HBMA Holdings, Inc. v. LSF9 Stardust Holdings, LLC

• Court: Court of Chancery of Delaware
• Decided: December 8, 2017
• Docket: 12806-VCMR
• Status: Published

Opinion

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE HBMA HOLDINGS, LLC, a ) Delaware limited liability company, ) STRUCTHERM HOLDINGS ) LIMITED, an English private limited ) company, HANSON AMERICA ) HOLDINGS (4) LIMITED, an ) English private limited company, and ) HANSON PACKED PRODUCTS ) LIMITED, an English private limited ) company, ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) v. ) C.A. No. 12806-VCMR ) LSF9 STARDUST HOLDINGS LLC, ) a Delaware limited liability company, ) and LSF9 CONCRETE LTD., a ) Channel Islands company, ) ) Defendants. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION Date Submitted: September 21, 2017 Date Decided: December 8, 2017

Thomas E. Hanson, Jr., BARNES & THORNBURG LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Joseph R. Kave, BARNES & THORNBURG LLP, Chicago, Illinois; Attorneys for Plaintiffs.

Raymond J. DiCamillo and Matthew D. Perri, RICHARDS, LAYTON & FINGER, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; Angela C. Zambrano, Yolanda C. Garcia, and Robert S. Velevis, SIDLEY AUSTIN LLP, Dallas, Texas; Attorneys for Defendants.

MONTGOMERY-REEVES, Vice Chancellor. This case arises from a dispute concerning the proper earnout the purchasers

should pay to the sellers under a purchase agreement. The purchasers and sellers

entered into a purchase agreement in 2014 that allowed for an earnout payment of

up to $100 million based on the first year of performance after the sale. At the end

of the first year, they came to different conclusions about the amount of earnout

owed to the sellers, and their disagreements did not stop there.

The purchase agreement included a special arbitration provision for disputes

about the earnout amount that required the parties first to negotiate with each other

and then to engage a neutral accountant to settle any unresolved objections to the

earnout calculation. The parties could not agree on which documents needed to be

exchanged between them to determine the unresolved objections, which unresolved

objections should go to the neutral accountant, or even what types of claims the

sellers were pursuing.

The sellers come to the Court seeking an order that requires arbitration of all

the sellers’ unresolved objections to the earnout calculation. The sellers also assert

breach of contract and indemnification claims and seek damages for the same. The

purchasers have moved to dismiss the complaint for two reasons. First, although the

purchasers agree that arbitration is required, they argue that the neutral accountant

can only consider a narrow set of accounting-related disputes. Second, the

purchasers contend that the only available breach of contract claim under the

1 purchase agreement is an indemnification claim for breach of a covenant. But, the

purchasers assert that the statute of limitations has run for any indemnification

claims under the purchase agreement.

The contract language grants the neutral accountant authority over the sellers’

unresolved objections. A review of all the related contract provisions reveals that,

in actuality, the interrelated contract terms give the neutral accountant jurisdiction

over the calculation of adjusted EBITDA under the purchase agreement. I hold that

this jurisdiction includes the ability to determine which of the sellers’ unresolved

objections to consider when calculating the adjusted EBITDA. In the event that the

neutral accountant finds it cannot consider a particular unresolved objection, then

the only available remedy for the sellers would be to bring an indemnification claim.

I hold, however, that such claims are time barred.

I. BACKGROUND All facts derive from the Verified First Amended Complaint (the

“Complaint”) and the documents incorporated therein.

A. Parties The Plaintiffs are HBMA Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability

company with a principal place of business in Irving, Texas; Structherm Holdings

Limited, Hanson America Holdings (4) Limited, and Hanson Packed Products

2 Limited, are all English private limited companies with principle places of business

in Maidenhead, United Kingdom.

The Defendants are LSF9 Stardust Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability

company with an address for service in Wilmington, Delaware, and LSF9 Concrete

Ltd., a Channel Islands company with a principal place of business at St. Helier,

Jersey. LSF9 Concrete Ltd. is the assignee of all LSF9 Stardust Holdings LLC’s

rights, title, and interest in the purchase agreement.

