Sykes, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
This suit is a habeas corpus proceeding in which the appellee, Mrs. Hudgins, was petitioner and' appellant, W. B. Haynie, respondent or defendant, for the recovery of the possession of a minor daughter named' Bettie E. Haynie, whose age is about fourteen years. The suit was originally brought before the circuit judge, and [846]*846was by him transferred to the chancery court. The suit presents a controversy for the custody of the child between the appellee mother and the appellant father. The substantial averments of the petition are, in substance, as follows.
Mrs. Hudgins and Haynie were married in Memphis, Tenn., in 1905. In,. 1906 the appellant, Haynie, in the circuit court of Shelby county, Tenn., filed a petition for divorce against his then wife. The wife filed an answer and cross-bill.' Upon the trial of this divorce proceeding’ no testimony was offered by the husband, and the original petition was dismissed, but the case was retained for adjudication upon the merits of the cross-petition, and upon the hearing" the wife was granted a divorce from W. B. Haynie upon the ground' of cruel and inhuman treatment. At this time the daughter, Bettie E. Haynie, was a baby, and the decree of the court further recitesi that— ■
“She [Mrs. Haynie] appearing* to be a proper person to have the custody of said child, the custody of the same is hereby awarded to the cross-complainant, Bonnie E. Haynie, and the defendant, W|. B. Haynie, is hereby perpetually enjoined from interfering with her in the matter of the custody of the said child, and from any. other kind of interference with or molestation of the said cross-complainant or of said child.”
It is further alleged in the petition that from the date of the decree until recently Mrs. Hudgins has had the care of this child, and has supported her, sometimes leaving the child in the possession of her sister, or other relatives of relator, when it was not convenient for her to keep the child in her possession and at the same time work for her support; that at the time of the divorce proceeding the respondent (Haynie) disowned the child, and refusied to claim it as his own; that he has done nothing for the child, neither has he made any claim for her possession up until a few weeks ago.
[847]*847It is further alleged that since the final decree of divorce both relator and respondent have married again ; that some time in February, 192:0', W. B. Haynie went to Memphis, and succeeded in getting possession of the child by enticing her away from her home and bringing her to' Clinton, Hinds county, Miss., and that he now has her in his possession and illegally detains her; that the child rightfully belongs: to the relator, in accordance with the final decree in the divorce proceeding above referred to.
The answer in substance admits the marriage and decree of divorce as averred in the petition. It denies that the relator had. charge of the child or had supported her, or had left the child in possession of a sister. It avers that the child is his. It admits the remarriage of both relator and respondent. It denies that he enticed the child away from its home in Tennessee, but avers that the relator had abandoned the child completely, and that the child was in the custody of its maternal grandmother, and that at the request of the ■grandmother the respondent took possession of the child and brought her to his home in Mississippi. The answer is then headed “Cross-Bill.” There was no necessity for this heading, and the averments contained in the so-called cross-hill should be, and will be, treated by us as averments of the answer.
Without stating- in detail the facts herein contained, it is sufficient to say that, if proven, they show that since the rendition of the decree of divorce in Shelby county, Tenn., the mother of the child, Mrs. Hudgins, has become and is’ now an unsuitable and unsafe person to have the care and custody of this child; that the child has taken her domicile in Hinds county, Miss.; that she is an unusually precocious child, in her fourteenth year; that she does not desire to live with the relator,' but is devotedly attached, and desires to live with her father. It then alleges facts tending to show1 [848]*848that the father isi a-suitable person to have the care and custody of the child. The answer was sworn to by the appellant, Haynie.
The case was . tried before the' chancellor upon the petition and answer, and the prayer of the petition was granted, and the custody of the child was awarded to Mrs. Hudgins. An appeal with supersedeas was prosecuted to this court.
