FILED Jun 14 2023, 10:12 am
CLERK Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Jonathan D. Harwell Theodore E. Rokita Harwell Legal Counsel LLC Attorney General of Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana Ian McLean Supervising Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Hayden J. Nix, June 14, 2023 Appellant-Petitioner, Court of Appeals Case No. 22A-PC-1496 v. Appeal from the Hancock Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Cody B. Coombs, Appellee-Respondent. Special Judge Trial Court Cause No. 30D01-2003-PC-509
Opinion by Judge Robb Judges Crone and Kenworthy concur.
Robb, Judge.
Case Summary and Issues Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 1 of 23 [1] In 2019, Hayden Nix pleaded guilty to three counts of sexual misconduct with a
minor, all Level 5 felonies, and was sentenced to twelve years in the Indiana
Department of Correction. In 2020, Nix petitioned for post-conviction relief.
Relevant to the issues raised in this appeal, Nix alleged he was denied the
effective assistance of counsel and he did not knowingly, voluntarily, and
intelligently enter a plea of guilty. In 2022, following an evidentiary hearing,
the post-conviction court denied Nix’s petition.
[2] Nix appeals the denial of post-conviction relief, raising two issues for our
review: 1) whether the post-conviction court erred when it found he entered his
guilty plea knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily; and 2) whether the post-
conviction court erred when it found he was not denied the effective assistance
of counsel. Concluding the post-conviction court did not clearly err in denying
Nix’s requested relief, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History I. Trial Court Proceedings [3] In late 2017, the State charged Nix with three counts of sexual misconduct with
a minor, all Level 5 felonies, and two counts of rape, both Level 3 felonies. Nix
was arrested on December 26 and remained in jail throughout the proceeding.
In early 2018, attorney Zaki Ali entered an appearance as Nix’s counsel.
Several jury trial settings were continued at Nix’s request. A January 7, 2019,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 2 of 23 setting was continued at the State’s request and the trial was rescheduled for
January 28, 2019.
[4] On January 22, 2019, Ali filed an emergency motion for continuance, stating he
had recently been ordered by his physician “to be off work until further notice.”
Exhibit Volume, Volume III at 36. The trial court granted the continuance,
rescheduling the jury trial for March 11, 2019. But “due to defense counsel’s
inability to represent this client,” the trial court ordered Ali to withdraw his
appearance and allow Nix to seek new counsel. Id. at 23. On February 4, the
trial court, on its own motion, found that “defense counsel has the physical
inability to represent the client in this cause[,]” noted it had ordered Ali to
withdraw but Ali had not done so, and ordered the county clerk to remove Ali
as counsel of record. Id. at 37. The court appointed Jon Keyes to represent
Nix. Keyes entered his appearance but moved to withdraw several days later
because Nix hired Bryan Williams as private counsel. The trial court allowed
Keyes to withdraw only after Williams affirmed he was prepared to try the case
on March 11, 2019.
[5] Before the trial date, Nix, represented by Williams, and the State entered into a
plea agreement. Nix agreed to plead guilty to three counts of sexual
misconduct with a minor, the State agreed to dismiss the two counts of rape,
and the sentence was left to the trial court’s discretion. By initialing the
individual provisions of the plea agreement, Nix acknowledged his counsel had
advised him of the minimum and maximum penalties, which were set forth in
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 3 of 23 the agreement, and that consecutive sentences were possible; that he had certain
constitutional rights that he would be waiving by pleading guilty; that he was
entering the plea knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily; and that he was
satisfied with his counsel’s representation. See id. at 6-8.
[6] Nix appeared in court on March 8 for a change of plea hearing. The trial court
questioned Nix about whether he had reviewed the agreement with his counsel,
understood it, and had signed the plea agreement and initialed all of its terms;
Nix affirmed that he had. The court advised Nix of the minimum and
maximum sentence he could receive for each count and explained the sentences
could be consecutive or concurrent. The court inquired if Nix understood what
an open plea was, and Nix replied, “[It’s] up to you to decide what my sentence
will be.” Id. at 113. Nix said no one had made any promises to him other than
what was in the plea agreement and stated he was satisfied with the services of
his attorney. When asked, Nix affirmed he understood the rights he would be
waiving by pleading guilty and he was pleading guilty as his “own free and
voluntary act.” Id. at 116. The State presented a factual basis with which Nix
agreed. Accordingly,
[The] Court finds the Defendant . . . understands the nature of the charges against him, possible penalties and his constitutional rights, has knowingly, intentionally, and voluntarily pursuant to the Plea Agreement entered a plea of guilty. There’s a factual basis for said plead [sic] to which the Defendant acknowledges, and the Defendant is represented by competent counsel.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 4 of 23 Id. at 119-20. Following a sentencing hearing, the trial court found Nix guilty
of three counts of sexual misconduct and ordered him to serve an aggregate
sentence of twelve years with two years suspended to probation.