B. Facts On December 23, 2014, Plaintiffs entered into a purchase agreement (the

“Agreement”) to sell to Defendants several building products companies (the

“Companies”) in North America and the United Kingdom. 1 The transaction closed

on March 13, 2015 with a purchase price of $1.4 billion—$100 million of which was

payable as an earnout based on the Companies’ performance from January 1 to

December 31, 2015 (the “Earnout Period”).2 The Agreement included an arbitration

agreement, whereby disagreements about the earnout would be decided by “an

internationally recognized accounting firm reasonably acceptable to the [Plaintiffs]

and [Defendants]” (the “Neutral Accountant”).3

1 Compl. ¶ 19. 2 Id. 3 Compl. Ex. B, at 9.

3 Pursuant to the Agreement, Defendants provided an Initial Earnout Statement4

on April 14, 2016.5 This Initial Earnout Statement calculated Adjusted EBITDA,6

the agreed upon metric for measuring performance, to be $164 million.7 The

threshold Adjusted EBITDA for Plaintiffs to receive any earnout was $212.2

4 Defined in the Agreement as “a written statement setting forth the Purchaser’s calculation, together with reasonable supporting detail, of the Earnout Amount.” Id. at Ex. B, at 23. 5 Compl. ¶ 42. 6 Defined in the Agreement as “the audited consolidated net income (loss) of the Purchaser (which will consist solely of the combined net income (loss) of the Companies and the Company Subsidiaries), adjusted to add back or deduct, as the case may be (in each case, without duplication and in respect of the Companies and the Company Subsidiaries only): (i) results from discontinued operations, (ii) interest expense and interest income; (iii) income taxes; (iv) depreciation; (v) amortization (including impairment); (vi) restricting charges recorded under GAAP, (vii) fees, costs and expenses incurred in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; (viii) profit or loss on sale of property, plant and equipment; (ix) extraordinary gains and losses, (x) consulting, management, advisory fees or analogous fees paid to any Affiliate of the Purchaser, including Hudson Advisors; and (xi) any standalone costs greater than $50 million (which represents the sum of the $38 million in standalone costs anticipated by the Sellers and an additional $12 million in standalone costs anticipated by the Purchaser), it being agreed that ‘standalone costs’ for purchases of this definition will consist of the categories of costs described in Schedule 1.01(a). Adjusted EBITDA shall further exclude (A) all effects of purchase accounting with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and (B) all effects arising from the direct or indirect acquisition by the Purchaser of, and subsequent operation of, any business or third Person.” Id. at Ex. B, at 2. 7 Compl. ¶ 42.

4 million, and for them to receive the full $100 million earnout, Adjusted EBITDA

needed to be $223.7 million.8

Under the Agreement, Plaintiffs had forty-five days after receipt of the Initial

Earnout Statement to deliver to Defendants their notice of acceptance of the Initial

Earnout Statement or “a detailed statement describing its objections to the Initial

Earnout Statement,” defined in the Agreement as the “Notice of Disagreement.” 9

During this forty-five day period, the Agreement required Defendants to give

Plaintiffs “reasonable access” to “the relevant financial books and records” and “the

individuals responsible for the preparation of the Initial Earnout Statement and 2015

Financial Statements.”10

Beginning on April 15, 2016, Plaintiffs attempted to reconcile the Initial

Earnout Statement and requested support from Defendants.11 Allegedly, this process

was difficult, and Plaintiffs contend that Defendants did not give them the reasonable

access required under the Agreement.12 On May 23, the Parties agreed to a fifteen-

8 Id. ¶ 25. 9 Id. ¶ 33. 10 Id. at Ex. B, at 23-24. 11 Compl. ¶ 47. 12 Id. ¶¶ 47-57.

5 day extension to allow Plaintiffs to issue their Notice of Disagreement by June 13,

2016.13

On June 13, 2016, Plaintiffs issued their Notice of Disagreement, wherein

they objected to three categories of Defendants’ actions: (1) Defendants’ calculation

of Adjusted EBITDA;14 (2) Defendants’ running of the company during the Earnout

Period;15 and (3) Defendants’ refusal to provide the access to documents and

financial information required by the Agreement.16

The Parties attempted to negotiate the Disputed Items17 in the Notice of

Disagreement until June 30, 2016, when Defendants requested that the Parties

engage a Neutral Accountant.18 The Parties attempted to draft an engagement letter

