DeNNy, J.
The Rules of the Operating Department of the defendant railroad provide for discharge on the following grounds: “Disloyalty, dishonesty, desertion, intemperance, immorality, vicious or uncivil conduct, insubordination, incompetency, wilful neglect, inexcusable violation of rules resulting in endangering, damaging or destroying life or property, making false statements, or concealing facts concerning matters under investigation will subject the offender to summary dismissal.”
Likewise, the Agreement between the defendant and the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees contains these pertinent provisions with respect to dismissal: “Rule 10 — Discipline and Grievances. Section 1. An employee who has been in the service thirty (30) calendar days or more will not be disciplined or dismissed
without a proper hearing as provided for in Section 2 of this rule. He may, however, be held out of service pending such hearing.
“Section 2. An employee against whom charges are preferred, or who may consider himself unjustly treated, shall be granted a fair and impartial hearing by a designated official of the Company. Such hearing shall take place within ten (10) days after notice by either party. Such notice shall be in writing and shall clearly specify the charge or nature of the complaint. He shall be given reasonable opportunity to secure the presence of necessary witnesses and shall have the right to be represented by the duly accredited representatives of the employees. All witnesses except the one testifying will be excluded from the hearing both before and after testifying. No testimony or statements will be admitted at the hearing except such as may bear directly upon the precise charge against the employee, except that the official service record of the employee involved will always be admissable. No evidence or statements will be admitted to the record of the hearing, or used in assessing discipline, except such as have been introduced at the hearing, and which have been subject to cross examination. A decision in writing will be rendered within ten (10) calendar days from the, close of the hearing. A copy of the transcript of evidence taken at the hearing will, upon request, be furnished the employee affected and his representative.”
Under these applicable rules and agreement the defendant has reserved the authority to discharge an employee for cause, and causes which will justify summary dismissal are set out therein. Therefore, in an action by an employee against a railroad, based on allegations that his discharge was wrongful and in violation of the terms of the collective bargaining agreement between the employees’ union and the railroad, is failure to allege that the employee has exhausted his administrative remedies under the union contract and under the Railway Labor Act, 45 U.S.C.A., section 151,
et seq.,
fatal to plaintiff’s cause of action when challenged by demurrer?
The authorities seem to support the view that where a railroad employee refuses to accept the discharge as valid and seeks reinstatement or damages for suspension, in such a situation his contention will be construed as a grievance arising out of the contract and statute, and such grievance must be presented to the agency provided by the Railway Labor Act.
Piscitelli v. Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines,
8 N.J. Super. 557, 73 A 2d 751;
Moore v. Illinois C. R. Co.,
312 U.S. 630, 85 L.Ed. 1089;
Slocum v. Delaware L. & W. R. Co.,
339 U.S. 239, 94 L. Ed. 795;
Transcontinental & West. Air v. Koppal,
345 U.S. 653, 97 L. Ed. 1325.
In the case of
Lee v. Virginian Railway Co.,
197 Va. 291, 89 S.E. 2d 28, It is pointed out that, “ * * * where an employee accepts his discharge as final and seeks damages for breach of contract * * * then either the federal or the state courts have jurisdiction. In the case where an employee refuses to recognize the discharge as valid and seeks reinstatement and damages, neither the state nor the federal court has jurisdiction, but his sole remedy is the right of referral of his grievance to the Railway Adjustment Board.
Spires v. Southern Ry. Co,.
4 Cir., 204 F 2d 453;
Switchmen’s Union of North America v. Ogden Union Railway & Depot Co.,
10 Cir.,
209 F.
2d 419.”
In light of the foregoing decisions, we hold that the plaintiff on the facts alleged had the right to institute his action in a court of law instead of pursuing his administrative remedies. Therefore, his failure to allege that he had exhausted his administrative remedies is not fatal to the plaintiff’s cause of action in the face of the defendant’s demurrer in that respect. However, the serious question for determination is whether or not the complaint, as amended, states a cause of action.
The original complaint alleged that at the time of the incident which resulted in the suspension of the plaintiff on 9 April 1958, the plaintiff was
non compos mentis.
It was likewise alleged that at the time of the hearing, shortly after the plaintiff was discharged from the State Hospital at Butner, he was still
non compos mentis
and “incapable from want of understanding of participating in a hearing or being a party to any proceedings conducted by the defendant for the purpose of determining whether just cause existed for his suspension and dismissal from the service of the defendant.”
The amendment to the complaint, however, alleged that after the discharge of the plaintiff from the State Hospital at Butner on 18 August 1958, the plaintiff “was able to perform any and all of the duties and functions which he had been doing prior to his temporary incompetence.” We do not interpret the plaintiff’s allegations with respect to the hearing pursuant to the rules governing such hearings to allege any irregularity with respect to the hearing or the denial of any of the plaintiff’s rights in connection therewith pertaining to procedure. Nor do the allegations of the complaint attempt to negative or deny the act of insubordination for which the plaintiff was discharged; instead, the plaintiff relies squarely on his allegations to the effect that the discharge was wrongful because, not at the time of the hearing but at the time the plaintiff committed the act of insubordination (the character of which is not revealed by the record), the plaintiff was
non compos mentis.
