1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 FRANCISCO AURTORO KOBEL, No. 2: 21-cv-0841 JAM KJN P 12 Petitioner, 13 v. FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS 14 PAUL THOMPSON, 15 Respondent. 16 17 Petitioner is a federal prisoner, proceeding without counsel, with a petition for writ of 18 habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. Petitioner argues that he is entitled to immediate 19 release to a Residential Drug Treatment Program based on application of earned time credits to 20 his sentence under the First Step Act. 21 Pending before the court is respondent’s motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 10.) For the 22 reasons stated herein, the undersigned recommends that respondent’s motion to dismiss be 23 granted. 24 Background 25 On March 6, 2018, petitioner plead guilty to possession with intent to distribute illegal 26 drugs (methamphetamine) in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(2)(A)(viii). (ECF No. 10-1 27 at 2-3, 5.) Petitioner was sentenced to 78 months in federal custody by the United States District 28 Court for the District of Arizona. (Id. at 2-3.) 1 Petitioner’s full-term completion date is March 16, 2024. (ECF No. 10-2 at 15.) Based 2 on an assumption of many factors, including speculative good conduct credit, petitioner’s 3 projected sentence imprisonment term completion date is March 31, 2023. (Id. at 13.) 4 On May 10, 2021, petitioner filed the pending habeas corpus petition pursuant to 28 5 U.S.C. § 2241 arguing that he is entitled to immediate release to a Residential Drug Treatment 6 Program based on application of earned time credits to his sentence under the First Step Act. 7 (ECF No. 1.) 8 On September 24, 2021, respondent filed the pending motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 10.) 9 Respondent moves to dismiss the petition for lack of Article III standing and ripeness, lack of 10 jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 and for failure to exhaust administrative remedies. (Id.) 11 On September 1, 2021, petitioner filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss.1 (ECF No. 12 9.) 13 Discussion 14 The First Step Act 15 The First Step Act was signed into law on December 21, 2018. Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 16 Stat. 5194 (2018). The relevant portions of the First Step Act allow eligible prisoners to earn time 17 credits against their sentences for successfully completing certain “recidivism reduction 18 programming” or “productive activities.” 18 U.S.C. § 3632(d)(4). The Attorney General was 19 allowed 210 days after the First Step Act was enacted to develop and publish the Risk 20 Assessment Needs system, which the Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) must use as a guide to 21 implement the programs. 18 U.S.C. § 3632(a). The Attorney General published the Risks and 22 Needs Assessment on July 19, 2019. The BOP then had 180 days, or until January 15, 2020, to 23 implement the system, complete inmate risk assessments, and then begin to assign prisoners to 24 appropriate evidence-based recidivism reduction programs. 18 U.S.C. § 3621(h). 25 //// 26 1 It is not clear why petitioner filed his opposition before respondent filed the pending motion to 27 dismiss. Petitioner’s opposition appears to address an opposition filed by respondent in a related case, as it refers to the “Liang” declaration.” (ECF No. 9 at 3.) In the instant action, respondent 28 filed a declaration by Christopher Liwag. (ECF No. 10 at 10-2.) 1 Thereafter BOP was given an additional two years, or until January 15, 2022, to phase in 2 programming and provide “evidenced based recidivism reduction programs and productive 3 activities for all prisoners.” 18 U.S.C. § 3621(h)(2)(A-B). Moreover, during this “phase-in” 4 period, which has not expired, the BOP was empowered to exercise its own discretion as to how 5 and when to expand programs and activities, as well as offer the system’s incentives and rewards 6 as of the date of enactment of the First Step Act: 7 Beginning on the date of enactment of this subsection, the Bureau of Prisons may begin to expand any evidence-based recidivism 8 reduction programs and productive activities that exist at a prison as of such date, and may offer to prisoners who successfully participate 9 in such programs and activities the incentives and rewards described in subchapter D. 10 11 § 3621(h)(4) (emphasis added). 