II. Post-Conviction Proceedings [7] In March 2020, Nix petitioned for post-conviction relief. Nix amended his
petition in February 2021. The relevant allegations of his petition are:
• His guilty plea was not made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily
because he was advised by Williams that “he would get probation or, at
worst, home detention, and would be able to go home if he signed the
plea agreement.”
• He was denied his right to representation by counsel of his choice.
• He was denied effective assistance of counsel when:
o Ali did not oppose the court’s order that he withdraw, the court’s
sua sponte order withdrawing his appearance, or the court’s order
appointing Keyes and did not otherwise preserve the issue for
appeal;
o Keyes did not move for the court to reconsider its order removing
Ali or otherwise preserve the issue for appeal; and
o Williams did not move for the court to reconsider its order
removing Ali or otherwise preserve the issue for appeal and failed
to move for a continuance of the March 11 trial setting,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 5 of 23 representing to the court that he was prepared to go to trial on that
date.
Corrected Appellant’s Appendix, Volume 2 at 24-26. 1 An evidentiary hearing
was held in 2021. Nix called each of his previous attorneys to testify and also
testified himself. The State presented the testimony of Judge Terry Snow, who
had presided over Nix’s case.
[8] Ali had represented Nix in a previous case. Nix liked Ali and wanted him for
this case as well. Ali entered his appearance in February 2018 and began
preparing for trial after discussing the case with Nix, who asserted his
innocence. Ali believed the State would be unable to prove the rape charges
and told Nix he thought Nix would “at most . . . probably be found guilty on a
lesser charge.” Transcript, Volume II at 42. Ali was prepared for the trial on
January 7, 2019, but it was continued at the State’s request to January 28.
Sometime in January, Ali saw a doctor due to pain he was experiencing in his
neck and chest. The doctor told him he had a heart issue and was “off work”
while he underwent testing “to make sure that it wasn’t fatal.” Id. at 47. At the
time Ali moved for a continuance of Nix’s January 28 trial, he did not know
how long he would be off work. Judge Snow, who presided over Nix’s case,
1 Nix’s petition alleges several other grounds for vacating or setting aside his conviction. To the extent any of those allegations are not discussed herein, we have found them waived for failure to make a cogent argument. See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 6 of 23 knew Nix was incarcerated awaiting trial and considered the case a priority.
Ali’s motion said he was unable to work until further notice—“[w]hich is who
knows when”—and Judge Snow was not willing to let the fourteen-month-old-
case linger indefinitely. Id. at 227. As it turned out, Ali was off work for
around forty-five days and was “probably” back to work “around” March 11.
Id. at 52.
[9] After being removed from the case, Ali filed nothing advising the court he was
back to work and prepared for trial or asking to re-appear as Nix’s counsel. If
Ali’s health had allowed him to participate in the trial as scheduled and asked
the court to let him re-enter his appearance, Judge Snow would have allowed
that; the judge’s interest was in protecting Nix’s “right to go to trial in a timely
manner.” Id. at 233. Nix was “[c]onfused and upset” when Ali was removed
from his case. Id. at 164. Based on the trial court’s actions and statements,
though, Nix did not think he could hire Ali back even after he returned to work.
Id. at 166-67. When asked if he should have made a record, Ali said:
In hindsight yes[,] at the current time no[.] I don’t even think to this day . . . that I withdrew from Hayden’s case as his attorney[.] [T]o answer your question[,] should I[? Y]es I think I should of [sic] to preserve the record[,] to make it abundantly clear [be]cause the case law is extensive about . . . counsel being of the client’s the client’s choosing and – and I could of [sic] filed a motion . . . stating that extensively to the Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 7 of 23 [10] Keyes was appointed by the trial court to represent Nix after Ali was withdrawn
from the case. Keyes filed an appearance, but he was contacted shortly
afterward by a member of Nix’s family saying that private counsel had been
hired. Although counsel being withdrawn by the court struck him as
“unusual,” Keyes took no action regarding Nix’s right to the counsel of his
choice: “I suppose I probably should have. . . . I like to think if I would have
been his attorney longer I would have at least inquired into that . . . but I think
once I found out he was going to hire private counsel I didn’t do a lot more on
the case.” Id. at 20, 23-24.
