1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ASHLEIGH SMITH, No. 2:18-CV-2877 DJC AC 12 Petitioner, 13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 J. ESPINOZA, Warden, 15 Respondent. 16 17 Petitioner is a California state prisoner proceeding pro se with an application for a writ of 18 habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The action proceeds on the First Amended Petition, 19 ECF No. 6, which challenges petitioner’s 2016 conviction for assault causing the death of a child. 20 Respondent has answered. ECF No. 12. Petitioner did not file a traverse, and the time for doing 21 so has long since expired. 22 BACKGROUND 23 I. Proceedings in the Trial Court 24 Petitioner Ashleigh Smith and her partner Terry Scott were charged in Sacramento County 25 with murder and child abuse in relation to the death of their three-month-old son, Tyrese. They 26 were tried together. 27 //// 28 //// 1 A. The Evidence Presented at Trial 2 1. Prosecution Case 3 The jury heard evidence of the following facts, which are recited here in detail because 4 petitioner challenges the sufficiency of the evidence.1 5 Petitioner and Terry Scott called 911 in the early hours of a July morning in 2014. 6 Petitioner reported that her three-month-old son (born three weeks premature in April 2014) was 7 nonresponsive after regurgitating milk, which they had attempted to extract from his airways with 8 a suction device. Petitioner said they would meet the responders at the gate to the complex 9 because they did not know the number of the apartment where they were staying. By the end of 10 the 911 call, defendants were outside hailing the fire truck. 11 The firefighters quickly determined that the paramedics needed to be prepared to treat a 12 limp infant who was not breathing at all and did not have a pulse. Their preliminary examination 13 of the infant was hampered because he was tightly swaddled in two layers of blankets, which 14 struck them as an odd step to take with an infant who was not breathing. They noticed 15 circumferential scratches around the infant’s neck, which appeared to be symmetrical rather than 16 random (which would be atypical of self-inflicted scratches). 17 The circumstances of the encounter left the firefighters feeling uneasy. The captain 18 testified that he participated in 50 to 100 calls per year involving children, and he had never seen 19 parents behave as detached and apathetic as defendants. Scott would not even look one of the 20 paramedics in the eye or respond when questioned. The captain was concerned enough about 21 keeping track of the parents that he asked petitioner to ride in the cab of the emergency vehicle to 22 the hospital, which was contrary to his usual protocol. 23 Beginning at the scene, petitioner gave multiple accounts of what had happened before the 24 911 call, which were at odds with each other and with accounts that Scott provided. 25 At the emergency room, petitioner reported for the first time that she and Scott had 26
27 1 This statement of facts is adapted from the opinion of the California Court of Appeal, Lodged Doc. 10 (ECF No. 13-10) at 2-8. The undersigned has independently confirmed the accuracy of 28 this summary of the evidence. 1 performed CPR on the baby, which had not been mentioned to the responding paramedics. A 2 nurse practitioner in the emergency room could not think of any reason why anyone would stop 3 performing CPR and instead swaddle a baby on a warm July morning. When petitioner claimed 4 that milk had started regurgitating while she was feeding the baby, the nurse did not understand 5 why the feeding process was not simply paused. When petitioner then alternately claimed that 6 the baby began to regurgitate more than 20 minutes after being fed, the nurse found this simply 7 bizarre and outside anything in her medical experience. It was also odd that petitioner asked 8 whether performing CPR could have caused the regurgitation and choking, when obviously the 9 CPR was supposedly a response to the situation. The nurse practitioner had never seen a mother 10 appear as apathetic as petitioner. 11 When Scott arrived at the hospital, he also appeared apathetic. There did not seem to be 12 any rapport between the couple, or effort to console one another. Instead, Scott glared at 13 petitioner. His demeanor did not improve until a doctor told him they were not suspected of child 14 abuse, at which point he jumped up and expressed his relief, and then went outside to smoke. 15 When the parents were allowed to visit the intubated baby, Scott was not seen in the room and 16 petitioner did not attempt to touch her child. 