Mr. Justice Brown
delivered the opinion of the court.
. We have nothing to do in this case with the justice of the finding which the Civil Service Commission made against the plaintiff in error, nor whether it erred in its decision on the facts, or even whether it erred in its rulings of law, if it made any, during the progress of the hearing which it gave him, or in its application of the law to the facts; nor had the Superior Court. As the Supreme Court said in The People v. Lindblom, 182 Ill. 211, the only questions open in the Superior Court'were whether the Civil Sendee Commission had jurisdiction, and whether it followed the form of proceedings legally applicable in such cases. This, counsel for plaintiff in error seem to admit in their argument, but they charge that the Civil Service Commission had no jurisdiction to try plaintiff in error on the charges set forth in the letter of the president of the Board of Local Improvements to the Civil Service Commission under date of August 22, 1901: first, because such charges do not state a sufficient cause of removal; second, because it was not the duty of the plaintiff in error to pave the street designated, and the return does not set forth that it was his duty to inspect the paving in the street designated; and, third, because the return does not show that the particular street designated was in the district of the city over which petitioner was a paving inspector. We do not think this position tenable. The office from which plaintiff in error was suspended, pending these charges, by the letter making them, was designated in that letter as “general paving inspector.” The petitioner rightly says in. his petition for the writ of certiorari, that this title and name imply that his duties were the inspection of the paving of streets in the city of Chicago and the general supervision over the inspection of the same by sub-inspectors.
The charges were “negligence and incompetency in the paving of Jefferson street from Madison street to Van Burén street, which work was done in ¡November and December, 1899.” If the plaintiff in error had no duties at all in .connection with the paving of Jefferson street, he could have been guilty of no negligence and incompetency in regard to such paving or the inspection of it; and the proof of this before the Commission would have been a defense before that body. But the question of whether or not he had such duties, as well as the question of his negligence and incompetency in the discharge of them if he had them, would have been for the Commission to decide on the evidence, and not for the Superior Court on the writ of certiorari, or for this court on this writ of error. Prima facie there is certainly no inconsistency between such duties and those of a “ general paving inspector ” in Chicago. ¡Nor if the charge is to be construed as “ negligence and incompetency in the matter of the paving of Jefferson street,” etc., does it so lack precision or particularity as to prevent the Civil Service Commission from acquiring through it jurisdiction to try the alleged offender, or as to show that in so trying him it did not follow the form of proceedings legally applicable in such cases.
The statute is that “ no officer or em-ploye in the classified civil service of any city, who shall have been appointed under said rules and after said examination, shall be removed or discharged except for cause, upon written charges and after am, opportunity to he heard in his own defense. Such charges shall be investigated by or before said civil service commission, or by or before some officer or board appointed by.said commission to conduct such investigation.” This, of course, implies that the written charges must state a £‘ cause ” for his removal, which must be some substantial shortcoming which renders his continuance in his office or employment in some way detrimental to the discipline or efficiency of the service. But when that is conceded, a wide latitude is given to the Commission as to what will justify the separation from the service, provided only, the accused has been given the proper opportunity to know the nature of the charges, and to be heard in his own defense.
That negligence and in competency on the part of an officer in regard to some particular work which it has been his duty to do or to supervise and look after, are causes for which the Commission may properly allow a removal, cannot be seriously doubted. To hold otherwise would be to make of the Civil Service Act something very different from what the Legislature intended, and a menace instead of a protection to public interests.
It is contended, however, that the particular acts or omissions which constituted the evidence of the negligence or incompetency should have been specified in the written charges, to give jurisdiction to the Commission, or to render the proceedings regular and “ legally applicable.” We do not so understand the law. “ Negligence and incompetency ” shown in a given piece of work is a cause sufficiently specifically designated; the particular occurrences or defaults which show the negligence and incompetency are evidence that such cause, viz., “ negligence and incompetency,” existed. In analogous cases, the ruling of the court of last resort in this state has always been in accordance with this reasoning. People v. Higgins, 15 Ill. 110; Wilcox et al. v. People, etc., 90 Ill. 186; People v. Mays, 117 Ill. 257. Nor do we regard the cases cited by counsel for plaintiff in error from Hew York, inconsistent at all with this holding.
