1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MALCOLM WILLIAMS, ) Case No.: 1:19-cv-00990-SKO (HC) ) 12 Petitioner, ) ORDER DIRECTING CLERK OF COURT TO ) ASSIGN DISTRICT JUDGE 13 v. ) ) FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATION TO 14 ) DISMISS PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS 15 SCOTT YOUNG, ) CORPUS ) 16 Respondent. ) [THIRTY-DAY OBJECTION DEADLINE] ) 17
18 Petitioner is in the custody of the Bureau of Prisons at the Federal Correctional Institution in 19 Mendota, California. He filed the instant federal petition on July 19, 2019, challenging his conviction 20 and sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. (Doc. 1.) For reasons that follow, the Court finds that 21 Petitioner fails to satisfy the “savings clause” or “escape hatch” of § 2255(e). Therefore, the Court will 22 recommend the petition be SUMMARILY DISMISSED. 23 BACKGROUND 24 On June 7, 2015, Petitioner pled guilty in the United States District Court for the Southern 25 District of Florida to robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a). (Doc. 1 at 10.) A presentence report 26 was prepared by the U.S. Probation Department which asserted that Petitioner was subject to an 27 enhancement under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), because he had a prior conviction for 28 1 drug trafficking and a violent felony of fleeing and eluding pursuant to Florida Statute § 316.1935. 2 (Doc. 1 at 10.) 3 On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court decided Johnson v. United States, 135 S.Ct. 2251 4 (2015). In Johnson, the Supreme Court struck down the residual clause of the ACCA as 5 unconstitutionally vague. Id. at 2257-58. 6 At sentencing on October 28, 2015, Petitioner, through counsel, challenged the career offender 7 enhancement asserting that the fleeing and eluding conviction was not a violent felony pursuant to the 8 Supreme Court’s decision in Johnson. (Doc. 1 at 10.) The district court found that Petitioner was a 9 career offender and sentenced him to 151 months in prison. (Doc. 1 at 10.) 10 Petitioner asked his attorney to file a notice of appeal, but his attorney failed to do so. 11 Petitioner then filed a pro se notice of appeal on January 25, 2016. (Doc. 1 at 10.) 12 On February 18, 2016, the Eleventh Circuit issued its decision in United States v. Garner, 644 13 Fed.Appx. 880 (11th Cir. 2016). In Garner, the Eleventh Circuit held that a conviction for fleeing and 14 eluding under Fla. Stat. § 316.1935 no longer qualified as a “violent felony” under the ACCA’s 15 residual clause in light of the Supreme Court’s Johnson decision. Garner, 644 Fed.Appx. at 881. 16 On March 8, 2016, Petitioner filed a § 2255 motion alleging counsel had failed to file his 17 notice of appeal and perfect an appeal raising the Johnson issue. (Doc. 1 at 10.) Petitioner states 18 defense counsel advised him to withdraw his § 2255 motion due to an appeal waiver and other 19 considerations, and he did so on March 28, 2016. (Doc. 1 at 10-11.) 20 On July 19, 2019, Petitioner filed the instant habeas petition. Petitioner claims the ACCA 21 sentence enhancement is invalid because his prior conviction for fleeing and eluding did not qualify as 22 a violent felony under the ACCA in light of Johnson. 23 DISCUSSION 24 A federal prisoner who wishes to challenge the validity or constitutionality of his federal 25 conviction or sentence must do so by way of a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct the sentence 26 under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Tripati v. Henman, 843 F.2d 1160, 1162 (9th Cir.1988); see also Stephens v. 27 Herrera, 464 F.3d 895, 897 (9th Cir.2006), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1313 (2007). In such cases, only the 28 sentencing court has jurisdiction. Tripati, 843 F.2d at 1163; Hernandez v. Campbell, 204 F.3d 861, 1 865 (9th Cir. 2000). Generally, a prisoner may not collaterally attack a federal conviction or sentence 2 by way of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. Grady v. United States, 3 929 F.2d 468, 470 (9th Cir.1991); Tripati, 843 F.2d at 1162; see also United States v. Flores, 616 F.2d 4 840, 842 (5th Cir.1980). 5 In contrast, a prisoner challenging the manner, location, or conditions of that sentence’s 6 execution must bring a petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 in the district where 7 the petitioner is in custody. Stephens, 464 F.3d at 897; Hernandez, 204 F.3d at 865. “The general rule 8 is that a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 is the exclusive means by which a federal prisoner may test 9 the legality of his detention, and that restrictions on the availability of a § 2255 motion cannot be 10 avoided through a petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2241.” Stephens, 464 F.3d at 897 (citations omitted). 