17 Tyrese was transferred from the Kaiser Permanente emergency department to the pediatric 18 intensive care unit at U.C. Davis Medical Center that afternoon. An EEG showed no brain 19 activity. His chance of survival was estimated as near zero. 20 A medical social worker went to speak to the couple, after doctors shared with her their 21 suspicions that the baby was the victim of nonaccidental trauma. She found petitioner calmly 22 using a computer for families in the waiting room, which is in contrast with the behavior of most 23 families under these circumstances. In a later interview, petitioner told the social worker that 24 only she and Scott provided care for the baby. Scott was present for part of the interview, looking 25 sullen and reacting angrily to a doctor who was present to explain the extent of the baby’s injuries 26 and the small odds of his survival; the social worker had never seen such a reaction in 28 years of 27 experience. At this point, petitioner was beginning to appear upset. Hearing the parents again 28 claim that they had been suctioning the baby and performing CPR for 30 minutes before calling 1 911, it struck the social worker that this was a long time to delay in summoning medical aid. 2 None of Smith and Scott’s various explanations accounted for the medical condition of 3 their infant. There was discoloration on the back of his head from some impact in the last month, 4 with hemorrhaging underneath. There was evidence of chronic injury to the right side of the 5 brain from a lack of blood supply (which could be the result of a compressed artery), and it had 6 shrunk in size compared with the other hemisphere. The left side of the brain also had a 7 hematoma from an acute injury. There were scars and abrasions on both sides of his neck. He 8 had a total of 10 rib fractures in different stages of healing. A testicle and an eye were 9 hemorrhaging. The degree of injury to the right side of the brain would have caused difficulties 10 with movement that should have been apparent to any reasonable caregiver. Overall, the 11 pathologist attributed the cause of death to blunt force trauma within a day or two before the baby 12 was declared brain dead. A consulting physician believed that dead tissue in the brain was the 13 result of choking the right carotid artery. The injuries bringing about the baby’s death had to 14 have occurred within two to three days before the brain death. The scratches around the neck 15 were simply an injury that could not be necessarily connected with any choking. 16 In subsequent separate police interviews later that day at the hospital, Scott was crying. 17 Petitioner appeared nonchalant and did not inquire after the condition of her child. That evening, 18 the police conducted separate interviews of the parents at the station. As Scott was awaiting 19 transport, he sat in the police car rapping to himself; petitioner was devoid of affect as she sat in 20 the patrol car. The detective interviewing petitioner testified that she appeared to be acting as if 21 she were in tears, but was not actually crying. She accounted for the scratches on the infant’s 22 neck as the inadvertent product of her long artificial nails while bathing him a couple of weeks 23 earlier. She had never seen anyone abuse the infant. Scott’s demeanor through his interview was 24 unlike anything the detective had ever encountered. He was apathetic, when he was not being 25 mocking or aggressive. Both parents said that they had exclusive care of the baby for his short 26 life, and petitioner said that the couple were continuously in each other’s company except while 27 she was busy with online courses. Scott eventually admitted that earlier in the month he had 28 dropped the infant on his head while bathing him, and had squeezed and shaken him in June 1 (demonstrating an alarming degree of force to the detective on a doll that was in the interview 2 room). He denied that petitioner had ever abused the baby. 3 At one point, petitioner and Scott were left together in a room where they were under 4 surveillance. They conversed in hushed voices, and the words were indiscernible in the original 5 recording. Detectives had one of their video production specialists enhance the audio. Scott 6 began by saying, “Forever going to jail,” and then “I wanted to talk to you. To tell you I am sorry 7 [¶] . . . [¶] [f]or abusing him. For choking him.” He then said, “It’s something awful. We did it 8 but I’m a liar.” He asked her, “You think this is all for me, brah?” She