[11] When Williams was hired, he knew a jury trial was set in approximately one
month and did not think he would be granted a continuance, but he believed he
could be ready. He visited Nix in jail at least twice. Williams did not recall
whether Nix expressed that he was unhappy about Ali being removed from the
case, but Williams did not ask the court to reconsider its order removing Ali.
Nix told Williams no one had talked to him about a plea offer, so Nix was
planning to go to trial “because he didn’t know an offer was a possibility.” Id.
at 102. Williams received discovery within a couple of days of entering his
appearance and focused his preparation on “statements from witnesses[.]” Id.
He also interviewed the complaining witness. After that interview, Williams
visited Nix and spoke with him about the possibility of pleading guilty to the
lesser charges in exchange for the rape charges being dismissed. Although
Williams believed there were weaknesses in the State’s case with respect to the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 8 of 23 rape charges, he also believed a jury would find the complaining witness
credible and thought the plea was beneficial to Nix because “a jury trial is
always a gamble[.]” Id. at 124. Williams could not remember the exact timing,
but Nix said Williams broached this possibility on the Wednesday before the
trial date. Williams said Nix told him at that time “he would absolutely [plead
guilty] if the State would offer [to dismiss the rape charges.]” Id. at 112; see also
Ex., Vol. III at 13 (Williams’ contemporaneous note to Nix’s file that after
interviewing victim and speaking with Nix, “Hayden told me that if he could
plead guilty to Misconduct with a Minor and the Rape be dismissed that he
would do that”).
[12] The State did make the offer. Williams explained the plea agreement to Nix,
including the full range of sentencing possibilities. See id. (“I had explained to
Hayden that he would be facing 12 years in prison, but we would be arguing for
Community Corrections and Probation.”). Nix said Williams told him it was
an open plea, that the court could sentence him to “the full time” and “run it
consecutive,” but advised Nix he would likely get six to nine months of
probation followed by six to nine months of house arrest. Tr., Vol. II at 176; see
also id. at 86 (Nix’s grandmother testifying Nix called her after he pleaded guilty
and told her Williams said he would “only get 6-9 months probation and [he]
could come home”). Nix felt like he could reject the plea agreement and still go
to trial as scheduled on Monday but also felt Williams “wasn’t . . . prepared all
the way to go to trial.” Id. at 178. Nix signed the plea agreement and changed
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 9 of 23 his plea in court on Friday before the jury trial was scheduled to begin on
Monday. Nix knew the rights he was giving up and felt well-informed when he
made the decision to plead. Ali was “shocked” to learn Nix entered a guilty
plea and did not think it was a particularly beneficial plea agreement. Id. at 54.
Ali told Nix after the fact Nix had done the wrong thing in pleading guilty.
[13] In June 2022, the post-conviction court issued an order denying Nix’s requested
relief. Nix now appeals.
Discussion and Decision I. Post-Conviction Standard of Review [14] Post-conviction proceedings are civil proceedings in which a person may
present limited challenges to a criminal conviction or a sentence. See Ind. Post-
Conviction Rule 1; Gibson v. State, 133 N.E.3d 673, 681 (Ind. 2019), cert. denied,
141 S. Ct. 553 (2020). “The petitioner has the burden of establishing his
grounds for relief by a preponderance of the evidence.” P-C.R. 1(5). A
petitioner who has been denied post-conviction relief appeals from a negative
judgment and faces a “rigorous standard of review.” Wesley v. State, 788 N.E.2d
1247, 1250 (Ind. 2003). To prevail on appeal, “the petitioner must show that
the evidence as a whole leads unerringly and unmistakably to a conclusion
opposite to that reached by the post-conviction court.” Hall v. State, 849 N.E.2d
466, 469 (Ind. 2006). We will reverse a post-conviction court’s findings and
judgment “only upon a showing of clear error – that which leaves us with a Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 10 of 23 definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Humphry v. State,
73 N.E.3d 677, 682 (Ind. 2017) (citation omitted).
II. Voluntary Guilty Plea [15] Nix contends the post-conviction court committed clear error when it found his
guilty plea was voluntary, knowing, and intelligent. Nix argues he did not
“knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently enter his plea of guilty when he did
not understand the penal consequences of his plea[.]” Appellant’s Brief at 17.