11 Nevertheless, an exception exists by which a federal prisoner may seek relief under § 2241, 12 referred to as the “savings clause” or “escape hatch” of § 2255. United States v. Pirro, 104 F.3d 297, 13 299 (9th Cir.1997) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2255); see Harrison v. Ollison, 519 F.3d 952, 956 (9th Cir. 14 2008); Hernandez, 204 F.3d at 864-65. “[I]f, and only if, the remedy under § 2255 is ‘inadequate or 15 ineffective to test the legality of his detention’” may a prisoner proceed under § 2241. Marrero v. Ives, 16 682 F.3d 1190, 1192 (9th Cir. 2012); see 28 U.S.C. § 2255(e). The Ninth Circuit has recognized that 17 it is a very narrow exception. Ivy v. Pontesso, 328 F.3d 1057, 1059 (9th Cir. 2003). The exception 18 will not apply “merely because section 2255’s gatekeeping provisions,” such as the statute of 19 limitations or the limitation on successive petitions, now prevent the courts from considering a § 2255 20 motion. Id., 328 F.3d at 1059 (ban on unauthorized or successive petitions does not per se make § 21 2255 inadequate or ineffective); Aronson v. May, 85 S.Ct. 3, 5 (1964) (a court’s denial of a prior § 22 2255 motion is insufficient to render § 2255 inadequate.); Moore v. Reno, 185 F.3d 1054, 1055 (9th 23 Cir. 1999) (per curiam) (§ 2255 not inadequate or ineffective simply because the district court 24 dismissed the § 2255 motion as successive and court of appeals did not authorize a successive 25 motion).
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MALCOLM WILLIAMS, ) Case No.: 1:19-cv-00990-SKO (HC) ) 12 Petitioner, ) ORDER DIRECTING CLERK OF COURT TO ) ASSIGN DISTRICT JUDGE 13 v. ) ) FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATION TO 14 ) DISMISS PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS 15 SCOTT YOUNG, ) CORPUS ) 16 Respondent. ) [THIRTY-DAY OBJECTION DEADLINE] ) 17
18 Petitioner is in the custody of the Bureau of Prisons at the Federal Correctional Institution in 19 Mendota, California. He filed the instant federal petition on July 19, 2019, challenging his conviction 20 and sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. (Doc. 1.) For reasons that follow, the Court finds that 21 Petitioner fails to satisfy the “savings clause” or “escape hatch” of § 2255(e). Therefore, the Court will 22 recommend the petition be SUMMARILY DISMISSED. 23 BACKGROUND 24 On June 7, 2015, Petitioner pled guilty in the United States District Court for the Southern 25 District of Florida to robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a). (Doc. 1 at 10.) A presentence report 26 was prepared by the U.S. Probation Department which asserted that Petitioner was subject to an 27 enhancement under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), because he had a prior conviction for 28 1 drug trafficking and a violent felony of fleeing and eluding pursuant to Florida Statute § 316.1935. 2 (Doc. 1 at 10.) 3 On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court decided Johnson v. United States, 135 S.Ct. 2251 4 (2015). In Johnson, the Supreme Court struck down the residual clause of the ACCA as 5 unconstitutionally vague. Id. at 2257-58. 6 At sentencing on October 28, 2015, Petitioner, through counsel, challenged the career offender 7 enhancement asserting that the fleeing and eluding conviction was not a violent felony pursuant to the 8 Supreme Court’s decision in Johnson. (Doc. 1 at 10.) The district court found that Petitioner was a 9 career offender and sentenced him to 151 months in prison. (Doc. 1 at 10.) 10 Petitioner asked his attorney to file a notice of appeal, but his attorney failed to do so. 11 Petitioner then filed a pro se notice of appeal on January 25, 2016. (Doc. 1 at 10.) 12 On February 18, 2016, the Eleventh Circuit issued its decision in United States v. Garner, 644 13 Fed.Appx. 880 (11th Cir. 2016). In Garner, the Eleventh Circuit held that a conviction for fleeing and 14 eluding under Fla. Stat. § 316.1935 no longer qualified as a “violent felony” under the ACCA’s 15 residual clause in light of the Supreme Court’s Johnson decision. Garner, 644 Fed.Appx. at 881. 16 On March 8, 2016, Petitioner filed a § 2255 motion alleging counsel had failed to file his 17 notice of appeal and perfect an appeal raising the Johnson issue. (Doc. 1 at 10.) Petitioner states 18 defense counsel advised him to withdraw his § 2255 motion due to an appeal waiver and other 19 considerations, and he did so on March 28, 2016. (Doc. 1 at 10-11.) 20 On July 19, 2019, Petitioner filed the instant habeas petition. Petitioner claims the ACCA 21 sentence enhancement is invalid because his prior conviction for fleeing and eluding did not qualify as 22 a violent felony under the ACCA in light of Johnson. 