant to the terms of
a concession contract or otherwise. Such allocations will be made, withdrawn and/or adjusted by
the Director from time to time in furtherance of the purposes of this part.” 36 C.F.R. § 51.76.
Similarly, the National Park Service Centennial Act of 2016 states that “[t]he Secretary may
propose to amend the applicable terms of an existing concessions contract to provide new and
additional services where the Secretary determines the services are necessary and appropriate for
public use and enjoyment of the unit of the National Park System in which they are located and
are consistent to the highest practicable degree with the preservation and conservation of the
resources and values of the unit.” 54 U.S.C. § 101913(9). 2
There are limits to what NPS can do via amendment without triggering the need for a
new public solicitation. The limits appear to be based on the “materiality” of the proposed
amendment. Plaintiff cites 36 C.F.R. § 51.19, which states that “[e]xcept for incorporating into
the concession contract appropriate elements of the best proposal, the Director must not award a
concession contract which materially amends or does not incorporate the terms and conditions of
the concession contract as set forth in the prospectus.” 3 The National Park Service Centennial
Act of 2016 similarly does not allow for amendments if they represent a “material change” to
2 Plaintiff argues that the record submitted by Defendants “is devoid of any determination that the new services were ‘necessary and appropriate,’” Pl.’s Reply at 14, but Defendants did not have the burden of presenting such a record at this point. It is Plaintiff that bears the burden of demonstrating the likely illegality of Defendants’ acts in the context of an application for a TRO. Defendants enjoy a presumption that they acted lawfully. See Ethyl Corp., 541 F.2d at 34. 3 It is not clear to the Court that 36 C.F.R. § 51.19 applies to the circumstances here—the amendment of existing contracts. The regulation appears to address the situation where the terms of a contract when initially awarded materially differed from the terms set forth in a prospectus. See Eco Tour Adventures, Inc. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. 6, 38 (2013) (“36 C.F.R. § 51.19 . . . prohibits the agency from awarding a concession contract which ‘materially amends’ the terms and conditions of the draft concession contract set forth in the prospectus”). Nevertheless, the Court has assumed the regulation applies for the purposes of this Memorandum Opinion. 8 already authorized services. 54 U.S.C. § 101913(9) (“Such new and additional services shall not
represent a material change to the required and authorized services as set forth in the applicable
prospectus or contract.”). Plaintiff’s driving argument thus far in this case is that the reallocation
of the transportation events was a “material” change, and therefore cannot be justified as a
contract amendment. Defendant disagrees.
Although Plaintiff could ultimately develop a stronger argument regarding the materiality
of the reallocation, the Court cannot say at this time that Plaintiff is “likely” to succeed. Plaintiff
places much emphasis on the fact that the transportation events that were reallocated for the
2016-17 winter season were to be used for a shuttle to and from Old Faithful—a purpose for the
events that was not envisioned when they were initially awarded to Four Seasons. Plaintiff
claims that this new purpose means that a “new service” was created. Pl.’s Reply at 9. Without
further explanation and development of the record, the Court is not convinced that the use of the
transportation events to shuttle individuals to and from Old Faithful is as meaningful as Plaintiff
suggests. As far as the Court can tell, NPS merely required that the concessioner that received
the transportation events use them in a particular way. This does not appear to the Court to
materially change the nature of the transportation events or the contracts to which they were
allocated. Plaintiff also notes that one of the transportation events was moved from the park’s
south entrance to the west, but the supposed materiality of this change is diminished by fact that
this type of reallocation is expressly envisioned by regulation. 36 C.F.R. § 7.13(1)(10)(viii)
(“The Superintendent may . . . make limited changes to the transportation events allocated to
each entrance”). Finally, Plaintiff’s argument regarding materiality contains a number of
unsupported or conclusory assertions, see, e.g., Pl.’s Reply at 14-15 (“[t]hese new and additional
9 services were a material change to the required and authorized services”) (internal quotations
omitted), which are simply not helpful to the Court.
In the end, the Court need not make a final ruling at this point as to whether the
amendments were “material” or, more broadly, whether the manner in which Defendants
reallocated the transportation events was improper. At this stage it is sufficient to say that,
having reviewed the parties’ briefs, the limited record thus far, and the regulatory and statutory
provisions at issue, the Court is not convinced that Plaintiff has established that it is likely to
succeed on its claim that Defendants violated any statute or regulation.