answered, “I’m going to 9 get it. Do you hear me? Look me in the eye. Because if they let me go . . . I swear on this 10 family, you will be taken care of. Okay?” He responded, “I just need you to bail me out. I’ll just 11 go on the run.” Petitioner said that she had been told she would be released from jail on her own 12 recognizance in a few days and would scrounge up the money for his bail. She asked, “what did 13 they say when you took the blame?”; he told her that he would be heading to trial. When 14 petitioner wondered whether she would be going to jail, Scott said, “I don’t know. I told him that 15 you didn’t have nothing to do with it. I told him that you wasn’t even around when it happened.” 16 When he said this, petitioner looked visibly relieved on the video and grabbed his hands. When a 17 detective questioned petitioner after removing Scott from the room, she said that Scott did not 18 respond when she asked him why he abused their child. 19 A search of the apartment from which defendants had called 911 did not find any signs of 20 regurgitation. A recovered suction device also did not have any signs it had been used to extract 21 regurgitation. 22 Petitioner had an older daughter born in 2010. In July 2011, the maternal grandmother 23 retrieved the daughter from petitioner’s home, where she had been left in the custody of a man 24 not known to the grandmother. The child had scratches around her neck, bruising on her body, 25 and diaper rash so severe it required medical attention. From her own child-rearing experience, 26 these injuries did not look ordinary to the grandmother. Petitioner told the grandmother that she 27 was not aware of the injuries. The grandmother filed a report with child protective services, who 28 returned the child to petitioner after a week. The following month, the grandmother learned that 1 the child had incurred a broken leg, and wondered how a child that was not yet walking could 2 sustain such an injury. This time, child protective services removed the daughter from 3 petitioner’s custody on the grandmother’s report. X-rays determined that the leg was broken in 4 two places. The child was never returned to petitioner’s custody; after the termination of parental 5 rights, her sister adopted the daughter and obtained a restraining order against petitioner. 6 Petitioner had told the grandmother that the child had jumped off the bed onto the floor, a story 7 that the grandmother did not believe because the child was able to pull herself upright on the 8 headboard but had never bounced on the bed in her grandmother’s presence. The grandmother 9 also testified that petitioner was a habitual liar like her father. 10 The physician’s assistant who treated petitioner’s daughter testified that the break was in a 11 spiral pattern resulting generally from twisting force and not compression from a jumping injury. 12 He conceded this twisting could have resulted if the child had planted her foot on landing and her 13 body then turned. 14 While Smith and Scott were staying briefly with Scott’s mother, the mother heard the 15 baby cry out as if in extreme pain. When the mother rushed to the room, the door was closed. 16 She was able briefly to open the door before petitioner closed it again, holding the baby in her 17 arms. The baby cried often in petitioner’s care when Scott was out of the house, and when Scott 18 first brought the infant over, the mother thought there was something not quite right, asking her 19 son “You can’t see something is wrong with him?” and insisting that they go to Methodist 20 Hospital, where a nurse agreed that the baby looked “a little bit out of it.” The couple left after 21 the mother told petitioner that she wanted a paternity test. When his mother visited him in jail, 22 Scott said he had not done anything and was taking the rap. 23 2. Defense Case 24 Scott testified in his own defense. He denied injuring Tyrese, and said that he had falsely 25 admitted hurting the baby so that petitioner would be freed. 26 Petitioner did not testify. 27 Each defendant argued that the evidence did not prove they, as opposed to the other, were 28 responsible for the fatal injuries. 1 B. Outcome 2 On May 9, 2016, the jury found both defendants guilty on both counts. CT at 10 (Lodged 3 Doc. 1, ECF No. 13-1 at 17).2 On July 8, 2016, petitioner was sentenced to 25 years to life on 4 Count Two (assault causing death of a child), and punishment on Count One (second degree 5 murder) was stayed. CT at 44 (ECF No. 13-1 at 50). 