13 Id. ¶ 57. 14 Id. ¶ 59. 15 Plaintiffs claim Defendants violated a covenant in the Agreement, Section 5.19, that required Defendants to operate the Companies in the ordinary course consistent with past practice. Id. ¶ 60. 16 Id. ¶ 61. 17 Defined in the Agreement as “those matters specified in such Notice of Disagreement….” Id. at Ex. B, at 21. 18 Compl. ¶ 71. The Neutral Accountant is defined in the Agreement as “an internationally recognized accounting firm reasonably acceptable to the Sellers and the Purchaser.” Id. at Ex. B, at 9.

6 for the Neutral Accountant from June 30 until September 27, 2016, but they never

reached an agreement.19

Plaintiffs filed their Verified Complaint (the “Original Complaint”) on

October 5, 2016. Defendants filed their first Motion to Dismiss on November 7,

2016. Plaintiffs filed their Verified First Amended Complaint (the “Complaint”) on

January 6, 2017. Defendants filed this Motion to Dismiss on January 23, 2017. The

Court heard oral arguments on this Motion to Dismiss on September 21, 2017.

II. ANALYSIS A. Standard of Review Defendants move to dismiss the Complaint under Delaware Court of

Chancery Rules 12(b)(1), arguing the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction due to

an arbitration agreement between the Parties. Defendants also seek dismissal under

Rule 12(b)(6), contending Plaintiffs fail to state a claim because their

indemnification claims are time barred.

1. Rule 12(b)(1): Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction Plaintiffs bear the burden of establishing subject matter jurisdiction.20 In

reviewing a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction a court may

19 Compl. ¶¶ 74-84. 20 E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Bayer Crop., L.P., 2008 WL 2673376, at *2 (Del. Ch. July 2, 2008).

7 consider documents outside the complaint.21 A court must also “examine the

pleadings to determine the true substance of the relief the [plaintiff] seeks, and will

not be bound by the form of relief as described [by the plaintiff].”22

Delaware courts lack subject matter jurisdiction to resolve disputes that

litigants have contractually agreed to arbitrate.23 There is a strong public policy in

favor of arbitration in Delaware; thus, a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter

jurisdiction will be granted if the “dispute is one that, on its face, falls within the

arbitration clause of the contract.”24

2. Rule 12(b)(6): Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim When reviewing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, a court must

accept all well-pled factual allegations as true, and “even vague allegations are ‘well-

pleaded’ if they give the opposing party notice of the claim.” 25 A court also must

draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party.26 Dismissal will

21 Id. 22 Id. 23 NAMA Hldgs., LLC v. Related World Mkt. Ctr., LLC, 922 A.2d 417, 429-30 (Del. Ch. 2007). 24 SBC Inter., Inc. v. Corp. Media P’rs, 714 A.2d 758, 761 (Del. 1998). 25 Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896-97 (Del. 2002). 26 Id. at 897.

8 be appropriate only if the “plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any

reasonably conceivable set of circumstances susceptible of proof.”27

Though the Court must accept well-pled facts as true, it is not required to

accept any conclusory allegations “without specific supporting factual

allegations.”28 Moreover, a trial court must accept only those “reasonable inferences

that logically flow from the face of the complaint” and “is not required to accept

every strained interpretation of the allegations proposed by the plaintiff.”29

A claim will be dismissed for failure to comply with the statute of limitations

“if the facts pled in the complaint, and the documents incorporated within the

complaint, demonstrate that the claims are untimely.” 30 The plaintiff bears the

burden to plead facts that demonstrate the applicability of an exception to the statute

of limitations.31 “When that burden is not met, the court must dismiss the complaint

if filed after expiration of the limitations period.”32

27 Kofron v. Amoco Chems. Corp., 441 A.2d 226, 227 (Del. 1982). 28 In re Gen. Motors (Hughes) S’holder Litig., 897 A.2d 162, 168 (Del. 2006). 29 Id. 30 CertainTeed Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 2005 WL 217032, at *6 (Del. Ch. Jan. 24, 2005). 31 Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Hldgs. LLC, 2012 WL 3201139, at *15 (Del. Ch. Aug. 7, 2012). 32 CertainTeed, 2005 WL 217032, at *6.

