(HC) Reyes-Tornero v. Spearman

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: May 26, 2020
• Docket: 1:18-cv-00445
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 10 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 11 12 JOSE MANUEL REYES-TORNERO, Case No. 1:18-cv-00445-NONE-JDP 13 Petitioner, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO DENY THE PETITION FOR A WRIT OF 14 v. HABEAS CORPUS AND TO DECLINE TO ISSUE A CERTIFICATE OF 15 M. ELIOT SPEARMAN, APPEALABILITY 16 Respondent. OBJECTIONS DUE WITHIN THIRTY DAYS 17 ECF No. 1 18 19 Petitioner Jose Manuel Reyes-Tornero, a state prisoner with counsel, seeks a writ of 20 habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. ECF No. 1. He claims that he was denied effective 21 assistance of trial counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment. Id. at 19-34.1 Because petitioner 22 has failed to meet the demanding standard for showing ineffective assistance of counsel, see 23 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), we recommend that the court deny the petition 24 and decline to issue a certificate of appealability. 25 26

27 1 While petitioner alleges other rights-violations in passing, see ECF No. 1 at 5, he makes arguments for (and agrees that he has exhausted) only two ineffective assistance claims, see id. 28 at 8. 1 I. Background 2 Petitioner pleaded not guilty to one count of attempted murder, four counts of felony 3 assault, and four counts of robbery—all arising from an incident in which petitioner allegedly 4 shot one man and robbed four at a card game. After an initial mistrial and a second trial, 5 petitioner was sentenced to prison for an indeterminate term of 60 years to life, and a determinate 6 term of 10 years. See ECF No. 1 at 1-2. 7 We set forth below some facts of the underlying offenses, as summarized by the 8 California Court of Appeal. A presumption of correctness applies to these facts. See 28 U.S.C. 9 § 2254(e)(1); Crittenden v. Chappell, 804 F.3d 998, 1010-11 (9th Cir. 2015).

10 For years leading up to December 4, 2010, Nazario Hernandez had hosted games at his home about three times a week. 11 Events of December 4, 2010 12 One of these card games took place outside Nazario’s trailer on 13 December 4, 2010. In attendance at the outdoor card game were Jose Ramos, Efren Cisneros, Ignacio Martinez, and Nazario 14 Hernandez. Other individuals were playing another card game inside the trailer. 15 Efren’s Account 16 Around 8:00 or 8:30 p.m., Efren first noticed a man about three or 17 four feet from the card table. Nazario was walking towards his trailer when the man “asked” for his money. Nazario thought the 18 man was “playing” and “didn’t pay any attention.”