6 II. Post-Conviction Proceedings 7 Petitioner timely appealed. On April 5, 2018, the California Court of Appeal reversed 8 petitioner’s murder conviction on grounds that the jury instruction on second degree murder 9 improperly permitted conviction based on a finding of negligence. Lodged Doc. 10 (ECF No. 13- 10 10) at 11-12, 14. The appellate court otherwise affirmed the judgment, leaving the assault 11 conviction intact and finding that the evidence was sufficient to support the verdicts on both 12 counts. Id. at 2-10, 15, 18. On remand, the superior court corrected the judgment to reflect a 13 single conviction for assault causing death of a child. Lodged Doc. 11 (ECF No. 13-11). The 14 California Supreme Court denied review on July 18, 2018. Lodged Doc. 13 (ECF No. 13-13). 15 Petitioner did not seek collateral relief in the state courts. 16 STANDARDS GOVERNING HABEAS RELIEF UNDER THE AEDPA 17 28 U.S.C. § 2254, as amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 18 1996 (“AEDPA”), provides in relevant part as follows: 19 (d) An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a state court shall not be 20 granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim – 21 (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an 22 unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or 23 (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable 24 determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding. 25 26 The statute applies whenever the state court has denied a federal claim on its merits, 27
28 2 “CT” refers to the Clerk’s Transcript on Appeal, lodged at ECF Nos. 13-1 and 13-2. 1 whether or not the state court explained its reasons. Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 99 2 (2011). State court rejection of a federal claim will be presumed to have been on the merits 3 absent any indication or state-law procedural principles to the contrary. Id. (citing Harris v. Reed, 4 489 U.S. 255, 265 (1989) (presumption of a merits determination when it is unclear whether a 5 decision appearing to rest on federal grounds was decided on another basis)). “The presumption 6 may be overcome when there is reason to think some other explanation for the state court's 7 decision is more likely.” Id. at 99-100. 8 The phrase “clearly established Federal law” in § 2254(d)(1) refers to the “governing legal 9 principle or principles” previously articulated by the Supreme Court. Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 10 U.S. 63, 71-72 (2003). Only Supreme Court precedent may constitute “clearly established 11 Federal law,” but courts may look to circuit law “to ascertain whether…the particular point in 12 issue is clearly established by Supreme Court precedent.” Marshall v. Rodgers, 569 U.S. 58, 64 13 (2013). 14 A state court decision is “contrary to” clearly established federal law if the decision 15 “contradicts the governing law set forth in [the Supreme Court’s] cases.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 16 U.S. 362, 405 (2000). A state court decision “unreasonably applies” federal law “if the state 17 court identifies the correct rule from [the Supreme Court’s] cases but unreasonably applies it to 18 the facts of the particular state prisoner’s case.” Id. at 407-08. It is not enough that the state court 19 was incorrect in the view of the federal habeas court; the state court decision must be objectively 20 unreasonable. Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 520-21 (2003). 21 Review under § 2254(d) is limited to the record that was before the state court. Cullen v. 22 Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 180-181 (2011). The question at this stage is whether the state court 23 reasonably applied clearly established federal law to the facts before it. Id. at 181-182. In other 24 words, the focus of the § 2254(d) inquiry is “on what a state court knew and did.” Id. at 182. 25 Where the state court’s adjudication is set forth in a reasoned opinion, §2254(d)(1) review is 26 confined to “the state court’s actual reasoning” and “actual analysis.” Frantz v. Hazey, 533 F.3d 27 724, 738 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc). A different rule applies where the state court rejects claims 28 summarily, without a reasoned opinion. In Richter, supra, the Supreme Court held that when a 1 state court denies a claim on the merits but without a reasoned opinion, the federal habeas court 2 must determine what arguments or theories may have supported the state court’s decision, and 3 subject those arguments or theories to § 2254(d) scrutiny. Richter, 562 U.S. at 102. 