23 DISCUSSION 24 A federal prisoner who wishes to challenge the validity or constitutionality of his federal 25 conviction or sentence must do so by way of a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct the sentence 26 under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Tripati v. Henman, 843 F.2d 1160, 1162 (9th Cir.1988); see also Stephens v. 27 Herrera, 464 F.3d 895, 897 (9th Cir.2006), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1313 (2007). In such cases, only the 28 sentencing court has jurisdiction. Tripati, 843 F.2d at 1163; Hernandez v. Campbell, 204 F.3d 861, 1 865 (9th Cir. 2000). Generally, a prisoner may not collaterally attack a federal conviction or sentence 2 by way of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. Grady v. United States, 3 929 F.2d 468, 470 (9th Cir.1991); Tripati, 843 F.2d at 1162; see also United States v. Flores, 616 F.2d 4 840, 842 (5th Cir.1980). 5 In contrast, a prisoner challenging the manner, location, or conditions of that sentence’s 6 execution must bring a petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 in the district where 7 the petitioner is in custody. Stephens, 464 F.3d at 897; Hernandez, 204 F.3d at 865. “The general rule 8 is that a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 is the exclusive means by which a federal prisoner may test 9 the legality of his detention, and that restrictions on the availability of a § 2255 motion cannot be 10 avoided through a petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2241.” Stephens, 464 F.3d at 897 (citations omitted). 11 Nevertheless, an exception exists by which a federal prisoner may seek relief under § 2241, 12 referred to as the “savings clause” or “escape hatch” of § 2255. United States v. Pirro, 104 F.3d 297, 13 299 (9th Cir.1997) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2255); see Harrison v. Ollison, 519 F.3d 952, 956 (9th Cir. 14 2008); Hernandez, 204 F.3d at 864-65. “[I]f, and only if, the remedy under § 2255 is ‘inadequate or 15 ineffective to test the legality of his detention’” may a prisoner proceed under § 2241. Marrero v. Ives, 16 682 F.3d 1190, 1192 (9th Cir. 2012); see 28 U.S.C. § 2255(e). The Ninth Circuit has recognized that 17 it is a very narrow exception. Ivy v. Pontesso, 328 F.3d 1057, 1059 (9th Cir. 2003). The exception 18 will not apply “merely because section 2255’s gatekeeping provisions,” such as the statute of 19 limitations or the limitation on successive petitions, now prevent the courts from considering a § 2255 20 motion. Id., 328 F.3d at 1059 (ban on unauthorized or successive petitions does not per se make § 21 2255 inadequate or ineffective); Aronson v. May, 85 S.Ct. 3, 5 (1964) (a court’s denial of a prior § 22 2255 motion is insufficient to render § 2255 inadequate.); Moore v. Reno, 185 F.3d 1054, 1055 (9th 23 Cir. 1999) (per curiam) (§ 2255 not inadequate or ineffective simply because the district court 24 dismissed the § 2255 motion as successive and court of appeals did not authorize a successive 25 motion). 26 The Ninth Circuit has held that Section 2255 provides an ‘inadequate and ineffective’ remedy 27 (and thus that the petitioner may proceed under Section 2241) when the petitioner: (1) makes a claim 28 of actual innocence; and, (2) has never had an ‘unobstructed procedural shot’ at presenting the claim. 1 Harrison, 519 F.3d at 959; Stephens, 464 F.3d at 898; accord Marrero, 682 F.3d at 1192. The burden 2 is on the petitioner to show that the remedy is inadequate or ineffective. Redfield v. United States, 315 3 F.2d 76, 83 (9th Cir. 1963). If a petitioner fails to meet this burden, then his § 2241 petition must be 4 dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. Ivy, 328 F.3d at 1060. 5 In this case, Petitioner challenges the validity and constitutionality of his conviction and 6 sentence imposed by the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, rather than 7 an error in the administration of his sentence. Therefore, the appropriate procedure would be to file a 8 motion pursuant to § 2255 in the Florida District Court, not a habeas petition pursuant to § 2241 in this 9 Court. Petitioner acknowledges this fact, but contends the remedy under § 2255 is inadequate and 10 ineffective. Petitioner’s argument is unavailing, because he does not present a claim of actual 11 innocence or demonstrate that he has never had an unobstructed procedural opportunity to present his 12 claim. 