It is the contention of the appellee that the question presented on this appeal is one of jurisdiction. This contention is aptly stated by appellee in his brief as follows:
“In order to show what court has jurisdiction of Bettie E. Haynie to determine the merits of this case, we shall undertake to establish: First, that domicile determines jurisdiction; second, that the domicile of a child whose custody is awarded to its mother in a divorce proceeding is that of its mother; third, that the surreptitious act of the father or a stranger in removing the child from the domicile of the mother does not change its domicile, and defeat the jurisdiction of the courts of its mother’s residence to determine the welfare of the child. ’ ’
As sustaining this contention, the appellee relies upon the-cases of Wells v. Andrews, 60 Miss. 373, and Herndon et ux v. Bonner, 97 Miss. 328, 52 So. 513.
In the case of Wells v. Andrews, supra, the parents of the children resided in Tennessee at the time of their death. The appellant, Wells, was the lawfully constituted guardian of the minors, appointed by the proper court in Tennessee. The minors were removed at the instance of their grandmother to Mississippi. Under these conditions the court held that the minors were domiciled in Tennessee and that the jurisdiction of the court there over them and their estate there was not destroyed by their removal by their grandmother to Mississippi. There was no allegation in that case that [849]*849the guardian was an unsuitable person to.'have the care and custody of the children. In fact, the children were surreptitiously removed from Tennessee into Mississippi, during the pendency of the guardianship proceedings and before the guardian had been appointed.
In the case of Herndon v. Bonner, supra, Bonner had been legally appointed guardian of the persons and estates of the minors by the chancery court of Jones county. The minors were on a visit, to their grandparents in Jones county. The grandparents declined to send the children home, and the guardian was compelled to bring habeas corpus proceedings for their possession. In the opinion of the court it is said that: ‘‘ The right to the custody of infants having a guardian is fixed by statute in this state, . . . which provides that ‘the guardian of a minor who has no parent shall be entitled to the custody of the minor as well as of higi estate, or the court or the chancellor may appoint one person to be the guardian of the person, and another to be the guardian of the estate of the minor. ’ . . . The circuit judge had no power to override the statute and decree of the court. This decree under the statute fixed the right to the custody of the wards in the guardian, until vacated by the court making it on a proper proceeding for that purpose, which is amply provided for by law. They are the wards of the chancery court, which alone has the power to determine who shall have the custody of their persons and estates. It is insisted that Foster v. Alston, 6 How. 406, is authority to the contrary. Wie hold that it is not. The question there was whether the testamentary guardian in Tennessee (the uncle) was entitled to the custody of his wards, as against their mother in Mississippi, with whom they were living, and thoroughly capable of having their custody, care, and education. The court refused to recognize the legal right-of the Tennessee guardian, under the laws of that state, as against the right of the mother and the best in[850]*850terest of the wards in this state. . . . The question here is whether the court in a habeas corpus proceeding will overturn a statute of this state by awarding the custody of the minors to one person when the law says another shall have it, which we answer in the negative. ’ ’
As is pointed out in this opinion, the statutory laws relating to the appointment and removal of guardians governed the decision of that case. In the Wells Case, supra, the contest was likewise 'between a giuiardian and grandparents.) It is to be noted that in neither case were the rights of the parents considered.
Neither of these cases is in conflict with that of Foster v. Alston, 6 How. 406 In that case the father, mother, and children resided in Tennessee. Upon the death of the father, an uncle by the name of Alston was appointed giardian of the persons and estates of the two minor children. Subsequent thereto Mrs. Alston married the appellant, Poster, and Mr. and Mlrs. Poster then removed to Holly Springs, Miss. Mrs. Poster went to Tennessee, and forcibly took her children and carried them to Holly Slprings, The' guardian, Alston, then brought habeas .corpus precedings to Holly Springs for the possession of the .children. Tjhe lower court awarded him possession, and the mother and her second husband! appealed.- In a very elaborate opinion in which the testimony is carefully reviewed, the court considered the case upon its merits, and held that it was to the best interest of the children that their care and custody be to the mother, and reversed the decision of the lower court. In this -case the minors had always lived in Tennessee until they were forcibly removed by their mother' to Mississippi. It will be found in the briefs of counsel for the appellee that the contention is made that these minors were wards of the Tennessee court, and consequently that the court of Mississippi should not have considered the case upon its merits, but should have re[851]*851manded them to. the Tennessee guardian. The first sentence in this, opinion is as follows:
“In cases of this Mnd, we are bound to consider the interests of the child, as. paramount to. all other considerations. ”
Ag’ain: ‘‘The law has given to our courts the most unbounded jurisdiction over minors. Fathers may be preferred to mothers, mothers to fathers, relatives to parents, or strangers to either, for the custody and care of minors, where the interests of the child requires its exercise.”