4 DISCUSSION 5 I. Claim One: Insufficient Evidence to Support Second Degree Murder Conviction 6 Petitioner presents here the same sufficiency of the evidence challenge that she raised as 7 to the murder charge on direct appeal. See ECF No. 6 (amended petition) at 4. Because 8 petitioner’s murder conviction was reversed on other grounds by the California Court of Appeal, 9 Lodged Doc. 10 (ECF No. 13-10), there is no conviction to challenge and no relief that can be 10 granted.3 Without an extant injury that can be addressed by a favorable judicial decision, this 11 claim is accordingly moot and should be denied as such. See Spencer v. Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 7 12 (1998) (failure to satisfy Article III’s case-or-controversy requirement renders a habeas petition 13 moot). 14 II. Claim Two: Insufficient Evidence to Support Assault Conviction 15 A. Petitioner’s Allegations and Pertinent State Court Record 16 Petitioner contends that there was insufficient evidence to support her conviction for 17 assault that results in the death of a child (Cal. Pen. Code, § 273ab). ECF No. 6 (amended 18 petition) at 4. She alleges that the failure of proof violates her due process rights. 19 The evidence presented at trial, and reviewed by the California Court of Appeal, has been 20 summarized above. 21 B. The Clearly Established Federal Law 22 Due process requires that each essential element of a criminal offense be proven beyond a 23 reasonable doubt. In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970). In reviewing the sufficiency of 24 evidence to support a conviction, “the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in 25 the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential 26
27 3 Petitioner alleges that “the court has not sent a new AOJ,” ECF No. 6 at 4, but the record lodged by respondent demonstrates that an amended abstract of judgment was filed in the superior court 28 on September 13, 2018. ECF No. 13-11. 1 elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 2 (1979). If the evidence supports conflicting inferences, the reviewing court must presume “that 3 the trier of fact resolved any such conflicts in favor of the prosecution,” and the court must “defer 4 to that resolution.” Id. at 326. “A reviewing court may set aside the jury’s verdict on the ground 5 of insufficient evidence only if no rational trier of fact could have agreed with the jury.” Cavazos 6 v. Smith, 565 U.S. 1, 2 (2011) (per curiam). 7 C. The State Court’s Ruling 8 The court must first determine which state-court decision serves as the basis for review. 9 Under AEDPA, when more than one state court has adjudicated the applicant’s claim, the federal 10 court looks to the last “reasoned” decision. Barker v. Fleming, 423 F.3d 1085, 1091 (9th Cir. 11 2005). Thus, a state supreme court’s summary denial of discretionary review, which generally 12 does not state a reason for that denial, is not a “reasoned” decision under AEDPA, and we must 13 “look through” that unexplained decision to the last state court to have provided a “reasoned” 14 decision. Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 806 (1991). 15 This claim was raised on direct appeal. Because the California Supreme Court denied 16 discretionary review, the opinion of the California Court of Appeal constitutes the last reasoned 17 decision on the merits and is the subject of habeas review in this court. See Ortiz v. Yates, 704 18 F.3d 1026, 1034 (9th Cir. 2012). 19 The Court of Appeal ruled as follows: 20 In his argument to the jury, the prosecutor contended that it was irrelevant which defendant had committed the abuse, and the jury did 21 not need to agree on the theory of liability; even if not the person who directly inflicted the injuries, the other would be vicariously 22 liable at least under the failure to comply with the duty of a parent to put a stop to abuse that must have been apparent (People v. Rolon 23 (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 1206, 1209 (Rolon)), or in helping to cover up the actions of the other after the infliction of the abuse. Even if 24 one of them were only complicit in simple child abuse, an assault resulting in death would be the natural and probable consequence of 25 the target crime. 26 Defendant Smith argues that only defendant Scott admitted abusing the baby, and there is otherwise an absence of any evidence that she 27 is directly liable for any abuse. She also contends there is an absence of any direct evidence that she was aware of any abuse and failed to 28 act, or that she intentionally encouraged or assisted in an assault 1 resulting in death (or simple abuse reasonably resulting in the same). 