The plaintiff, being a third party beneficiary under the agreement between the defendant and the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees, is entitled to the rights andi benefits thereunder.
Lammonds v. Mfg. Co.,
243 N.C. 749, 92 S.E. 2d 143. Even so, his rights thereunder are certainly no greater than they would have been had he entered into the contract directly with the defendant. Therefore, in our opinion, when he committed an act of insubordination he became subject to dismissal whether he was sane or insane at the time.
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DeNNy, J.
The Rules of the Operating Department of the defendant railroad provide for discharge on the following grounds: “Disloyalty, dishonesty, desertion, intemperance, immorality, vicious or uncivil conduct, insubordination, incompetency, wilful neglect, inexcusable violation of rules resulting in endangering, damaging or destroying life or property, making false statements, or concealing facts concerning matters under investigation will subject the offender to summary dismissal.”
Likewise, the Agreement between the defendant and the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees contains these pertinent provisions with respect to dismissal: “Rule 10 — Discipline and Grievances. Section 1. An employee who has been in the service thirty (30) calendar days or more will not be disciplined or dismissed
without a proper hearing as provided for in Section 2 of this rule. He may, however, be held out of service pending such hearing.
“Section 2. An employee against whom charges are preferred, or who may consider himself unjustly treated, shall be granted a fair and impartial hearing by a designated official of the Company. Such hearing shall take place within ten (10) days after notice by either party. Such notice shall be in writing and shall clearly specify the charge or nature of the complaint. He shall be given reasonable opportunity to secure the presence of necessary witnesses and shall have the right to be represented by the duly accredited representatives of the employees. All witnesses except the one testifying will be excluded from the hearing both before and after testifying. No testimony or statements will be admitted at the hearing except such as may bear directly upon the precise charge against the employee, except that the official service record of the employee involved will always be admissable. No evidence or statements will be admitted to the record of the hearing, or used in assessing discipline, except such as have been introduced at the hearing, and which have been subject to cross examination. A decision in writing will be rendered within ten (10) calendar days from the, close of the hearing. A copy of the transcript of evidence taken at the hearing will, upon request, be furnished the employee affected and his representative.”
Under these applicable rules and agreement the defendant has reserved the authority to discharge an employee for cause, and causes which will justify summary dismissal are set out therein. Therefore, in an action by an employee against a railroad, based on allegations that his discharge was wrongful and in violation of the terms of the collective bargaining agreement between the employees’ union and the railroad, is failure to allege that the employee has exhausted his administrative remedies under the union contract and under the Railway Labor Act, 45 U.S.C.A., section 151,
et seq.,
fatal to plaintiff’s cause of action when challenged by demurrer?
The authorities seem to support the view that where a railroad employee refuses to accept the discharge as valid and seeks reinstatement or damages for suspension, in such a situation his contention will be construed as a grievance arising out of the contract and statute, and such grievance must be presented to the agency provided by the Railway Labor Act.
Piscitelli v. Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines,
8 N.J. Super. 557, 73 A 2d 751;
Moore v. Illinois C. R. Co.,
312 U.S. 630, 85 L.Ed. 1089;
Slocum v. Delaware L. & W. R. Co.,
339 U.S. 239, 94 L. Ed. 795;
Transcontinental & West. Air v. Koppal,
345 U.S. 653, 97 L. Ed. 1325.
In the case of
Lee v. Virginian Railway Co.,
197 Va. 291, 89 S.E. 2d 28, It is pointed out that, “ * * * where an employee accepts his discharge as final and seeks damages for breach of contract * * * then either the federal or the state courts have jurisdiction. In the case where an employee refuses to recognize the discharge as valid and seeks reinstatement and damages, neither the state nor the federal court has jurisdiction, but his sole remedy is the right of referral of his grievance to the Railway Adjustment Board.
Spires v. Southern Ry. Co,.
4 Cir., 204 F 2d 453;
Switchmen’s Union of North America v. Ogden Union Railway & Depot Co.,
10 Cir.,
209 F.
2d 419.”
In light of the foregoing decisions, we hold that the plaintiff on the facts alleged had the right to institute his action in a court of law instead of pursuing his administrative remedies. Therefore, his failure to allege that he had exhausted his administrative remedies is not fatal to the plaintiff’s cause of action in the face of the defendant’s demurrer in that respect. However, the serious question for determination is whether or not the complaint, as amended, states a cause of action.
The original complaint alleged that at the time of the incident which resulted in the suspension of the plaintiff on 9 April 1958, the plaintiff was
non compos mentis.
It was likewise alleged that at the time of the hearing, shortly after the plaintiff was discharged from the State Hospital at Butner, he was still
non compos mentis
and “incapable from want of understanding of participating in a hearing or being a party to any proceedings conducted by the defendant for the purpose of determining whether just cause existed for his suspension and dismissal from the service of the defendant.”