In People ex rel. v. The Mayor, etc., 19 Hun, 441, the Supreme Court of Hew York, at Special Term, determined in effect that one Nichols, a police commissioner of the city of Hew York who had been removed by the mayor, with the approval of the governor, had not had an opportunity to be heard before being so removed, and that there had been no investigation into the charges against him, although the law provided that one in his position could only be removed “for cause and after opportunity to be heard.” The court says: “ 1 For cause’ means that a reason must exist which is personal to the individual sought to be removed, which the law and a sound public opinion will recognize as a good cause for his no longer occupying the place. * * * It is a fact that the certificate sent by the mayor to the governor stated reasons which, if they be true, justified action, provided, the steps which the law requires to Toe taken in their aseertaimnent were followed.” Heference to the certificate sent to the governor by the mayor, which appears in the opinion, quite clearly shows that the “ reasons” which, in the opinion of the court, “justified action” in this case, were certainly as broadly stated as in thecharges in the case at bar. The case of The People v. Nichols, 79 N. Y. 582, was a branch of the same litigation which reached the Court of Appeals, and there it was held, apropos of the removal without investigation or trial, that the proceeding to remove “ must be instituted upon specific charges sufficient in their nature to warrant the removal, and then, unless admitted, proven to be true.” It was not held in either court that the charges as made were too general to furnish ground for a proper investigation.
The language of Chief Justice Parker of Massachusetts in 1828, in the case of Murdock, appellant, 7 Pickering, 303, “ We hold that by analogy to trials on criminal accusations in courts of justice and the principles of the constitution, no man.
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Mr. Justice Brown
delivered the opinion of the court.
. We have nothing to do in this case with the justice of the finding which the Civil Service Commission made against the plaintiff in error, nor whether it erred in its decision on the facts, or even whether it erred in its rulings of law, if it made any, during the progress of the hearing which it gave him, or in its application of the law to the facts; nor had the Superior Court. As the Supreme Court said in The People v. Lindblom, 182 Ill. 211, the only questions open in the Superior Court'were whether the Civil Sendee Commission had jurisdiction, and whether it followed the form of proceedings legally applicable in such cases. This, counsel for plaintiff in error seem to admit in their argument, but they charge that the Civil Service Commission had no jurisdiction to try plaintiff in error on the charges set forth in the letter of the president of the Board of Local Improvements to the Civil Service Commission under date of August 22, 1901: first, because such charges do not state a sufficient cause of removal; second, because it was not the duty of the plaintiff in error to pave the street designated, and the return does not set forth that it was his duty to inspect the paving in the street designated; and, third, because the return does not show that the particular street designated was in the district of the city over which petitioner was a paving inspector. We do not think this position tenable. The office from which plaintiff in error was suspended, pending these charges, by the letter making them, was designated in that letter as “general paving inspector.” The petitioner rightly says in. his petition for the writ of certiorari, that this title and name imply that his duties were the inspection of the paving of streets in the city of Chicago and the general supervision over the inspection of the same by sub-inspectors.
The charges were “negligence and incompetency in the paving of Jefferson street from Madison street to Van Burén street, which work was done in ¡November and December, 1899.” If the plaintiff in error had no duties at all in .connection with the paving of Jefferson street, he could have been guilty of no negligence and incompetency in regard to such paving or the inspection of it; and the proof of this before the Commission would have been a defense before that body. But the question of whether or not he had such duties, as well as the question of his negligence and incompetency in the discharge of them if he had them, would have been for the Commission to decide on the evidence, and not for the Superior Court on the writ of certiorari, or for this court on this writ of error. Prima facie there is certainly no inconsistency between such duties and those of a “ general paving inspector ” in Chicago. ¡Nor if the charge is to be construed as “ negligence and incompetency in the matter of the paving of Jefferson street,” etc., does it so lack precision or particularity as to prevent the Civil Service Commission from acquiring through it jurisdiction to try the alleged offender, or as to show that in so trying him it did not follow the form of proceedings legally applicable in such cases.