2 What defendant Smith disregards is the circumstantial evidence of her direct or complicit participation in murder or assault of a child 3 resulting in death, direct evidence so rarely being available in these heinous offenses. There is the absolute lack of credence to her ever- 4 shifting attempts to explain the death as a consequence of a regurgitation that the physical and medical evidence did not support, 5 and her suggestion that this phantom ailment might be the result of CPR that would be in response to it. The medical experts opined that 6 there would be neurological deficits from ongoing abuse that should have been apparent to any reasonable caregiver, and were in fact 7 apparent to defendant Scott’s mother and the Methodist Hospital nurse when defendant Scott brought the baby in for treatment. 8 Although we are wary of ordinarily inferring that a person’s failure to comply with a purported template of grief unerringly points to a 9 consciousness of guilt, there is also defendant Smith’s lack of reaction to the death of her baby, which was so outside common 10 experience that everyone who encountered her was struck by it. Further, the jury heard defendant Smith’s own mother testify that she 11 was a habitual liar. In addition, the recorded conversation with defendant Scott was at least an adoptive admission that she agreed 12 defendant Scott was not being truthful in accepting full blame for the death, for which she would make sure that he would be “taken care 13 of.” Finally, there is the evidence of abuse of her daughter which, if the jury found by a preponderance of the evidence that she 14 committed, could be the basis for an inference that she committed abuse against her son as well. This overwhelming manifestation of a 15 consciousness of guilt is more than sufficient for a jury rationally to conclude that she either committed or was complicit in the abuse 16 (whether actively or as a matter of a knowing failure to act on her duty as a parent). We therefore reject the claim. 17 18 Lodged Doc. 10 (ECF No. 13-10) at 8-10. 19 D. Objective Reasonableness Under § 2254(d) 20 Although the state court did not cite Jackson v. Virginia or explicitly apply the standard it 21 prescribes, this court may not grant relief unless the state court’s analysis was objectively 22 unreasonable under Jackson. See Early v. Packer, 537 U.S. 3, 8 (2002) (even if state court fails to 23 cite or indicate awareness of federal law, its decision must be upheld “so long as neither the 24 reasoning nor the result of the state-court decision contradicts” clearly established United States 25 Supreme Court authority). 26 Cal. Pen. Code, § 273ab requires proof that that a person with the care or custody of a 27 child under eight years old used force on the child that to a reasonable person would be likely to 28 produce great bodily injury (not necessarily death), which resulted in the child’s death even if that 1 was not the intent. People v. Albritton, 67 Cal.App.4th 647, 655 (1998). It is not a “murder” 2 statute but a “homicide” statute, because it does not require the presence of malice, regardless of 3 the fact that it carries the same penalty as murder. Id. at 656. As noted by the Court of Appeal, 4 California principles of vicarious liability permit conviction of a defendant who did not 5 personally perform the act(s) of force likely to produce great bodily injury where the defendant 6 failed to comply with the duty of a parent to put a stop to abuse that must have been apparent. 7 See People v. Rolon, 160 Cal.App.4th 1206, 1209 (2008). This court is bound to accept and 8 apply these principles of substantive state criminal law. See Bradshaw v. Richey, 546 U.S. 74, 76 9 (2005) (federal habeas court is bound by a state court’s interpretation of state law). 10 Under Jackson, the state appellate court was obliged to view the evidence in the light most 11 favorable to the judgment and to consider all reasonable inferences in support of that judgment. 12 It did so. Although petitioner is correct that there was no direct evidence that she personally 13 committed the fatal acts of child abuse, criminal liability under Penal Code § 273ab does not 14 require such proof. The state court’s findings regarding the circumstantial evidence, and the 15 inferences of culpability reasonably supported by that evidence, are not objectively unreasonable. 