In the case of Taylor v. Jeter, 33 Ga. 195, 81 Am. Dec. 202, relied upon by appellee, a contest ¡between the father and the maternal uncle of a child (the mother being dead), the father and mother were divorced in Alabama and the custody of the child was awarded to the mother, and after her death the uncle of the child obtained its custody and removed it from Alabama into Georgia. The father sued out habeas corpus proceedings to get possession of his child. The court, in spealdag of the force and effect of the1 decree awarding the custody of the child to the mother, correctly says:
“It does not dissolve the relation of parent and child between Samuel and Oscar T. Jeter — does aot bastardize the latter.”
Again, it is held: “Touching the guardianship of the child, the decree settles nothing, except as between the father and mother under then existing circumstances. ”
In that case there was no question of the fitness or unfitness of the father to be the custodian of his minor child. The court held that the court of Alabama properly had jurisdiction over this controversy, and the child was remanded to the custody of its father.
The case of Re Alderman, 157 N. C. 507, 73 S. E. 126, 39 L. R. A. (N. S.) 988, was a contest between the father and mother to determine the custody of an infant son. The parties were divorced while residents of the state [852]*852of Florida, and the mother was given the custody of the minor, with permission to the father to visit the child. Subsequent to the granting of this divorce the mother removed to North Carolina with the child. It was contended by the father that under the Florida decree he had a vested right in the partial custody of the child which the court of North Carolina should respect. In its opinion in that case the court said:
“The custody of children in cases of the divorce and separation of their parents is a subject as delicate as any with which courts have to deal. The good of the child should be, and always is, the chief thing to be regarded, and the governing principle which guides the judge. All other considerations sink into insignificance. Miany cases and text-writers can be cited where the principle is announced that the physical moral, and spiritual welfare of the child is the only safe guide in cases of this kind; and, the couirts will be guided by those surroundings. ”
Again: “But the infant child of their union is not property, and the father can have no vested right in the child or its services under a decree divorcing the parents. Such decree, as to the child, has no: extraterritorial effect beyond the boundaries of the state where is was rendered. The child is now; a citizen of North Carolina, and, as such, peculiarly under its guardianship, and the courts of this state will .not remand iti to the jurisdiction of another state, especially where, as in this case, it is so manifestly against the true interests of the child. . . . ‘The supreme right of the state to the guardianshipi of children controls the natural rights of the parent when the welfare of society or of the children themselves conflicts with parental-rights.”’
In Lanning v. Gregory, 100 Tex. 310, 99 S. W. 542, 10 L. R. A. (N. S.) 600, 123 Am. St. Rep. 809, a contest between the mother of the mjinor, who resided in Kentucky, and the father of the minor, who had previously [853]*853had custody of him, .who resided in Louisiana, -and all three of the parties, father, mother and1 minor, being temporarily in Texas, the court held that it had no jurisdiction to pass upon the merits of the case.
Another case relied upon by the appellee is that of Kenner v. Kenner, 139 Tenn. 221, 201 S. W. 779, L. R. A. 1918E, 587. In that case we quote from the opinion:.
“We are of the opinion that as between the parents, parties to the litigation, the decree of the foreign court awarding the custody of the children is res adjudicada, subject, as between those parties, to modification only by the court that granted the decree’ ’ (citing authorities).
It is then stated: “However, we think this doctrine should be understood with the qualification that, in case of the removal of the child to another state, even within the custody of the parent to whom that custody had been awarded by the1 fore'dgp. decree of divorce, the courts of the state to which the removal has been affected will have the power, on a change of circumstances showing such course essential to the best interests of the child, to make a new disposition of the child.”
The case of Fox v. Hicks, 81 Miss. 197, 83 N. W. 538, 50 L. R. A. 666, also relied upon by appellee, held that where the custody of a child was given to the mother, the domicile of the mlother established that of the child.