[16] “A valid guilty plea is a confession of guilt made directly to a judicial officer
and necessarily admits the incriminating facts alleged.” Carter v. State, 739
N.E.2d 126, 128 (Ind. 2000). To be valid, a guilty plea must represent “a
voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative courses of action open to
the defendant.” Gibson, 133 N.E.3d at 697 (quoting Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S.
52, 56 (1985)). “A guilty plea constitutes a waiver of constitutional rights,” and
therefore, the trial court must “evaluate the validity of every plea before
accepting it.” Davis v. State, 675 N.E.2d 1097, 1102 (Ind. 1996). To that
purpose, Indiana Code section 35-35-1-2 provides, in part, that the trial court
shall not accept a guilty plea unless it determines the defendant: (1) understands
the nature of the charges; (2) has been informed that a guilty plea effectively
waives several constitutional rights, including trial by jury, confrontation and
cross-examination of witnesses, the right to subpoena witnesses, and proof of
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt without self-incrimination; and (3) has been
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 11 of 23 informed “of the maximum possible sentence and minimum sentence for the
crime charged and any possible increased sentence by reason of the fact of a
prior conviction or convictions, and any possibility of the imposition of
consecutive sentences[.]” See Diaz v. State, 934 N.E.2d 1089, 1094 (Ind. 2010). 2
[17] In assessing the voluntariness of the plea, we review all the evidence before the
post-conviction court, “including testimony given at the post-conviction trial,
the transcript of the petitioner’s original sentencing, and any plea agreements or
other exhibits which are a part of the record.” State v. Moore, 678 N.E.2d 1258,
1266 (Ind. 1997), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1079 (1998). In general, if a trial court
undertakes the steps set forth in Indiana Code section 35-35-1-2 to ensure that a
plea is voluntary, “a post-conviction petitioner will have a difficult time
overturning his guilty plea on collateral attack.” Richardson v. State, 800 N.E.2d
639, 643 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied.
[18] We conclude based on our review of the transcripts from Nix’s guilty plea and
sentencing hearings, the plea agreement itself, and the testimony from the post-
conviction hearing that Nix’s plea was entered voluntarily, knowingly, and
intelligently. The colloquy between the trial court and Nix at the guilty plea
hearing was extensive. The trial court explained to Nix more than once the
2 In Boykin v. Alabama, the United States Supreme Court stated a trial court accepting a guilty plea must be satisfied and the record must show the accused was informed of, and waived, three specific federal constitutional rights: the right against self-incrimination, right to a trial by jury, and right to confront his accusers. 395 U.S. 238, 242-43 (1969). Indiana Code section 35-35-1-2 includes those rights.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 12 of 23 minimum and maximum sentence for the Level 5 felonies to which he was
pleading. See Ex., Vol. III at 112, 113. The court solicited Nix’s own
understanding of an “open plea.” Id. at 113. The court advised Nix the
sentences could be consecutive or concurrent to each other and explained what
that means. See id. (stating, as an example, if “you had three (3) five (5) year
sentences and they are consecutive, it’s really a fifteen (15) year sentence”). Nix
affirmed each time that he understood and had no questions. 3 In addition, the
plea agreement set forth the minimum and maximum sentences for his charges,
advised that consecutive sentences were possible, and stated, “The Terms of the
sentence shall be open and the Court shall determine the appropriate sentence
afte[r] the argument of counsel[.]” Id. at 5. And Nix testified at the post-
conviction hearing that Williams told him the court could sentence him to “the
full time” and “run it consecutive.” Tr., Vol. II at 176.
[19] “A plea entered after the trial judge has reviewed the various rights which a
defendant is waiving and made the inquiries called for in [Indiana Code section
35-35-1-2] is unlikely to be found wanting in a collateral attack.” White v. State,
497 N.E.2d 893, 905 (Ind. 1986). Such is the case here: the trial court
thoroughly advised Nix of his constitutional rights, the consequences of his
guilty plea, and the sentencing possibilities and determined on the record that
3 The trial court addressed with Nix all of the other items in Indiana Code section 35-35-1-2, and Nix does not argue otherwise.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 13 of 23 Nix’s plea was made knowingly, intentionally, and voluntarily. Accordingly,
the post-conviction court did not clearly err in declining to set aside Nix’s guilty
plea as involuntary.