Moreover, even if Plaintiff was correct that Defendants’ course of action was contrary to
statute or regulation, Plaintiff’s claim faces other serious hurdles. The injunction Plaintiff seeks
would “[d]irect[ ] the NPS to award [Plaintiff] a concession contract to replace the terminated
Four Season’s contract.” Pl.’s App. at 13. But Plaintiff has not provided any plausible
explanation as to why it is likely to obtain such relief in this case. Plaintiff appears to assume,
without explanation or authority, that if Defendants’ course of action is found to have been
improper, Plaintiff is entitled to be awarded the transportation events associated with the
cancelled contract. This assumption is misguided. Even if NPS had the authority to
automatically award a cancelled contract to a previously-unsuccessful bidder, Plaintiff fails to
explain why it would be the previously-unsuccessful bidder entitled to the contract. 4 Ten
companies bid on the OSV contracts at issue. Decl. of Paula Bauer, ECF No. 7-2, at ¶ 3. Only
4 Apparently recognizing this flaw in its Application, Plaintiff appears to walk back the scope of the injunction it seeks when it argues in its Reply that “Defendants should be ordered to conduct a proper selection process, in accordance with the law and regulations, and Plaintiff should be permitted to participate in that process.” Pl.’s Reply at 6. Even this more limited injunction is still not appropriate because, as explained above, Plaintiff has not persuaded the Court that it is likely to demonstrate that Defendants’ conduct was unlawful in any way. 10 three were successful. In other words, there were seven unsuccessful bidders like Plaintiff who
theoretically could also claim an entitlement to those transportation events. Among those seven
unsuccessful bidders, Plaintiff was not the “next in line” for any of the contracts. Id. ¶ 5.
Plaintiff scored no higher than third for any of the ten contracts. Id. Moreover, the NPS
Selecting Official determined that Plaintiff’s proposal for the contracts was “non-responsive.”
Id. ¶ 6; Defs.’ Ex. 2. 5 Although there is no suggestion by either party that NPS could or should
have simply awarded the Four Season contract to the “next in line” responsive bidder, the fact
that even in this hypothetical scenario Plaintiff would not have been awarded the contract is
demonstrative of the implausibility of Plaintiff’s request to be automatically issued that contract
now. These hurdles are additional reasons why Plaintiff has not demonstrated a likelihood of
success.
B. Plaintiff Fails to Show Irreparable Injury
Plaintiff also falls short of showing that it will suffer “irreparable injury” if an injunction
is not issued. To show that a preliminary injunction or TRO is warranted, Plaintiff must
demonstrate that there is a likelihood of irreparable injury. See Chaplaincy of Full Gospel
Churches v. England, 454 F.3d 290, 297 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (“A movant’s failure to show any
irreparable harm is therefore grounds for refusing to issue a preliminary injunction, even if the
other three factors entering the calculus merit such relief.”). The D.C. Circuit “has set a high
standard for irreparable injury.” Id. “First, the injury ‘must be both certain and great; it must be
5 The Court understands that Plaintiff disputes whether its proposals were actually non- responsive, Pl.’s Reply at 7-8, and perhaps this point will be clarified when the full record is before the Court at a later stage in this litigation. But as the record currently stands, it appears that the Selecting Official did in fact indicate that Plaintiff’s proposals were “non-responsive.” Defs.’ Ex. 2. 11 actual and not theoretical.’” Id. (citation omitted). “Second, the injury must be beyond
remediation.” Id.
The primary harm Plaintiff claims that it will suffer in the absence of an injunction is a
loss of revenue from not being entitled to provide OSV services for the two transportation events
previously associated with the Four Seasons contract. Pl.’s App. at 10. There are a number of
problems with this argument. As a general rule, “‘in the absence of special circumstances . . .
recoverable economic losses are not considered irreparable.’” Davis, 571 F.3d at 1295 (quoting
Taylor v. Resolution Trust Corp., 56 F.3d 1497, 1507 (D.C. Cir. 1995)). At a minimum, an
economic harm would have to be “certain, great and actual” to constitute irreparable injury.
National Mining Ass’n v. Jackson, 768 F. Supp. 2d 34, 52 (D.D.C. 2011). Plaintiff must
demonstrate that the economic harm it will suffer is “significant,” Air Transp. Ass’n of Am., Inc.
v. Exp.-Imp. Bank of the U.S., 840 F. Supp. 2d 327, 335 (D.D.C. 2012), and “sufficiently severe
to warrant emergency relief,” Save Jobs USA, 105 F. Supp. 3d at 115.
Plaintiff has not made this showing. For example, Plaintiff has not demonstrated that
being unable to service the two transportation events at issue in this case places its business in
jeopardy. In fact, the Court is unable to ascertain the economic impact on Plaintiff’s business in
any meaningful way at all because—absent quoting the amount of revenue it could allegedly
receive based on rates set forth in NPS’s prospectus—Plaintiff has provided the Court with no
evidence on this issue. The Court is left to speculate as to the economic significance of the
transportation events to Plaintiff. In doing so, the Court notes that Plaintiff has apparently
operated without the rights to these transportation events for a number of years before this
lawsuit was filed. Compl. ¶ 2 (noting that Plaintiff’s “winter operations have been curtailed” as a
result of not receiving the challenged contract “since the winter season of 2014”). The Court
12 also observes that if Plaintiff proves successful in obtaining the transportation events through this
lawsuit, it could enjoy the revenue from them for a considerable portion of the lifespan of the
challenged contracts, given that they will last until 2024.