12 Ripeness 13 The ripeness doctrine is “drawn both from Article III limitations on judicial power and 14 from prudential reasons for refusing to exercise jurisdiction.” Nat’l Park Hosp. Ass'n v. Dep't of 15 the Interior, 538 U.S. 803, 808 (2003) (quoting Reno v. Cath. Soc. Servs., Inc., 509 U.S. 43, 57 16 n.18 (1993)). It “is to prevent the courts, through premature adjudication, from entangling 17 themselves in abstract disagreements” when those disagreements are premised on “contingent 18 future events that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all.” Thomas v. Union 19 Carbide Agric. Prods. Co., 473 U.S. 568, 580-81 (1985) (citations omitted); Wolfson v. Brammer, 20 616 F.3d 1045, 1057 (9th Cir. 2010); see also Simmonds v. INS, 326 F.3d 351, 357 (2d Cir. 21 2003) (evaluating ripeness in the context of a habeas petition, stating “[p]rudential ripeness is ... a 22 tool that courts may use to enhance the accuracy of their decisions and to avoid becoming 23 embroiled in adjudications that may later turn out to be unnecessary or may require premature 24 examination ”). 25 The majority of courts that have considered claims regarding the BOP’s alleged failure to 26 award earned time credits under the First Step Act have concluded that these claims are not ripe at 27 this time because the BOP has until January 15, 2022, to “phase-in” the evidence-based 28 recidivism programs and productive activities for all prisoners. Khouanmany v. Gutierrez, 2021 1 WL 4394591, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 2, 2021) (“The majority of courts to have considered claims 2 regarding the BOP’s failure to award earned time credits under the First Step Act have concluded 3 that such claims are not ripe at this time because the BOP has until January 15, 2022 to “phase- 4 in” the evidence based recidivism reduction programs and productive activities for all prisoners.”) 5 (citing Novotny v. Yankton FPC, Warden, 2021 WL 3089287, at *1 (D. S.D. July 21, 2021) 6 (inmates do not have standing to seek an order requiring the BOP to apply earned time credits 7 toward prerelease custody before January 15, 2022); Diaz v. Warden, FCI-Ray Brook, 2021 WL 8 3032694, at *2-3 (N.D. N.Y. July 19, 2021) (challenge to BOP’s calculation of earned time credit 9 under the First Step Act was not ripe for review); Hand v. Barr, 2021 WL 392445, at *5 (E.D. 10 Cal. Feb.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 FRANCISCO AURTORO KOBEL, No. 2: 21-cv-0841 JAM KJN P 12 Petitioner, 13 v. FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS 14 PAUL THOMPSON, 15 Respondent. 16 17 Petitioner is a federal prisoner, proceeding without counsel, with a petition for writ of 18 habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. Petitioner argues that he is entitled to immediate 19 release to a Residential Drug Treatment Program based on application of earned time credits to 20 his sentence under the First Step Act. 21 Pending before the court is respondent’s motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 10.) For the 22 reasons stated herein, the undersigned recommends that respondent’s motion to dismiss be 23 granted. 24 Background 25 On March 6, 2018, petitioner plead guilty to possession with intent to distribute illegal 26 drugs (methamphetamine) in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(2)(A)(viii). (ECF No. 10-1 27 at 2-3, 5.) Petitioner was sentenced to 78 months in federal custody by the United States District 28 Court for the District of Arizona. (Id. at 2-3.) 1 Petitioner’s full-term completion date is March 16, 2024. (ECF No. 10-2 at 15.) Based 2 on an assumption of many factors, including speculative good conduct credit, petitioner’s 3 projected sentence imprisonment term completion date is March 31, 2023. (Id. at 13.) 4 On May 10, 2021, petitioner filed the pending habeas corpus petition pursuant to 28 5 U.S.C. § 2241 arguing that he is entitled to immediate release to a Residential Drug Treatment 6 Program based on application of earned time credits to his sentence under the First Step Act. 7 (ECF No. 1.) 8 On September 24, 2021, respondent filed the pending motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 10.) 9 Respondent moves to dismiss the petition for lack of Article III standing and ripeness, lack of 10 jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 and for failure to exhaust administrative remedies. (Id.) 11 On September 1, 2021, petitioner filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss.1 (ECF No. 12 9.) 13 Discussion 14 The First Step Act 15 The First Step Act was signed into law on December 21, 2018. Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 16 Stat. 5194 (2018). The relevant portions of the First Step Act allow eligible prisoners to earn time 17 credits against their sentences for successfully completing certain “recidivism reduction 18 programming” or “productive activities.” 18 U.S.C. § 3632(d)(4). The Attorney General was 19 allowed 210 days after the First Step Act was enacted to develop and publish the Risk 20 Assessment Needs system, which the Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) must use as a guide to 21 implement the programs. 18 U.S.C. § 3632(a). The Attorney General published the Risks and 22 Needs Assessment on July 19, 2019. The BOP then had 180 days, or until January 15, 2020, to 23 implement the system, complete inmate risk assessments, and then begin to assign prisoners to 24 appropriate evidence-based recidivism reduction programs. 18 U.S.C. § 3621(h). 25 //// 26 1 It is not clear why petitioner filed his opposition before respondent filed the pending motion to 27 dismiss. Petitioner’s opposition appears to address an opposition filed by respondent in a related case, as it refers to the “Liang” declaration.” (ECF No. 9 at 3.) In the instant action, respondent 28 filed a declaration by Christopher Liwag. (ECF No. 10 at 10-2.) 1 Thereafter BOP was given an additional two years, or until January 15, 2022, to phase in 2 programming and provide “evidenced based recidivism reduction programs and productive 3 activities for all prisoners.” 18 U.S.C. § 3621(h)(2)(A-B). Moreover, during this “phase-in” 4 period, which has not expired, the BOP was empowered to exercise its own discretion as to how 5 and when to expand programs and activities, as well as offer the system’s incentives and rewards 6 as of the date of enactment of the First Step Act: 7 Beginning on the date of enactment of this subsection, the Bureau of Prisons may begin to expand any evidence-based recidivism 8 reduction programs and productive activities that exist at a prison as of such date, and may offer to prisoners who successfully participate 9 in such programs and activities the incentives and rewards described in subchapter D. 10 11 § 3621(h)(4) (emphasis added). 12 Ripeness 13 The ripeness doctrine is “drawn both from Article III limitations on judicial power and 14 from prudential reasons for refusing to exercise jurisdiction.” Nat’l Park Hosp. Ass'n v. Dep't of 15 the Interior, 538 U.S. 803, 808 (2003) (quoting Reno v. Cath. Soc. Servs., Inc., 509 U.S. 43, 57 16 n.18 (1993)). It “is to prevent the courts, through premature adjudication, from entangling 17 themselves in abstract disagreements” when those disagreements are premised on “contingent 18 future events that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all.” Thomas v. Union 19 Carbide Agric. Prods. Co., 473 U.S. 568, 580-81 (1985) (citations omitted); Wolfson v. Brammer, 20 616 F.3d 1045, 1057 (9th Cir. 2010); see also Simmonds v. INS, 326 F.3d 351, 357 (2d Cir. 21 2003) (evaluating ripeness in the context of a habeas petition, stating “[p]rudential ripeness is ... a 22 tool that courts may use to enhance the accuracy of their decisions and to avoid becoming 23 embroiled in adjudications that may later turn out to be unnecessary or may require premature 24 examination ”). 25 The majority of courts that have considered claims regarding the BOP’s alleged failure to 26 award earned time credits under the First Step Act have concluded that these claims are not ripe at 27 this time because the BOP has until January 15, 2022, to “phase-in” the evidence-based 28 recidivism programs and productive activities for all prisoners. Khouanmany v. Gutierrez, 2021 1 WL 4394591, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 2, 2021) (“The majority of courts to have considered claims 2 regarding the BOP’s failure to award earned time credits under the First Step Act have concluded 3 that such claims are not ripe at this time because the BOP has until January 15, 2022 to “phase- 4 in” the evidence based recidivism reduction programs and productive activities for all prisoners.”) 