19 Then, the man came to where Efren was playing cards with Jose and Ignacio. The man had a gun and was covering his “head” with 20 his sweatshirt. The man fired a warning shot at the ground, then threatened Jose and Ignacio with the gun by “put[ting] it behind 21 them or on their head.” The man told them, in Spanish, that he wanted their money. There was about $250 or $300 from the card 22 game on the table. Jose and Ignacio said they would give him the money, but refused to give him their wallets. 23 The man then came towards Efren and pointed the gun at him. 24 Efren also told the man that he could have the money but not his wallet. The man shot Efren below his right eye, next to his nose. 25 Efren “guess[ed] he got frustrated from what I was saying so then I turned around and that is when I was shot….” Efren then got up 26 and tried to grab the man. During the short struggle, the man’s face became uncovered and Efren got a good look at him. The man then 27 shot Efren three more times. Efren saw the man take the money that had been on the table and left. Efren then drove himself to the 28 hospital. 1 At trial, Efren identified defendant as the shooter. 2 3 Lodged Doc. No. 2 at 3-4. 4 II. Discussion 5 General Federal Habeas Legal Standards 6 A federal court may grant habeas relief when a petitioner shows that his custody violates 7 federal law. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 2241(a), (c)(3), 2254(a); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 374-75 8 (2000). Section 2254 of Title 28, as amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty 9 Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), governs a state prisoner’s habeas petition. See Harrington v. Richter, 10 562 U.S. 86, 97 (2011). To decide a § 2254 petition, a federal court examines the decision of the 11 last state court that issued a reasoned opinion on petitioner’s habeas claims. See Wilson v. Sellers, 12 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1192 (2018). We must defer to that decision, and cannot grant habeas relief for 13 any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in the state proceeding unless it was contrary to 14 clearly established federal law or based on an unreasonable determination of the facts. See 28 15 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). 16 If obtaining habeas relief under § 2254 is difficult, “that is because it was meant to be.” 17 Richter, 562 U.S. at 102. As the Supreme Court has put it, federal habeas review “disturbs the 18 State’s significant interest in repose for concluded litigation, denies society the right to punish 19 some admitted offenders, and intrudes on state sovereignty to a degree matched by few exercises 20 of federal judicial authority.” Id. at 103 (citation omitted). Our habeas review authority serves as 21 a “guard against extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice systems, not a substitute for 22 ordinary error correction through appeal.” Id. at 102-03 (emphasis added). 23 Petitioner’s Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims 24 Petitioner claims that his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective in violation of the 25 Sixth Amendment. ECF No. 1 at 19, 27. Specifically, he claims that his attorney fell short of 26 constitutional minimums by failing to seek redaction of a police interview and, relatedly, by 27 failing to object to the prosecution’s reliance on petitioner’s failure to seek out the sheriff to 28 1 proclaim his innocence. Id. Petitioner’s first claim was denied in a reasoned opinion by the 2 California Court of Appeal, see Lodged Doc. No. 2, while petitioner’s second claim was raised in 3 his habeas petition to the California Supreme Court and denied without comment, see Lodged 4 Doc. Nos. 5, 6. 5 The two-step inquiry from Strickland v. Washington guides our analysis. See 466 U.S. 6 668 (1984). To succeed on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Strickland requires that a 7 petitioner first show a deficient performance so serious that it “fell below an objective standard of 8 reasonableness.” Id at 687-88. Second, the petitioner must show that the deficient performance 9 caused prejudice, which requires “showing that counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive [the 10 petitioner] of a fair trial.” Id. To succeed at this second step, petitioner must show that a 11 reasonable probability exists that the outcome of the trial would have been different, but for 12 counsel’s errors. See Richter, 562 U.S. at 104. The Strickland standard is highly deferential and, 13 when placed against the backdrop of 28 U.S.C. § 2254, it is “doubly” so: it requires deference 14 both to the counsel’s tactical decisions and the state court’s evaluation of those decisions. See 15 Richter, 562 U.S. at 105. Thus, when the state court has decided an ineffective assistance of 16 counsel issue on the merits, our question is “whether there is any reasonable argument that 17 counsel satisfied Strickland’s deferential standard.” Id. 18 Petitioner’s arguments do not clear these high bars. Petitioner’s first claim is that his trial 19 counsel should have sought the redaction of dialogue from his police interrogation—specifically, 20 portions in which officers asked petitioner why he did not affirmatively contact the police to 21 proclaim his innocence after he learned that he was a rumored suspect.2 But there are many 22 legitimate tactical reasons why counsel would not move for such a redaction, and the California 23 Court of Appeal—when it considered the merits of this issue—offered one: “Defense counsel 24 could have reasonably wanted to have the jury learn that [petitioner] had repeatedly denied 25

2 For example, one officer asked: “On Saturday he gets shot, on Sunday you learn, uh, that he is 26 in the hospital, you learn that people are blaming you . . . . Why didn’t you pick up the phone and 27 say hey, I want to clear my name, people are blaming me[?]” Lodged Doc. No. 2 at 15. Petitioner suggests that four total questions of this sort should have been redacted. See ECF No. 1 28 at 20-21. 1 involvement in an interrogation setting,” and “in order to get [petitioner’s] interrogation responses 2 into evidence, the detectives’ surrounding comments and questions would also need to be 3 admitted.” Lodged Doc. No. 2 at 17. Indeed, even if some redactions were possible, it would 4 have been tactically reasonable for defense counsel to think that a jury may find an unedited 5 transcript (in which petitioner repeatedly proclaims his innocence) more forceful or persuasive 6 than a redacted one. Trial counsel’s failure to move for redaction did not fall below the standard 7 of objective reasonableness, and it was reasonable and lawful for the California courts to reject 8 petitioner’s claim that it did.3 9 Petitioner’s second claim—that trial counsel was ineffective by failing to object to one of 10 the prosecution’s closing arguments that drew attention to petitioner’s pre-arrest silence4—is 11 closely related. Relying on Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 619 (1976), petitioner argues that the 12 prosecution’s arguments were unconstitutional commentary on a defendant’s silence, in violation 13 of the Due Process Clause. But the reliance on Doyle is misplaced: Doyle concerned the 14 admissibility of a defendant’s silence at the time of arrest, after he had received a Miranda 15 warning. See 426 U.S. at 617. By contrast, the Ninth Circuit has held that the “use of pre-arrest, 16 pre-Miranda silence as substantive evidence of guilt” is constitutional. United States v. Oplinger, 17 150 F.3d 1061, 1066 (9th Cir. 1998), overruled on unrelated grounds in United States v. 18 Contreras, 593 F.3d 1135 (9th Cir. 2010) (en banc); see Jenkins v. Anderson, 447 U.S. 231, 241 19 (1980) (Stevens, J., concurring) (“The fact that a citizen has a constitutional right to remain silent 20 when he is questioned has no bearing on the probative significance of his silence before he has 21 any contact with the police.”); United States v. Nasseri, 17 F. App’x 618, 621 (9th Cir. 2001)