The statute is that “ no officer or em-ploye in the classified civil service of any city, who shall have been appointed under said rules and after said examination, shall be removed or discharged except for cause, upon written charges and after am, opportunity to he heard in his own defense. Such charges shall be investigated by or before said civil service commission, or by or before some officer or board appointed by.said commission to conduct such investigation.” This, of course, implies that the written charges must state a £‘ cause ” for his removal, which must be some substantial shortcoming which renders his continuance in his office or employment in some way detrimental to the discipline or efficiency of the service. But when that is conceded, a wide latitude is given to the Commission as to what will justify the separation from the service, provided only, the accused has been given the proper opportunity to know the nature of the charges, and to be heard in his own defense.
That negligence and in competency on the part of an officer in regard to some particular work which it has been his duty to do or to supervise and look after, are causes for which the Commission may properly allow a removal, cannot be seriously doubted. To hold otherwise would be to make of the Civil Service Act something very different from what the Legislature intended, and a menace instead of a protection to public interests.
It is contended, however, that the particular acts or omissions which constituted the evidence of the negligence or incompetency should have been specified in the written charges, to give jurisdiction to the Commission, or to render the proceedings regular and “ legally applicable.” We do not so understand the law. “ Negligence and incompetency ” shown in a given piece of work is a cause sufficiently specifically designated; the particular occurrences or defaults which show the negligence and incompetency are evidence that such cause, viz., “ negligence and incompetency,” existed. In analogous cases, the ruling of the court of last resort in this state has always been in accordance with this reasoning. People v. Higgins, 15 Ill. 110; Wilcox et al. v. People, etc., 90 Ill. 186; People v. Mays, 117 Ill. 257. Nor do we regard the cases cited by counsel for plaintiff in error from Hew York, inconsistent at all with this holding.
In People ex rel. v. The Mayor, etc., 19 Hun, 441, the Supreme Court of Hew York, at Special Term, determined in effect that one Nichols, a police commissioner of the city of Hew York who had been removed by the mayor, with the approval of the governor, had not had an opportunity to be heard before being so removed, and that there had been no investigation into the charges against him, although the law provided that one in his position could only be removed “for cause and after opportunity to be heard.” The court says: “ 1 For cause’ means that a reason must exist which is personal to the individual sought to be removed, which the law and a sound public opinion will recognize as a good cause for his no longer occupying the place. * * * It is a fact that the certificate sent by the mayor to the governor stated reasons which, if they be true, justified action, provided, the steps which the law requires to Toe taken in their aseertaimnent were followed.” Heference to the certificate sent to the governor by the mayor, which appears in the opinion, quite clearly shows that the “ reasons” which, in the opinion of the court, “justified action” in this case, were certainly as broadly stated as in thecharges in the case at bar. The case of The People v. Nichols, 79 N. Y. 582, was a branch of the same litigation which reached the Court of Appeals, and there it was held, apropos of the removal without investigation or trial, that the proceeding to remove “ must be instituted upon specific charges sufficient in their nature to warrant the removal, and then, unless admitted, proven to be true.” It was not held in either court that the charges as made were too general to furnish ground for a proper investigation.