[20] To the extent Nix argues his guilty plea was involuntary because Williams
erroneously advised him he would receive a shorter, probationary sentence, we
note the voluntariness of a plea is distinct from a claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel: review of the voluntariness of a plea “focuses on whether the
defendant knowingly and freely entered the plea, in contrast to ineffective
assistance, which turns on the performance of counsel and resulting prejudice.”
Moore, 678 N.E.2d at 1266; see Hill, 474 U.S. at 56-57 (analyzing a defendant’s
claim that his plea was “involuntary” because his counsel gave him wrong
information about his parole date as an ineffective assistance claim). Therefore,
we will address Williams’ advice below.
III. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel A. Standard of Review [21] When reviewing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, we apply the two-
prong test established in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
Bobadilla v. State, 117 N.E.3d 1272, 1280 (Ind. 2019). To prevail on such a
claim, the petitioner must demonstrate both that counsel’s performance was
deficient and the deficient performance prejudiced the petitioner. Barber v. State,
141 N.E.3d 35, 42 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020), trans. denied. Deficient performance
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 14 of 23 exists if counsel’s performance falls below an objective standard of
reasonableness based on prevailing professional norms. Id. Prejudice exists if
there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different. Id. A reasonable
probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.
Id. Failure to prove either prong causes the petitioner’s claim to fail. Id.
[22] Ultimately, there is a strong presumption that counsel rendered adequate
assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable
professional judgment. Jervis v. State, 28 N.E.3d 361, 365 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015),
trans. denied.
B. Failure to Preserve Nix’s Right to Counsel of Choice [23] The Sixth Amendment guarantees a criminal defendant the right to assistance
of counsel. “[A]n element of this right is the right of a defendant who does not
require appointed counsel to choose who will represent him.” United States v.
Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. 140, 144 (2006). Erroneous deprivation of the right to
counsel of choice “unquestionably qualifies as structural error,” id. at 150, “a
limited class of fundamental constitutional errors that defy analysis by harmless
error standards[,]” Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 7 (1999) (quotation
omitted). “The purpose of the structural error doctrine is to ensure insistence
on certain basic, constitutional guarantees that should define the framework of
any criminal trial.” Weaver v. Massachusetts, 582 U.S. 286, 294-95 (2017).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 15 of 23 Structural errors are therefore those that “affec[t] the framework within which
the trial proceeds” rather than being “simply . . . error[s] in the trial process
itself.” Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. at 148 (quoting Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S.
279, 310 (1991)); see also McCoy v. Louisiana, 138 S.Ct. 1500, 1504, 1511 (2018)
(“An error is structural if it is not designed to protect defendants from erroneous
conviction, but instead protects some other interest” or “when its effects are too
hard to measure, as is true of the right to counsel of choice[.]”).
[24] Nix contends all three of his trial counsel were ineffective for failing to object to
the structural error committed by the trial court when it ordered his counsel of
choice to be withdrawn from the case. Structural error “carries with it no
talismanic significance”; it means “only that the government is not entitled to
deprive the defendant of a new trial by showing that the error was ‘harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Weaver, 582 U.S. at 299 (quoting Chapman v.
California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967)). Structural errors “trigger automatic reversal
because they undermine the fairness of a criminal proceeding as a whole”
regardless of the error’s actual effect on the outcome, United States v. Davila, 569
U.S. 597, 611 (2013), but that rule is applied to a preserved objection on direct
review, Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. at 142-44. The Supreme Court recently
addressed the question of “what showing is necessary when the defendant does
not preserve a structural error . . . but raises it later in the context of an
ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim.” Weaver, 582 U.S. at 299. The right at
issue in Weaver was the right to a public trial, which was violated when the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 16 of 23 court excluded everyone but prospective jurors from the courtroom during voir
dire without objection by counsel.
[25] Although specific to the structural error at issue there, a plurality of the Court
held in Weaver that “when a defendant raises a public-trial violation via an
ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, Strickland prejudice is not shown
automatically.” Id. at 300-01.