An additional problem with Plaintiff’s argument regarding lost revenue is that, even if the
Court were to order NPS to conduct a new procurement process for the rights to use the two
transportation events, there is no reason to assume that Plaintiff would receive those rights.
Given that Plaintiff was not “next in line” for any of the original contracts awarded, it is far from
certain that Plaintiff would be awarded the contract in any new procurement process. Plaintiff’s
alleged harm is accordingly highly speculative.
Plaintiff references other potential harms, but they do not constitute “irreparable injuries”
that could support the granting of a TRO. In its Reply, Plaintiff argues that it “was deprived the
opportunity to compete.” Pl.’s Reply at 16. But even if true, this deprivation has already
occurred, and can be remedied if Plaintiff is successful in this litigation. Plaintiff also alleges
that it will be irreparably harmed absent an injunction because it will not be considered a
“preferred offeror” for the purposes of future NPS procurements, given that it will not be an
“incumbent concessioner.” Pl.’s App. at 12. As noted above, the current contracts do not expire
until 2024. If Plaintiff proves successful in this case, Defendants have represented that
Plaintiff’s status could be changed to that of an incumbent concessioner long before this time.
Accordingly, this alleged loss of status also does not qualify as an “irreparable injury.”
Finally, the Court notes that Plaintiff did not act with haste in moving for the emergency
relief it now seeks. Plaintiff “heard rumors” that the Four Seasons contract had been terminated
in 2016, Compl. ¶ 3, and knew of the termination definitively as early as September 2017, id. ¶¶
6-7. Plaintiff did not move for a TRO until December 20, 2017. The Court acknowledges
13 Plaintiff’s explanation that after it learned that the Four Seasons contract had been terminated, it
first sought relief from NPS directly before filing this lawsuit. Nevertheless, the Court finds that
Plaintiff could have filed its emergency motion much sooner. Plaintiff waited over two months
after NPS had informed Plaintiff about its position on the transportation events to file for a TRO.
Although certainly not a determinative factor, Plaintiff’s delay “undermines [its] showing of
irreparable injury.” Biovail Corp. v. U.S. Food & Drug Admin., 448 F. Supp. 2d 154, 165
(D.D.C. 2006); see also, e.g., Jack’s Canoes & Kayaks, LLC v. National Park Serv., 933 F.
Supp. 2d 58, 81 (D.D.C. 2013) (“Plaintiff’s delay . . . undermine[s] any argument that its injury
is of ‘such imminence that there is a clear and present need for equitable relief to prevent
irreparable harm.’”) (quoting Brown v. District of Columbia, 888 F. Supp. 2d 28, 33 (D.D.C.
2012) (internal quotations omitted)).
C. Public Interest and the Balance of Hardships
Finally, Plaintiff has not shown that the public interest or the balance of hardships weigh
in favor of granting injunctive relief. These factors appear to be in equipoise. On the one hand,
Plaintiff argues that it will lose revenue if it is not able to provide OSV services pursuant to the
transportation events associated with the cancelled Four Seasons contract during the pendency of
this lawsuit. On the other hand, the concessioners who are currently providing those services
would be unfairly injured if the transportation events were removed from their contracts. Simply
awarding these transportation events to Plaintiff, as it requests, would also be unfair to other
unsuccessful bidders who submitted responsive proposals for the original contracts in 2013-14
(especially those whose proposals were scored above Plaintiff’s proposal). Plaintiff argues that
the public’s interest is served by allowing Plaintiff in particular to provide the OSV services,
because it provides better and more affordable services than the current concessioners. But
14 Plaintiff provides no support for this assertion. Moreover, Plaintiff’s argument that the public
interest favors ensuring that the government’s procurement of services is executed legally
presumes the validity of Plaintiff’s legal claims on the merits, but the Court has concluded that
Plaintiff has not demonstrated a likelihood of succeeding on those claims at this early stage in the
litigation.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons Plaintiff’s Application for a TRO is DENIED. This decision
should not be misconstrued as an indication that Plaintiff’s lawsuit will not ultimately succeed.
After a complete record has been produced and the parties have had an opportunity to
thoughtfully and thoroughly brief the issues, Plaintiff’s arguments may prove meritorious. But a
TRO “may only be awarded upon a clear showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such
relief.” Sherley, 644 F.3d at 392 (internal quotation omitted). No such showing has been made
here. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
/s/ COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY United States District Judge