The above are the authorities relied upon by the appellee. / ¡; >1 • • ¡ ‘
The question as to what weight this court should give to the Tennessee decree has had our careful consideration. We think the proper rule, and that announced by the great weight of authority, is that full faith and credit should be given to this decree as adjudicating all matters therein settled at that time, but that it has no controlling effect in this state upon facts and conditions arising subsequently to its rendition, and that this court is at liberty and should award the custody of the child to the parent entitled thereto, upion proof of" matters, [854]*854subsequent to tbe decree, which justify such award in tbe interest of the welfare of tbe child; that tbe paramount consideration of the court is always tbe best interest of tbe child. Mylius v. Cargil, 19 N. M. 278, 142 Pac. 918, L. R. A. 1915B, 154, and note thereto-, Ann Oas. 191GB, 941. See, also note to case of Be Alderman, supra.
Tbe material facts in tbe Mylius case are in many respects similar to. this. In that case tbe parents resided in Texas at tbe time of tbe divorce. Hnder tbe decree tbe children were not to be removed from tbe státe of Texas .v Tbe mother obtained possession of the children, and, in violation of tbe Texas decree, carried them into New Mexico. She Was a citizen of New Mexico when tbe father brought these proceedings. Tbe court inquired into the merits of tbe petition, giving full faith- and credit to tbe decree of the state of Texas as settling tbe facts up. to tbe time of its rendition. It decreed, however, that tbe conditions bad changed, and that tbe mother was tbe more suitable to have tbe custody of tbe children. By deciding tbe case upon its merits tbe court, of course, found that it bad jurisdiction to inquire into tbe m’erits of tbe case.
■ In tbe case of State ex rel. Nipp v. District Court, 46 Mont. 425; 128 Pac. 590, Ann. as. 1916B, 256; in discussing what effect should be given the decree of a foreign state, tbe court, in effect, held that it should be conclusive of all matters adjudicated by tbe court up to tbe time of its rendition, and that tbe court would not consider tbe case upon its merits, “in tbe absence of a showing of circumstances occurring since tbe amendment, requiring tbe court of this state, in tbe interest of tbe son, to order otherwise.” tbe amendment referred to being an amendment in tbe proceedings of tbe court of foreign jurisdiction.
[855]*855It was also held in the Nipp Case that the father could not lawfully remove the minor from Nebraska, the court which had awarded the custody to the mother, under the facts of that case, but, as above pointed out, it is clearly intimated in this case that if the testimony had shown changed conditions since the Nebraska- decree, and that the mother had become an unfit person to have the custody of the child, the Montana court had jurisdiction to inquire into the merits of this contention and award the custody of the child to the one'best suited to care for it.
In the case of Linch v. Harden (Wyo.), 176 Pac. 156, the father and) mother were divorced in Oregon while residents of that state. In the decree of divorce no provision was made for the custody of the child. Some years after this decree the father applied to the Oregon court for a modification of the decree to the extent that he be awarded the custody of the.child. The mother, at that time a resident of Wyoming, appeared, and contested that proceeding through her attorney. The court modified the decree by giving the custody of the child to the father. At that time the child was in Wyoming with her mother. The father then brought habeas corpus proceedings in, Wyoming for the possession of the child, relying upon the modified decree of the Oregon court awarding him its custody. The custody of the child was given to the mother in the lower court, and its decision affirmed by the supreme court of Wyoming. The main contention of the appellant father in the 'supreme court was that the judgment of the Oregon court should be held binding upon that of Wyoming, unless the conditions had sufficiently changed to justify a different judgment. Id its opinion the court took jurisdiction to try this case upon its merits, despite the fact that, technically speaking, the domicile of the child continued to be that of its father, namely in Oregon, but held in that case that the domicile was with its mother in Wyoming, because at the time the Oregon judgment was rendered awarding the [856]*856custody to. the father, the child was domiciled in another state. In discussing the full faith and credit clause of the Constitution in this opinion it is said:
“The decided cases are not in entire harmony on the question whether or not a judgment in a divorce action awarding the custody of a minor child to one of the parties, being temporary in character, is. such a judgment as is contemplated in section 1, article 4, of the Constitution of the United States, which provides, “Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceeding’s; of every other state,’ where the child at the time the judgment is rendered is domiciled in another state. But our attention has nof been called to any case, nor have we found any, wherein it has been held that the courts of the state of the domicile of the child are bound by the judgment of the foreign state when it is made to appear that the ¡condition!® and circumstances! of the parties! have sb changed since the adjudication that the welfare of the child would be promoted ¡by a change of custody. The welfare of the child is a matter of paramount consideration, and has been so- held by this court (citing authorities). In 2 Bishop- on Marriage and Divorce (2 Ed.), 1189, the doctrine on the subject'of the effect of the decree of a court in another state, awarding the custody of a minor to one of the parents in a divorce action, is stated as follows:
“ ‘Under our national Constitution, this order is plainly a record to which, if the court'has jurisdiction, the same faith and effect permitted it in the state of its rendition must be given in every other state. And' the true rule in the state of its rendition is that it is res judicata concluding the question. But it does not conclude the question for all time, since new facts may create new issues. Nor, since the relation of parent and child is a status, rightfully, like mjarriage, regulated by any state in which the parties are dom-icilled, do-es the order [857]*857in one state operate as an estoppel of all further inquiry in the courts of another state wherein the child has acquired a domicile.’ ”.
Strictly speaking, the domicile of the child, in the absence of a decree to the contrary, is that of its father. The child, not being sui juris, can have no separate domicile of its own. In contests, however, between the father and mother for the custody of the child, where the decree of divorce has given the custody to one or the other of the parents, and conditions have subsequently arisen which render that parent an improper person for the custody of the child, and where one of the parents is a resident of the state in which the ''suit is pending for a modification of the foreign decree, and the child and the other parent are within the jurisdiction of the court, we find that the courts have practically unanimously assumed jurisdiction and tried the case upon its merits. The courts have not confined themselves to the narrow techinal question as to whether or not the child is legally domiciled within the state, but have considered the paramount question of the welfare of the child. Because the custody of the child has been awarded to its mother, as is well stated in the case of Taylor v. Jeter, supra, “does not dissolve the relation of parent and child,” and, as held in that case, next to the mother, who is given its custody by the decree, the father, because of the natural relation of father and child, is entitled to its custody. If the mother becomes an unfit person for the care and.custody of the child, or abandons the child, the father has the natural right to care for and protect his child. When this father brings the child into the state of his residence with a view of properly caring for and maintaining it, and the mother then institutes habeas corpus proceedings for the custody of the child, the bona-ficle residence of the father in this state, coupled with the natural relationship of father and child, gives this court the right to inquire into and [858]*858p;ass upon the merits of the question of whether or not, since the rendition of the decree of divorce, the mother has become an unsuitable and unfit person for the care and custody of the child.
While the question of the jurisdiction of the court to pass upon the merits of a controversy of this hind between husband and wife is not very much discussed in the authorities herein, cited, it will be remembered that this question is always a preliminary question for' the consideration of the court, and by passing upon the merits of the cases the courts thereby held that they had jurisdiction of the controversy. Other interesting cases bearing upon this discussion are Re Bort, 25 Kan. 308, 37 Am. Rep. 255; Ex parte Stewart, 77 Misc. Rep. 524, 137 N. Y. Supp. 202; People ex rel Allen v. Allen, 40 Hun. (N. Y.) 611, affirmed in 105 N. Y. 628, 11 N. E. 143; Wilson v. Elliott, 96 Tex. 472, 73 S. W. 946, 75 S. W. 368, 97 Am. St. Rep. 928; Ex parte Boyd (Tex. Civ. App.), 157 S. W. 254; Woodworth v. Spring, 4 Allen (Mass.) 321; note to Seely v. Seely, 12 Ann. Cas. 1059.
The cause was tried in the chancery court upon bill and answer, in which event all of the allegations in the answer must be considered as true. The court held, however, that it had no jurisdiction to try the merits' of the case, because the minor was a ward of the Tennessee court. Under the authority of Foster v. Allen, supra, and the other cases cited in this opinion, we t.hiulr the learned court below was in error.
Beversed and remanded.