9 B. The Parties Agree that the Neutral Accountant Has the Ability to Compel Discovery Between the Parties The Parties reached an agreement at oral argument that the Neutral

Accountant has the power to compel discovery between the Parties, not just for the

documents that must be turned over to the Neutral Accountant, but also as to any

documents to be exchanged between the Parties in order to complete briefing for the

Neutral Accountant.33 Thus, there is no dispute between them on this issue.

C. The Neutral Accountant Has Jurisdiction over the Calculation of Adjusted EBITDA The Parties disagree about the scope of the Neutral Accountant’s jurisdiction.

Defendants argue that the Neutral Accountant only has jurisdiction over “a narrow

set of accounting-related disputes over the calculation of the earnout payment using

a fixed accounting methodology.”34 Plaintiffs argue that the Neutral Accountant has

jurisdiction over all Disputed Items in the Notice of Disagreement. 35 Ultimately, I

conclude that the Neutral Accountant has jurisdiction over the calculation of

Adjusted EBITDA, which includes the ability to determine which of the Disputed

Items fall into the definition of Adjusted EBITDA.

33 Oral Arg. Tr. 93-94. 34 Defs.’ Opening Br. 20. 35 Pls’ Opp’n Br. 24.

10 “Under the identical teaching of the United States Supreme Court and the

Delaware Supreme Court, questions of substantive arbitrability require judicial

resolution unless the parties’ contract clearly and unmistakably provides

otherwise.”36 The court must engage in a two-part inquiry to determine substantive

arbitrability.

First, the court must determine whether the arbitration clause is broad or narrow in scope. Second, the court must apply the relevant scope of the provision to the asserted legal claim to determine whether the claim falls within the scope of the contractual provisions that require arbitration. If the court is evaluating a narrow arbitration clause, it will ask if the cause of action pursued in court directly relates to the right in the contract. If the arbitration clause is broad in scope, the court will defer to arbitration on any issues that touch on contract rights or contract performance.37

Following this two-part inquiry, I first hold that the clause at issue in this case is a

narrow one. The clause reads:

If the US Seller and the Purchaser do not reach a resolution of all Disputed Items within thirty (30) days after delivery of such Notice of Disagreement, the US Seller and the Purchaser shall, within ten (10) days following the expiration of such thirty (30) day period, engage the Neutral Accountant to resolve any Unresolved Objections.38

36 Willie Gary LLC v. James & Jackson LLC, 2006 WL 75309, at *1 (Del. Ch. Jan. 10, 2006). 37 Parfi Hldgs. AB v. Mirror Image Internet, Inc., 817 A.2d 149, 155 (Del. 2002). 38 Compl. Ex. B, at 21.

11 Next, I must determine whether the claim falls within the scope of this narrow

provision. The Agreement grants the Neutral Accountant jurisdiction over

Unresolved Objections.39 A review of the contractual provisions of the Agreement,

focusing on the interconnecting definitions, reveals that jurisdiction over Unresolved

Objections, in actuality, means the Neutral Accountant has jurisdiction over the

calculation of Adjusted EBITDA.40 That analysis is as follows. An Unresolved

Objection is any Disputed Item not resolved by the Parties within thirty days of

delivery of the Notice of Disagreement.41 Disputed Items for purposes of Section

2.08 (“Earnout”) are the matters specified in the Notice of Disagreement.42 Matters

specified in the Notice of Disagreement are contractually limited to objections to the

Initial Earnout Statement.43 The Initial Earnout Statement is “a written statement

39 Id. 40 If the analysis were to stop with a cursory review of only the arbitration clause, one could mistakenly conclude that a party could shoehorn any type of claim into arbitration simply by including it in the Notice of Disagreement. This seems to be what Defendants are afraid of here. A more careful review of how the definitions in the Agreement work together, however, shows this is not the case. 41 Id. 42 Id. at 23. 43 Id. at 24.