5 (citing Novotny v. Yankton FPC, Warden, 2021 WL 3089287, at *1 (D. S.D. July 21, 2021) 6 (inmates do not have standing to seek an order requiring the BOP to apply earned time credits 7 toward prerelease custody before January 15, 2022); Diaz v. Warden, FCI-Ray Brook, 2021 WL 8 3032694, at *2-3 (N.D. N.Y. July 19, 2021) (challenge to BOP’s calculation of earned time credit 9 under the First Step Act was not ripe for review); Hand v. Barr, 2021 WL 392445, at *5 (E.D. 10 Cal. Feb. 4, 2021) (“because the Act does not require BOP to provide evidence-based recidivism 11 reduction programs and productive activities for all prisoners until January 2022, the Court finds 12 that petitioner’s claims regarding earned time credits and evidence-based recidivism reduction 13 programs are not ripe”), findings and recommendation adopted by 2021 WL 1853295, at *2 (E.D. 14 Cal. May 10, 2021) (given that the regulations governing the First Step Act time credits have yet 15 to be codified, the court agreed that the petitioner’s claims regarding First Step Act time credits 16 were not ripe); Cohen v. United States, 2021 WL 1549917, at *3 (S.D. N.Y. Apr. 20, 2021) 17 (claims challenging calculation of earned time credits under the First Step Act was not ripe); 18 Kennedy-Robey v. FCI Pekin, 2021 WL 797516, at *3-4 (C.D. Ill. Mar. 2, 2021) (“The use of the 19 word ‘may’ indicates that, while it is permissible for the BOP to award time credits under the 20 statute at any time after the date of enactment, the BOP is not required to do so”; thus, the 21 petitioner did not have standing to demand that the BOP apply her time credits as she 22 calculated)); see also Rios v. Thompson, 2021 WL 5040357 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 29, 2021) (claim for 23 immediate release to home confinement based on credits awarded under the First Step Act not 24 ripe); Cisneros-Gutierrez v. White, 2021 WL 4460533 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 9, 2021) (claim for 25 immediate release based on credits awarded under the First Step Act not ripe). 26 The undersigned agrees with the reasoning of the courts cited above and finds that 27 petitioner’s claim for immediate release to a Residential Drug Treatment Program based on 28 //// 1 application of credits earned under the First Step Act is not ripe.2 2 In the petition, petitioner cites Goodman v. Ortiz, 2020 WL 5015613 (D.N.J. Aug. 25, 3 2020), where the district court found that the BOP need not wait until January 15, 2022, to 4 implement the at-issue sections of the First Step Act. However, the undersigned joins the 5 numerous courts that have respectfully disagreed with the Goodman decision. Diaz v. Warden, 6 2021 WL 3032694, at *2-3 (N.D. N.Y. July 19, 2021) (acknowledging Goodman but noting that 7 the majority of courts disagree with that opinion); Holt v. Warden, 2021 WL 1925503, at *5 (D. 8 S.D. May 13, 2021) (collecting cases that have disagreed with the Goodman opinion); Kennedy- 9 Robey, 2021 WL 797516, at *4 (C.D. Ill. March 2, 2021) (“If immediate implementation were 10 mandated, Congress would have used the word ‘shall’ and not ‘may’ in 18 U.S.C. § 3621(h)(4)). 11 Because the undersigned finds that petitioner’s claim is not ripe, there is no need to 12 address the other grounds raised in respondent’s motion to dismiss. 13 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that respondent’s motion to dismiss 14 (ECF No. 10) be granted on the grounds that petitioner’s claim is not ripe. 15 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 16 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen days 17 after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 18 objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned 19 “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Any response to the 20 objections shall be filed and served within fourteen days after service of the objections. The 21 //// 22 //// 23
24 2 In support of the motion to dismiss, respondent submitted the declaration of BOP Senior Correctional Programs Specialist Christopher Liwag. (ECF No. 10-2.) Mr. Liwag states that 25 petitioner is eligible to earn credits under the First Step Act. (Id. at 10.) Mr. Liwag states that when the phase-in time is reached in January 2022, and if petitioner meets other criteria for 26 eligibility, petitioner will be eligible to apply his credits toward discretionary pre-release custody 27 in accordance with the appropriate calculations. (Id.) “Because BOP has not completed its phase-in, the precise calculations for petitioner and amount of credit he can apply, as well as their 28 precise application, are speculative.” (Id. at 11.) 1 | parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to 2 || appeal the District Court’s order. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 3 | Dated: November 16, 2021 ' Foci) Aharon 5 KENDALL J. NE UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 6 7 8 9 Kob841.dis 10 1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28