In the criminal justice system, the constant, indeed unending, duty of the judiciary is to seek and to find the proper balance between the necessity for fair and just trials and the importance of finality of judgments. When a structural error is preserved and raised on direct review, the balance is in the defendant’s favor, and a new trial generally will be granted as a matter of right. When a structural error is raised in the context of an ineffective- assistance claim, however, finality concerns are far more pronounced. For this reason, and in light of the other circumstances present in this case, petitioner must show prejudice in order to obtain a new trial.
Id. at 305; see also id. at 303 (noting the differences between structural error
claims raised at trial or on direct appeal and those raised on collateral review
“justify a different standard for evaluating a structural error”).
[26] The right to select and be represented “by one’s preferred attorney is
comprehended by the Sixth Amendment, [but] the essential aim of the
Amendment is to guarantee an effective advocate for each criminal defendant
rather than to ensure that a defendant will inexorably be represented by the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 17 of 23 lawyer whom he prefers.” Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153, 159 (1988).
Thus, the Supreme Court has recognized a trial court has “wide latitude in
balancing the right to counsel of choice against the needs of fairness and against
the demands of its calendar.” Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. at 152 (internal citations
omitted); see United States v. Sellers, 645 F.3d 830, 835-36 (7th Cir. 2011) (noting
even where Sixth Amendment rights are at issue, a court “legitimately can
balance the right to counsel of choice against the demands of its calendar and
make scheduling and other decisions that effectively exclude chosen counsel”);
United States v. Ensign, 491 F.3d 1109, 1114 (9th Cir. 2007) (noting that court’s
previous recognition that “the Sixth Amendment right to chosen counsel is not
absolute and could be revoked to serve a compelling purpose, such as the
efficient and orderly administration of justice”) (internal quotations omitted).
In Weaver, the Court stated the “fact that the public-trial right is subject to
exceptions suggests that not every public-trial violation results in fundamental
unfairness.” 582 U.S. at 298. The same would seem to be true here, as well.
[27] Requiring counsel to object to a trial court ruling contemporaneously “gives the
court an opportunity to cure the alleged error, which, in turn, ‘can result in
enormous savings in time, effort and expense to the parties and the court,
including avoiding an appeal and retrial.’” Durden v. State, 99 N.E.3d 645, 651
(Ind. 2018) (quoting State v. Daniels, 680 N.E.2d 829, 835 (Ind. 1997)). If the
trial court overrules the objection, the appellate court benefits from a
sufficiently developed record on which to base its decision. Id. Had counsel
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 18 of 23 raised the alleged error to the trial court, as we will assume they should have,4
the trial court could have—and based on the judge’s testimony at the post-
conviction hearing would have— explained on the record that its ruling to
withdraw Ali as counsel of record was based on balancing Nix’s right to
counsel of choice against his “right to go to trial in a timely manner.” Tr., Vol.
II at 233; see Weaver, 582 U.S. at 298, 302 (stating a judge “may deprive a
defendant of his right to an open courtroom by making proper factual findings
. . . before making an otherwise valid decision to order the courtroom
temporarily closed” and noting when a defendant first raises the error as
ineffective assistance of counsel, “the trial court is deprived of the chance to
cure the violation either by opening the courtroom or by explaining the reasons
for closure”). Only the erroneous deprivation of the right to counsel of choice is
structural error and given the trial court’s latitude to control its docket and the
interests the judge identified as reasons for his ruling, Nix has not shown a
reasonable probability of a different outcome had any of his attorneys objected
to the trial court’s procedure. 5
4 Ali and Keyes both conceded at the post-conviction hearing they should have objected to the trial court and preserved the alleged error. See Tr., Vol. II at 24, 52. Williams was not specifically asked if he thought he should have objected but when asked if it appeared to him that Nix’s right to counsel of choice was violated, he responded, “I wouldn’t say that.” Id. at 101. 5 Nix repeatedly references the fact Ali was incapacitated for only forty-five days. Although that fact is known now, it was not at the time these decisions were made. Ali informed the court he was “off work until further notice,” Ex. Vol., Vol. III at 36, and did not notify Nix or the court when he was able to return to work.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 19 of 23 [28] We also note Nix’s claim of error is not only raised on collateral review but also
following a guilty plea. “[T]he consequence of a structural error is that it is not
subject to harmless-error review, but such errors can still be waived.” Jackson v.