22 3 And, even if a failure to move for redaction were objectively unreasonable, petitioner has not 23 shown prejudice: the failure to remove four questions from a sprawling interview transcript running many dozens of pages did not create a reasonable probability of a different outcome. See 24 Richter, 562 U.S. at 104. 4 For example, at closing argument the prosecutor argued that petitioner had a “[s]trange reaction 25 to hearing that people think [he] shot someone”—as evidenced by the fact that “[h]e [said] nothing to the sheriff’s office, nothing to the people at the mobile home, nothing to Sheryl.” 26 Lodged Doc. No. 11 at 3059. During rebuttal, the prosecutor said, “[h]ow could someone who 27 heard . . . that they are being blamed for shooting someone on a particular day not know where they were?” Id. at 3111. There appear to be four such statements to which petitioner objects. 28 See ECF No. 1 at 28-29. 1 (“[T]he prosecution may comment on a defendant’s pre-arrest, pre-Miranda silence as substantive 2 evidence of guilt.”); Tran v. Baughman, No. 2:17-CV-1925-JAM-KJN, 2020 WL 636465, at *9 3 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 11, 2020) (“Generally speaking . . . prosecutors are allowed to comment on a 4 defendant’s pre-arrest silence.”). 5 Here, the prosecution’s statements are best interpreted as constitutionally acceptable 6 comments on the probative significance of petitioner’s pre-arrest silence—and certainly a far cry 7 from the kind of “egregious misstatements” to which an effective defense counsel must object. 8 United States v. Necoechea, 986 F.2d 1273, 1281 (9th Cir.1993) (“Because many lawyers refrain 9 from objecting during opening statement and closing argument, absent egregious misstatements, 10 the failure to object during closing argument and opening statement is within the ‘wide range’ of 11 permissible professional legal conduct.”). Because the prosecution’s comments did not violate 12 Due Process, counsel’s failure to object to them did not fall below the standard of objectives 13 reasonableness.5 It was not unreasonable or contrary to federal law for the California courts to 14 deny relief on this claim. 15 III. Certificate of Appealability 16 A petitioner seeking a writ of habeas corpus has no absolute right to appeal a district 17 court’s denial of a petition; he may appeal only in limited circumstances. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253; 18 Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 335-36 (2003). Rule 11 Governing § 2254 Cases requires a 19 district court to issue or deny a certificate of appealability when entering a final order adverse to a 20 petitioner. See also Ninth Circuit Rule 22-1(a); United States v. Asrar, 116 F.3d 1268, 1270 (9th 21 Cir. 1997). A certificate of appealability will not issue unless a petitioner makes “a substantial 22 showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). This standard requires 23 the petitioner to show that “jurists of reason could disagree with the district court’s resolution of 24 his constitutional claims or that jurists could conclude the issues presented are adequate to 25 deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Miller-El, 537 U.S. at 327; accord Slack v. 26

27 5 Even if the prosecutor’s statements were egregiously unlawful, petitioner would still have failed to show that these comments created prejudice—as the small number of statements in question 28 concern only a small portion of the prosecution’s closing statement and rebuttal. WAS VOUT INER VR □□□ Gor PO Vee PAY

1 | McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). Here, petitioner has not made a substantial showing of the 2 | denial of a constitutional right. Thus, we recommend that the court not issue a certificate of 3 | appealability. 4 | IV. Findings and Recommendations 5 The court should deny the petition for a writ of habeas corpus, ECF No. 1, and decline to 6 | issue a certificate of appealability. These findings and recommendations are submitted to the 7 | U.S. District Court judge presiding over this case under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and Rule 304 of 8 || the Local Rules of Practice for the United States District Court, Eastern District of California. 9 | Within thirty days of the service of the findings and recommendations, petitioner may file written 10 | objections to the findings and recommendations with the court and serve a copy on all parties. 11 | That document must be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and 12 || Recommendations.” The district judge will then review the findings and recommendations under 13 }| 28U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). 14 1s IT IS SO ORDERED. 16 ( Caan Dated: _ May 26, 2020 17 UNI STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 18 19 | No. 205. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28