16 To the contrary, it cannot be said that no rational trier of fact could have agreed with the jury. 17 See Cavazos, 565 U.S. at 2.4 Particularly in light of the “double dose of deference” to the verdict 18 that is required under Jackson and the AEDPA, Boyer v. Belleque, 659 F.3d 957, 964 (9th Cir. 19 2011), federal habeas relief is unavailable. 20 III. Claim Three: Admission of Prior Child Abuse Evidence 21 A. Petitioner’s Allegations and Pertinent State Court Record 22 Petitioner contends that her rights to due process and a fair trial were violated by 23 admission of evidence that she had previously abused her daughter. Petitioner alleges that “[t]he 24 evidence of prior bad act was admitted as evidence of prior violent act on a child, despite CPS 25 finding no such conclusion.” ECF No. 6 at 5. 26 4 Cavazos is particularly instructive as it was a Penal Code § 273ab case in which the evidence 27 against the petitioner, a doting grandmother, was weaker than that against petitioner here. The Supreme Court’s reversal of the Ninth Circuit’s grant of habeas relief in Cavazos effectively 28 forecloses petitioner’s claim. 1 B. The Clearly Established Federal Law 2 The admission of evidence is governed by state law, and habeas relief does not lie for 3 errors of state law. Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67 (1991). The erroneous admission of 4 evidence violates due process, and thus supports federal habeas relief, only when it results in the 5 denial of a fundamentally fair trial. Id. at 72. The Supreme Court has rejected the argument that 6 due process necessarily requires the exclusion of prejudicial or unreliable evidence. See Spencer 7 v. Texas, 385 U.S. 554, 563-64 (1967) (state procedure for enforcing recidivist statutes that 8 included presenting evidence of past convictions did not violate due process even if there was 9 “possibility of some collateral prejudice”); Perry v. New Hampshire, 565 U.S. 228, 245 (2012) 10 (“[T]he potential unreliability of a type of evidence does not alone render its introduction at the 11 defendant’s trial fundamentally unfair.” (citations omitted)). 12 C. The State Court’s Ruling 13 This claim was exhausted on direct appeal, and the last reasoned state court decision is the 14 opinion of the Court of Appeals. That opinion is therefore the subject of review under § 2254(d). 15 Ortiz, 704 F.3d at 1034. 16 The state appellate court ruled in pertinent part as follows: 17 Before trial, the parties litigated the admissibility of the injuries to defendant Smith’s daughter in 2011 pursuant to Evidence Code 18 section 1109 (which, subject to section 352 of that code, permits the introduction of propensity evidence involving domestic violence or 19 child abuse). The statute incorporates the definition of “domestic violence” (Evid. Code, § 1109, subd. (a)) appearing in Family Code 20 section 6211 (which includes abuse against a party’s child). 21 Defendant Smith’s main objection to admission was the absence of direct evidence that she was the agent of the injuries, as opposed to 22 being simply neglectful about the abuse by others. Defense counsel argued the evidence was more prejudicial than probative as a result. 23 The trial court concluded that the present case “is the ultimate form of domestic violence” and the prior acts of child abuse were also 24 domestic violence for purposes of the exception to the exclusion of propensity evidence. In terms of prejudice, the prior conduct was not 25 more shocking than the death of the present victim, the conduct was recent, the jury was not likely to be confused about the past and 26 present acts, and the jury was unlikely to want to punish her for the prior acts because they resulted in the termination of defendant 27 Smith’s parental rights. The court accordingly found the evidence admissible. 28 1 Defendant Smith essentially rehashes her arguments in the trial court. She contends as a matter of law the prior incidents cannot constitute 2 domestic violence because child protective services charged her only with neglect rather than abuse after the July referral and returned the 3 child to her custody, and a doctor had apparently opined at the time of the August incident that it was conceivable the broken leg could 4 have occurred if the child jumped off a bed (rather than being an inflicted injury like the rest). [Footnote omitted.] She also contends 5 the trial court abused its discretion in not finding the evidence unduly prejudicial. 