12 setting forth the Purchaser’s calculation, together with reasonable supporting detail,

of the Earnout Amount.”44 The Earnout Amount is defined as:

an amount equal to: (a) the result of (i) the Adjusted EBITDA for the calendar year ended December 31, 2015 (as derived from the 2015 Financial Statements and the books and records of the Purchaser and its Subsidiaries) minus (ii) $212.2 million multiplied by (b) 8.70; provided that if the Earnout Amount is a positive amount that is greater than $100 million, the Earnout Amount shall mean an amount equal to $100 million. If the Earnout Amount would be a negative number, it shall be deemed to be zero.45

The only variable in the Earnout Amount is “the Adjusted EBITDA for the calendar

year ended December 31, 2015.”46 Therefore, the Neutral Accountant has

jurisdiction over the determination of Adjusted EBITDA. The substantive

arbitrability analysis ends with this articulation of the Neutral Accountant’s

jurisdiction.

What the Neutral Accountant can look at to determine Adjusted EBITDA is a

question of procedural arbitrability left to the Neutral Accountant. “If the subject

matter to be arbitrated is the calculation of an earn-out, or the amount of working

capital, or the company’s net worth at closing, all issues as to what financial or other

44 Id. at 23. 45 Id. at 5. 46 Id.

13 information should be considered in performing the calculation are decided by the

arbitrator.”47 Whether an Unresolved Objection falls into the definition of Adjusted

EBITDA will therefore be for the Neutral Accountant to determine. The Neutral

Accountant may “rely on the terms of the underlying agreement, and the arbitrator’s

interpretation of the contract is likely to affect the scope of arbitration. Nonetheless,

those decisions fall within the category of procedural arbitrability. They are not

‘gateway’ issues about whether the particular dispute should be arbitrated at all.”48

The Parties may have drafted a narrow arbitration clause, but the subject matter of

this case falls squarely within it and must be decided by the Neutral Accountant as

a matter of procedural arbitrability.49

D. Plaintiffs’ Breach of Contract and Indemnification Claims Are Time Barred If Plaintiffs wish to pursue a remedy for any of the Unresolved Objections the

Neutral Accountant determines should not be considered in the calculation of

Adjusted EBITDA, then they will need to pursue an indemnification claim in the

47 Viacom Int’l Inc. v. Winshall, 72 A.3d 78, 83 (Del. 2013). 48 Id. 49 Moreover, the Court could not even attempt to resolve this issue as the Parties have not briefed whether each Disputed Item falls into Adjusted EBITDA. Even the nature of the dispute is unclear based on the Parties’ submissions. In Defendants’ response to the Notice of Disagreement, they do not dispute, per se, Plaintiffs’ objections, but merely request more information pertaining to Plaintiffs’ calculations. Compl. Ex. D.

14 Court of Chancery. For the reasons set forth below, however, any indemnification

claim is time barred by the Parties’ contractual statute of limitations.

1. Plaintiffs’ Notice of Disagreement did not serve as proper notice under the Agreement In the Notice of Disagreement, Plaintiffs included several disputes that were

related to conflicts with or breaches of Section 5.19 of the Agreement. Section 5.19

is a covenant that requires Defendants to operate the Companies in the ordinary

course consistent with past practice for the Earnout Period.50 Section 9.06 of the

Agreement limits the remedy for breach of a covenant to indemnification.51

Section 9.01 of the Agreement provides that covenants would survive until

the General Survival Date, June 13, 2016.52 Under Delaware law, parties to a

contract may shorten the default statute of limitations by agreement as long as the

agreed upon time period is reasonable.53 Delaware courts read unambiguous

50 While I acknowledge that Section 5.19 of the Agreement is a covenant, this acknowledgment should not be considered a limitation, in any way, on the Neutral Accountant’s jurisdiction as previously stated. 51 Compl. Ex. B, at 91 (“[T]he indemnification provisions of Article IX shall be the sole and exclusive remedies of the parties hereto . . . for any failure to perform or comply with any covenant or agreement in this Agreement.”). 52 Id. at 87. 53 GRT, Inc. v. Marathon GTF Tech., Ltd., 2011 WL 2682898, at *6 (Del. Ch. July 11, 2011).