The amendment to the complaint, however, alleged that after the discharge of the plaintiff from the State Hospital at Butner on 18 August 1958, the plaintiff “was able to perform any and all of the duties and functions which he had been doing prior to his temporary incompetence.” We do not interpret the plaintiff’s allegations with respect to the hearing pursuant to the rules governing such hearings to allege any irregularity with respect to the hearing or the denial of any of the plaintiff’s rights in connection therewith pertaining to procedure. Nor do the allegations of the complaint attempt to negative or deny the act of insubordination for which the plaintiff was discharged; instead, the plaintiff relies squarely on his allegations to the effect that the discharge was wrongful because, not at the time of the hearing but at the time the plaintiff committed the act of insubordination (the character of which is not revealed by the record), the plaintiff was
non compos mentis.
The plaintiff, being a third party beneficiary under the agreement between the defendant and the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees, is entitled to the rights andi benefits thereunder.
Lammonds v. Mfg. Co.,
243 N.C. 749, 92 S.E. 2d 143. Even so, his rights thereunder are certainly no greater than they would have been had he entered into the contract directly with the defendant. Therefore, in our opinion, when he committed an act of insubordination he became subject to dismissal whether he was sane or insane at the time.
While the agreement between the defendant and the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees provides that an employee, who has been in the service of a railroad which is subject to the Railway Labor Act, for thirty calendar days or more, will not be disciplined or dismissed without a proper hearing, and that the notice of hearing shall be in writing and shall clearly specify the charge or nature of the complaint, we think this requirement is essential only where the parties are seeking to- assert their remedies and establish their rights under the Railway Labor Act. But where a plaintiff employee elects to seek relief in a court of law instead of seeking relief through his administrative remedies under the Railway Labor Act, the defendant railroad may assert any cause or reason it may have in justification of its discharge of the employee. On the one hand, we think the complaint affirmatively establishes the fact that the plaintiff committed an act of insubordination on 9 April 1958 — that seems to be conceded; while on the other hand, we think that when the plaintiff became mentally incompetent and was so adjudged and remained so for several months, the defendant had the right to terminate the plaintiff’s employment without regard to the terms of the agreement with respect to a hearing.
In 35 Am. Jur., Master and Servant, section 29, page 465, it is said: “Generally, a contract for the performance of personal services must be held to have been terminated where it appears that either the employer or the employee has died or become incapacitated by insanity. * * *”
It is likewise stated in 56 C.J.S., Master and Servant, section 38, page 423: “A contract of employment for personal services is terminated by the death of the servant, or where by reason of insanity, sickness, or other disability, or conviction of a felony, he is unable to perform his contract, unless the parties have contracted to the contrary. The fact that the servant is incapacitated by causes beyond his control, or, as it is termed, by the act of God, does not deprive the master of his right to terminate the contract.”
In
Ivey v. Cotton Mills,
143 N.C. 189, 55 S.E. 613, this Court said:
“There is said to be always on the part of the servant an implied obligation to enter the master’s service and serve him diligently and faithfully, and to conduct himself properly, and generally to perform all the duties incident to his employment honestly and with ordinary care, having due regard to the master’s interest and business. So, too, the law implies a representation by the servant that he is competent to discharge the duties of his position and is possessed of the requisite skill which will enable him to do so. These and perhaps other obligations arise out of and are implied from the relation created by the contract, and the breach of any material stipulation, whether express or implied, which disables the servant to perform his part of the contract or which results in his inability to do so, furnishes a good ground for the master to terminate the contract and is a valid and legal excuse for the discharge of the servant.” See Anno: — Discharge of Employee — Incompetency, 49 A.L.R. 472; 35 Am. Jur., Master and Servant, section 41, page 475,
et seq.; Robertson v. Wolfe,
214 Ky. 244, 283 S.W. 428, 49 A.L.R. 469;
New York, C. & St. L. R. Co. v. Schaffer,
65 Ohio St. 414, 62 N.E. 1036, 62 L.R.A. 931, 87 Am. Rep. 628;
Moore v. Chicago B. & Q. R. Co.,
65 Iowa 505, 22 N.W. 650, 54 Am. St. Rep. 26;
Brighton v. Lake Shore & M. S. R. Co.,
103 Mich. 420, 61 N.W. 550.
In the case of
Smith v. St. Paul & D. R. Co., 60
Minn. 330, 62 N.W. 392, in an action for alleged wrongful discharge of an engineer for drunkenness, the Court said: “We feel justified in stating, as a proposition of law, that any conduct on the part of an engineer, in respect to the use of intoxicating liquors, which, to retain him, would render it negligence on the part of a railway company towards its passengers, constitutes good and sufficient grounds for the engineer’s discharge.”
It would be difficult to imagine a situation more hazardous to its employees and to the safety of its passengers than for a railroad to retain an employee as its section foreman who had been adjudicated
non compos mentis
and whose legal status so remained at the time of the hearing some months later and who was not restored to sanity for approximately a year thereafter.
We hold, as a matter of law, that on the facts alleged, the defendant had the legal right to discharge the plaintiff. Hence, the ruling of the court below is
Reversed.