The language of Chief Justice Parker of Massachusetts in 1828, in the case of Murdock, appellant, 7 Pickering, 303, “ We hold that by analogy to trials on criminal accusations in courts of justice and the principles of the constitution, no man. can be deprived of his office, which is a valuable property, without having the offense with which he is charged 1 fully and plainly, substantially and formally ’ described to him,” which language is quoted in the Supreme Court opinion in the Nichols case, at Special Term (19 Hun, 441), and is repeated by counsel for plaintiff in error .in their brief, as though it were the gist of such opinion— was used under very different circumstances and in a very different case from those at bar. The founders of an eleemosynary educational institution (The Andover Theological Seminary) had heavily endowed it, provided for appointments of professors for life, provided for a board of trustees, which alone should have the power of removal, and then only “for scandalous immorality, mental incapacity, gross negligence, or any other just and sufficient cause; ” provided for supervising power over such removals by a board of visitors, and for appeal from the board of visitors by an aggrieved professor to the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. The Legislature of Massachusetts, by special statute, had given effect to this provision of the founders of the seminary by conferring on the Supreme Court of Massachusetts the requisite power to hear and determine such appeals. It was on such an appeal that this language of Chief Justice Parker was used about “ analogy to trials on criminal accusations in courts of justice.” It will be noticed that Chief-Justice Parker speaks of the office held by Professor Murdock, the appellant, as “ a valuable property,” of which it was proposed to deprive him. It may have been so, but neither the office of “general paving inspector ” in the city of Chicago, nor any other public office or employment in the State of Illinois is “property.” Donahue v. County of Will, 100 Ill. 94; The People v. Kipley, 171 Ill. 44. But even in the case of Murdock, appellant, supra, Chief Justice Parker, after using the language which we have quoted, goes on to say that while three out of four of the articles exhibited against Dr. Murdock are vague and indefinite, the fourth is “ direct and unequivocal and in the very words of the founders, as a cause for a removal from office. It is gross neglect of duty? That he continues in a semi-detached sentence, “ and the facts and circumstances are stated which go. to justify the charge,” by no means implies that' if they had not been so stated, the charge would have been insufficiently “direct and unequivocal.” Manifestly the case of “Murdock, appellant,” etc., is not an authority for the contention of plaintiff in error.
The point made in his behalf, that the charges speak of his negligence and incompetency in the paving of Jefferson street, which was plainly not a cause for which he could be removed, inasmuch as it was not his duty as a paving -inspector to pave the streets, and that the paving of Jefferson street from Madison to Yan Burén street was let upon a contract to certain contractors, we consider to be— as it is designated by counsel for defendant in error—a mere quibble upon words.
The object of requiring written charges before an officer or employee of the city under the protection of the Civil Service Act can be removed, is simply to apprise him with reasonable certainty of the accusations he must meet on his trial; it is merely a means to the end that he should have a fair opportunity to defend himself—not an end in itself. It is contrary to common sense to suppose that a general paving inspector of the city of Chicago accused of “ negligence and incompetency in the paving of Jefferson street,” etc., would not know from that language that the negligence and incompetency charged was “ in the matter of ” “ the paving of Jefferson street,” or “ in the inspection of” “the paving of Jefferson street.” The plaintiff in error did know it, and showed immediately that he knew it. He did not defend himself on the ground that he had no duties concerning the inspection of the paving on Jefferson street, nor make any request for more specific charges. He voluntarily appeared before the Commission, asked for a hearing, and, apparently, manfully and straigh t-f or ward ly defended himself on the merits. The Commission found against him, and in so doing, whatever may have been the justice or injustice of their finding—with which, as we have said, the courts have nothing to do, and concerning which, therefore, we have no means of knowledge—we do not think it exceeded its jurisdiction or “ failed 'to follow the form of proceedings legally applicable in such cases.” We should, on the foregoing reasoning, affirm, the judgment of the Superior Court even had the writ of certiorari been applied for promptly after the removal of plaintiff in error from his office or employment.
We" think it proper to say, however, that we regard as by no means without force the suggestion of counsel for the city, that a long acquiescence in the action of the removing power by a person alleging himself to be aggrieved by his removal from the public service, should be held to have worked through laches a forfeiture of any right he might otherwise have had to be reinstated. There is sound basis, as it seems to us, for such a holding in the grave public inconvenience that might result from a different course applied to the employees of a city like Chicago. It is not, however, necessary for us to decide the question raised by this suggestion, in the case at bar.
The judgment of the Superior Court is affirmed.
Affirmed,.