6 Defendant Smith does not provide any authority for her position that 7 evidence of prior domestic violence must demonstrate on its face that a defendant is the agent of the abuse in order to be admissible, as 8 opposed to allowing a jury to determine whether the abuse can be attributed to the defendant. Even when a victim is available to testify 9 that the abuse was at the hands of a defendant, a defendant can still contest the credibility of the victim in seeking to convince a jury that 10 it did not happen. As for the resolution of whether the evidence should nonetheless be excluded as being unduly prejudicial, we do 11 not find the trial court’s reasoning to be an abuse of discretion. We therefore reject the argument. 12 13 Lodged Doc. 10 (EF No. 13-10) at 15-16. 14 D. Objective Unreasonableness Under § 2254(d) 15 Respondent argues that petitioner’s due process claim is unexhausted because her appeal 16 did not present a federal constitutional theory to the state court. ECF No. 12 at 18. The 17 exhaustion of state court remedies is a prerequisite to federal habeas relief, and exhaustion 18 requires presentation of the federal constitutional basis of the claim to the highest state court. See 19 Wooten v. Kirkland, 540 F.3d 1019, 1025 (9th Cir. 2008); cert. denied, 556 U.S. 1285 (2009). 20 However, exhaustion is not jurisdictional. Granberry v. Greer, 481 U.S. 129, 131 (1987). An 21 unexhausted claim may be denied on the merits. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(2). For the reasons that 22 follow, denial on the merits is appropriate here. 23 The Court of Appeal’s resolution of the evidentiary issue was based on California law, 24 and accordingly may not be revisited in this court. See Lewis v. Jeffers, 497 U.S. 764, 780 25 (1990) (explaining that federal habeas corpus relief does not lie for errors of state law); Bradshaw 26 v. Richey, 546 U.S. 74, 76 (2005) (explaining that a federal habeas court is bound by a state 27 court’s interpretation of state law). The only question cognizable here is whether admission of 28 //// 1 the evidence regarding petitioner’s daughter rendered the trial fundamentally unfair. Estelle, 502 2 U.S. at 72. 3 The United States Supreme Court has never held that due process is violated by a state 4 law authorizing the use of prior bad acts or other propensity evidence in child abuse cases, nor 5 has it ever held that a defendant’s due process rights have been violated in an individual case by 6 admission of such evidence. See Holley v. Yarborough, 568 F.3d 1091, 1101 (9th Cir. 2009) 7 (recognizing that the Supreme Court “has not yet made a clear ruling that admission of irrelevant 8 or overtly prejudicial evidence constitutes a due process violation sufficient to warrant issuance of 9 the writ”); see also Alberni v. McDaniel, 458 F.3d 860, 863-64 (9th Cir. 2006). Absent a holding 10 of the U.S. Supreme Court that governs the question, petitioner cannot qualify for the narrow 11 exception to the AEDPA’s bar to relief. Wright v. Van Patten, 552 U.S. 120, 125-26 (2008) (per 12 curiam); see also Holley, 568 F.3d at 1101 (“Under AEDPA, even clearly erroneous admissions 13 of evidence that render a trial fundamentally unfair may not permit the grant of federal habeas 14 corpus relief if not forbidden by ‘clearly established Federal law,’ as laid out by the Supreme 15 Court.” (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d))). For this reason, federal habeas relief is unavailable. 16 CONCLUSION 17 For all the reasons explained above, the state courts’ denial of petitioner’s claims was not 18 objectively unreasonable within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) and petitioner is not entitled 19 to relief on any of her claims. Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that the petition 20 for writ of habeas corpus be denied. 21 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 22 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. §636(b)(l). Within twenty-one days 23 after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 24 objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned 25 “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” If petitioner files objections, 26 he shall also address whether a certificate of appealability should issue and, if so, why and as to 27 which issues. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). Any reply to the objections shall be served and filed 28 within fourteen days after service of the objections. The parties are advised that failure to file 1 | objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. 2 | Martinez v. YIst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 3 || DATED: June 2, 2023 ~ 4 Httwn— ALLISON CLAIRE 5 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 6 7 8 9 10 1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 16