13 A. Actual Innocence 14 In the Ninth Circuit, a claim of actual innocence for purposes of the Section 2255 savings 15 clause is tested by the standard articulated by the United States Supreme Court in Bousley v. United 16 States, 523 U.S. 614 (1998). Stephens, 464 U.S. at 898. In Bousley, the Supreme Court explained 17 that, “[t]o establish actual innocence, petitioner must demonstrate that, in light of all the evidence, it is 18 more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him.” Bousley, 523 U.S. at 623 19 (internal quotation marks omitted). Actual innocence means factual innocence, not mere legal 20 insufficiency. Id. Here, Petitioner is challenging his career offender classification under the 21 Sentencing Guidelines. The Ninth Circuit has held that “the purely legal argument that a petitioner 22 was wrongly classified as a career offender under the Sentencing Guidelines is not cognizable as a 23 claim of actual innocence under the escape hatch.” Marrero, 682 F.3d at 1193. In Marrero, the Ninth 24 Circuit reasoned that such a claim was “purely a legal claim that has nothing to do with factual 25 innocence.” Id. The Ninth Circuit also noted that its “sister circuits are in accord that a petitioner 26 generally cannot assert a cognizable claim of actual innocence of a noncapital sentencing 27 enhancement.” Id. Relief under § 2241 is therefore foreclosed. 28 1 B. Unobstructed Procedural Opportunity 2 The remedy under § 2255 usually will not be deemed inadequate or ineffective merely because 3 a prior § 2255 motion was denied, or because a remedy under that section is procedurally barred. See 4 Ivy, 328 F.3d at 1060 (“In other words, it is not enough that the petitioner is presently barred from 5 raising his claim of innocence by motion under § 2255. He must never have had the opportunity to 6 raise it by motion.”). To determine whether a petitioner never had an unobstructed procedural shot to 7 pursue his claim, the Court considers “(1) whether the legal basis for petitioner’s claim ‘did not arise 8 until after he had exhausted his direct appeal and first § 2255 motion;’ and (2) whether the law 9 changed ‘in any way relevant’ to petitioner’s claim after that first § 2255 motion.” Harrison, 519 F.3d 10 at 960 (quoting Ivy, 328 F.3d at 1060-61). “An intervening court decision must ‘effect a material 11 change in the applicable law’ to establish unavailability.” Alaimalo, 645 F.3d at 1047 (quoting 12 Harrison, 519 F.3d at 960). That is, an intervening court decision must “constitute[] a change in the 13 law creating a previously unavailable legal basis for petitioner’s claim.” Harrison, 519 F.3d at 961 14 (second emphasis added) (citing Ivy, 328 F.3d at 1060). 15 In this case, the legal basis for Petitioner’s claim was available before sentencing. Indeed, as 16 Petitioner states, he brought this challenge at sentencing. Petitioner alleges the law changed in the 17 Eleventh Circuit with the Garner decision; however, this change does not mean the legal challenge 18 was unavailable. As the Garner decision itself shows, the legal challenge was available. In any event, 19 Garner was decided on February 18, 2016. Garner, 644 Fed.Appx. at 881. Therefore, the legal basis 20 for Petitioner’s claim was available on March 8, 2016, when he filed his first § 2255 motion. 21 Based on the foregoing, the Court concludes that Petitioner has not demonstrated that Section 22 2255 constitutes an “inadequate or ineffective” remedy for raising his claims. Section 2241 is not the 23 proper statute for raising Petitioner's claims, and the petition should be summarily dismissed for lack 24 of jurisdiction. 25 // 26 // 27 // 28 // 1 ORDER 2 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court is DIRECTED to assign a United 3 States District Judge to this case. 4 RECOMMENDATION 5 Based on the foregoing, the Court RECOMMENDS that the Petition for Writ of Habeas 6 Corpus be DISMISSED for lack of jurisdiction. 7 This Findings and Recommendation is submitted to the United States District Court Judge 8 assigned to the case pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636 (b)(1)(B) and Rule 72-304 of the 9 Local Rules of Practice for the United States District Court, Eastern District of California. Within 10 thirty days after being served with a copy of this Findings and Recommendation, Petitioner may file 11 written objections with the Court. Such a document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate 12 Judge’s Findings and Recommendation.” The Court will then review the Magistrate Judge’s ruling 13 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636 (b)(1)(C). Petitioner is advised that failure to file objections within the 14 specified time may waive the right to appeal the Order of the District Court. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 15 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 16 17 IT IS SO ORDERED.
18 Sheila K. Oberto Dated: August 1, 2019 /s/ . 19 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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