15 survival clauses in purchase agreements as contractual statutes of limitations.54 This

means claims must be filed before the survival period expires.55 Section 9.01,

however, also includes an exception. If a party complies with Section 9.05 of the

Agreement and gives proper notice of the indemnification claim before the General

Survival Date, then the claim will survive until “it is fully and finally resolved.”56

The original Complaint in this case was filed on October 5, 2016. The

Amended Complaint, wherein Plaintiffs first requested indemnification, was filed

on January 6, 2017. Both of these dates are past the General Survival Date of June

13, 2016. The issue, then, is whether Plaintiffs gave proper notice of their

indemnification claim before June 13, 2016, thus triggering the exception in Section

9.01 and allowing the claim to survive until “it is fully and finally resolved.”57 For

the reasons set forth below, I find that they did not.

Section 9.05(a) of the Agreement governs proper notice for indemnification

claims. It reads:

An Indemnified Party shall give the Indemnifying Party notice in reasonable detail of any matter which an Indemnified Party has determined has given rise to a right of indemnification under this Agreement, within thirty 54 Id. at *3. 55 Id. 56 Compl. Ex. B, at 87. 57 Id.

16 (30) days of such determination, stating the amount of Loss, if known, and the method of computation thereof, and containing a reference to the provisions of this Agreement in respect of which such right of indemnification is claimed or arises; provided however, that the failure to provide such notice shall not release the Indemnifying Party from any of its obligations under this Article IX except to the extent that the Indemnifying Party is actually prejudiced by such failure.58

The Notice of Disagreement does not mention indemnification or reference

the provision granting Plaintiffs a right of indemnification.59 Plaintiffs included only

the provision containing the covenant they were claiming Defendants had breached,

Section 5.19.60 This makes sense in the broader context of this entire disagreement,

including the discussion of the Neutral Accountant’s jurisdiction above. Plaintiffs

were not actually seeking indemnification in the Notice of Disagreement.61 They

were seeking a recalculation of Adjusted EBITDA.62 That is, Plaintiffs contend that

Defendants artificially depressed the Adjusted EBITDA by failing to run the

58 Id. at 89. 59 Compl. Ex. C. 60 Id. 61 Oral Arg. Tr. 71. 62 Id.

17 Companies in the ordinary course of business as required by the Agreement.63

Moreover, this is consistent with the fact that Plaintiffs did not mention

indemnification in their Original Complaint.64 Plaintiffs only requested

indemnification after Defendants raised the issue in their first opening brief filed on

December 7, 2016.65

Ultimately, the contractual statute of limitations to which the Parties agreed

prevents Plaintiffs from pursuing a claim for indemnification unless the Notice of

Disagreement satisfied the requirements of proper notice under Section 9.05(a).

Unfortunately for Plaintiffs, the Notice of Disagreement failed to do that which it

was not intended to do and did not meet the requirements of proper notice agreed to

by the Parties. Defendants were not given proper notice pursuant to Section 9.05(a)

before the General Survival Date; therefore, the indemnification claims are time

barred in the Court of Chancery.

2. The doctrines of estoppel, waiver, and acquiescence do not apply to Plaintiffs’ claims Finally, Plaintiffs raise the doctrines of estoppel, waiver, and acquiescence in

an attempt to block Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. None of these doctrines apply

63 This is an argument that may be considered by the Neutral Accountant in the context of the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA. 64 Pls.’ Original Compl. 39-42 (Oct. 5, 2016). 65 Defs.’ Opening Br. 26 (Dec. 7, 2016); Comp. 43-47.

18 to the present case because all of Defendants’ behavior that Plaintiffs rely on for

these arguments took place after the contractual statute of limitations ran. For either

estoppel, waiver, or acquiescence to apply Plaintiffs must allege that Defendants

took some action before the contractual statute of limitations ran on June 13, 2016.

Plaintiffs do not point to any such action. In fact, Plaintiffs’ arguments are limited

to Defendants’ reactions to the Notice of Disagreement, which was sent on June 13,

2016.66 Those reactions to receiving the Notice of Disagreement came after the

contractual statute of limitations ran.67 Defendants’ conduct after the contractual

statute of limitations ran is powerless to revive the claims that were contractually

extinguished on June 13, 2016.

III. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

66 Pls.’ Answering Br. 55 (“Lone Star’s course of conduct – both in its response to the Notice of Disagreement and in its subsequent communications – constitutes a waiver, an acquiescence and an estoppel.”). 67 Compl. 58; Id. Ex. B, at 87.