Bartow, 930 F.3d 930, 934 (7th Cir. 2019) (internal citation and quotation marks
omitted). A voluntary, subsequent guilty plea generally operates as a waiver of
claims of constitutional error that occurred before the plea. Tollett v. Henderson,
411 U.S. 258, 267 (1973). And a “defendant’s voluntary guilty plea may waive
a claim even of structural error.” United States v. Williams, 29 F.4th 1306, 1314
(11th Cir. 2022). In Class v. United States, the Supreme Court contrasted a
defendant’s post-guilty plea challenge to the constitutionality of the statute
under which he was convicted with a claim raising a “case-related
constitutional defect[]” occurring before entry of the guilty plea. 138 S. Ct. 798,
804-05 (2018). The Court explained that the latter could be waived by the
defendant’s guilty plea because the error could have been cured but for the
defendant’s subsequent admission to the charges against him. Id. at 805 (stating
the unlawful exclusion of grand jurors of the defendant’s race—previously
identified as structural error—could be cured by a new indictment by a properly
selected grand jury and therefore could be waived); see also Williams, 29 F.4th at
1314 (holding defendant’s claim of structural error in the improper denial of his
right to self-representation was waived by his voluntary guilty plea).
[29] Here, prior to Nix’s guilty plea, any error in denying him his counsel of choice
could have been cured by the trial court either explaining its decision on the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 20 of 23 record or granting a continuance until Ali could continue his representation of
Nix. Because the structural error could have been cured, it was waived when
Nix pleaded guilty. 6
C. Failure to Advise of Penal Consequences [30] As noted above, supra ¶ 20, Nix contends Williams provided ineffective
assistance by failing to properly advise Nix of the penal consequences of his
plea. We conclude Nix has not shown deficient performance and therefore his
claim fails.
[31] At his guilty plea hearing, Nix told the trial court he understood the range of
penalties for the crimes to which he was pleading guilty, he had not been
promised anything but what was stated in the plea agreement, and he
understood an “open plea” meant his sentence was up to the court. He also
said he was satisfied with Williams’ representation. At the post-conviction
hearing, Nix testified that when Williams brought the plea agreement to him,
Williams told him he would likely get six to nine months of probation followed
by six to nine months of house arrest. Tr., Vol. II at 176; see also id. at 174 (Nix
testifying Williams advised him “there was a possibility [the court] could give
you more than that but [Williams] said he would drop out of his chair dead if
6 Although choice of counsel issues may affect a defendant’s decision to plead guilty, see Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. at 150, we have already determined Nix’s guilty plea was voluntary, knowing, and intelligent.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 21 of 23 that happened”). Williams denied he made any promises about the sentence,
and Nix acknowledged Williams told him it was an open plea, so the court
could sentence him to “the full time” and “run it consecutive.” Id. at 176.
[32] When we review a post-conviction decision, we do not reweigh the evidence or
judge the credibility of witnesses, and we consider only the probative evidence
and reasonable inferences flowing therefrom that support the post-conviction
court’s decision. Reeves v. State, 174 N.E.3d 1134, 1140 (Ind. Ct. App. 2021),
trans. denied. Here, the evidence supporting the post-conviction court’s decision
shows Williams explained the plea agreement and properly advised Nix of the
penal consequences of his plea. See supra, ¶ 12. Nix testified in his own words
at the guilty plea hearing that the open plea he was agreeing to meant the trial
court would decide his sentence, implicitly acknowledging he understood the
sentence could be anything within the statutory range. And he acknowledged
at the post-conviction hearing that Williams told him he could get a maximum,
consecutive sentence. At most, Williams offered an opinion about what the
trial court might do. That opinion may have given Nix hope that he would
receive a light sentence, but Williams did not give Nix erroneous legal advice. 7
7 Because Nix must prove both deficient performance and prejudice, we need not address the prejudice prong having concluded he failed to prove deficient performance.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 22 of 23 [33] For the foregoing reasons, we conclude the post-conviction court did not clearly
err in denying post-conviction relief on Nix’s claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel.
Conclusion [34] We conclude Nix has not shown the evidence as a whole leads unerringly and
unmistakably to a conclusion opposite that reached by the post-conviction court
on his post-conviction claims. We therefore affirm the post-conviction court’s
denial of Nix’s petition for post-conviction relief.
[35] Affirmed.
Crone, J., and Kenworthy, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-1496 | June 14, 2023 Page 23 of 23