Connor, J.
In a declaratory judgment action, plaintiff sought to establish defendant’s liability as a corporate successor of polluting corporations for environmental contamination at plaintiff’s manufacturing facility. The trial court granted summary disposition for defendant pursuant to MCR 2.116(0(10). Plaintiff appeals as of right. We affirm.
In 1971, after a series of mergers and name changes, Gulf & Western Industrial Products Company (hereafter gwipco) sold the assets of three companies to Grand Rapids Brass Company (hereafter Brass). As part of this transfer, Brass as
sumed the liabilities of the three companies it purchased. The sales agreement, provided that the transfer of assets was "subject, however, to all of Seller’s obligations, indebtedness and liabilities relating to the businesses, assets and properties being transferred hereunder.” In 1976, gwipco, which had changed its name to Gulf & Western Liquidating Company, transferred the assets and liabilities of fourteen other divisions to Young & Ottawa Incorporated. After various mergers and purchases, Young & Ottawa became defendant.
Brass, which had by then changed its name to Crampton Manufacturing Company, sold the manufacturing facility site at issue to Roland Peterson in 1975. In 1976, Crampton Manufacturing Company transferred its remaining assets to Gulf & Western Liquidating Company, which dissolved ten years later. In 1980, Roland Peterson sold the site to plaintiff. While plaintiff was operating a plant at the site, the Department of Natural Resources informed plaintiff that the site was contaminated with various waste materials that were leaching into the soil and ground water. The.DNR alleged that this contamination had been caused by companies that used the site before plaintiff. Plaintiff filed suit against defendant in 1991 as a result of the dnr’s allegations. We find the trial court did not err in granting summary disposition for defendant.
In general, a purchaser of another company’s assets does not become liable for the seller’s obligations. Henn & Alexander, Laws of Corporations, (3rd ed), §341, p 967. However, an exception to this general rule occurs where the purchaser expressly or impliedly assumes the seller’s liabilities.
Id.
Such a transfer was expressly memorialized in the sales agreement between gwipco and Brass, quoted
supra.
Plaintiff contends that this transfer does not defeat third-party claims against the seller, gwipco. Generally, creditors of the seller are not limited to seeking a recovery from the purchaser unless they agree to the transaction. 15 Fletcher, Cyclopedia Corporations (perm ed), § 7116, p 215. However, third-party claims by creditors of the purchaser are not granted the same protection. Plaintiff was never a creditor of either gwipco or Brass. Consequently, the argument has no merit.
Implicit in plaintiffs claim is the assumption that defendant is the successor to gwipco. Some courts have overridden traditional corporate successor law on the basis of the public policy that favors forcing polluters, rather than the public, to pay for environmental contamination. See, e.g.,
United States v Mexico Feed & Seed Co,
980 F2d 478, 487 (CA 8, 1992). Such courts use the "substantial continuity” test to determine whether a purchaser of the assets is liable for the pollution of a predecessor.
Id.
at 488. The substantial continuity test involves the following factors: (1) retention of the same employees and supervisory staff; (2) retention of the same production facility at the same site; (3) production of the same product; (4) retention of the same name; (5) continuity of assets and general business operations; and (6) whether the purchaser holds itself out to the public as the continuation of the previous enterprise.
United States v Carolina Transformer Co,
978 F2d 832, 838 (CA 4, 1992).
In the present case, it would be impossible to find the factors for substantial continuity. Gwipco sold the property and assets to Brass in 1971. Defendant’s predecessor-in-interest did not purchase the assets and liabilities of the fourteen other companies until January 5, 1976. Brass’ successor sold its assets to gwipco’s successor on
December 1, 1976, but it had already sold the site to plaintiffs predecessor on November 15, 1975. Accordingly, the trial court did not err when it declined to embrace any common-law theories of liability.
Next, we find the trial court did not err in construing the "no liability transfer rule” of the Environmental Response Act (era), MCL 299.612d(l); MSA 13.32(12d)(l), to apply only to claims by the state and not to apply in the present matter. Statutory construction is a question of law.
Smeets v Genesee Co Clerk,
193 Mich App 628, 633; 484 NW2d 770 (1992). Issues of law are reviewed de novo.
Duggan v Clare Co Bd of Comm’rs,
203 Mich App 573, 575; 513 NW2d 192 (1994). A trial court’s primary goal in construing a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the Legislature’s intent.
Farrington v Total Petroleum, Inc
, 442 Mich 201, 212; 501 NW2d 76 (1993).
In explaining its construction of the era, MCL 299.612d; MSA 13.32(12d), the trial court opined:
Because of the similarity between cercla[
] and mera[
] and the fact that mera was based on cercla, any deviation from cercla must be interpreted as an intention to create a distinction of signrficanceNn light of this difference, it would be improper to construe MCL 299.612d(l) more broadly than its literal language. By adding the words "to the state,” the legislature intended to create a cause of action only for the state, and not private claimants, against parties who transferred their liability under mera to another.
The relevant provision of the era, MCL
299.612d(l); MSA 13.32(12d)(l), construed by the trial court, provides:
An indemnification, hold harmless, or similar agreement or conveyance is not effective to transfer from a person that may be liable under section 12 to the state for evaluation or response activity costs or damages for a release or threat of release to any other person the liability imposed under this act.
This Court has determined that the intent of the era is similar to that of the cercla, so it is appropriate to examine federal case law interpreting similar issues.
Flanders Industries, Inc v Michigan,
203 Mich App 15, 21; 512 NW2d 328 (1993). The analogous federal provision, § 107(e)(1) of the cercla, 42 USC 9607(e)(1), provides in pertinent part:
No indemnification, hold harmless, or similar agreement or conveyance shall be effective to transfer from the owner or operator of any vessel or facility or from any person who may be liable for a release or threat of release under this section, to any other person the liability imposed under this section.
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Connor, J.
In a declaratory judgment action, plaintiff sought to establish defendant’s liability as a corporate successor of polluting corporations for environmental contamination at plaintiff’s manufacturing facility. The trial court granted summary disposition for defendant pursuant to MCR 2.116(0(10). Plaintiff appeals as of right. We affirm.
In 1971, after a series of mergers and name changes, Gulf & Western Industrial Products Company (hereafter gwipco) sold the assets of three companies to Grand Rapids Brass Company (hereafter Brass). As part of this transfer, Brass as
sumed the liabilities of the three companies it purchased. The sales agreement, provided that the transfer of assets was "subject, however, to all of Seller’s obligations, indebtedness and liabilities relating to the businesses, assets and properties being transferred hereunder.” In 1976, gwipco, which had changed its name to Gulf & Western Liquidating Company, transferred the assets and liabilities of fourteen other divisions to Young & Ottawa Incorporated. After various mergers and purchases, Young & Ottawa became defendant.
Brass, which had by then changed its name to Crampton Manufacturing Company, sold the manufacturing facility site at issue to Roland Peterson in 1975. In 1976, Crampton Manufacturing Company transferred its remaining assets to Gulf & Western Liquidating Company, which dissolved ten years later. In 1980, Roland Peterson sold the site to plaintiff. While plaintiff was operating a plant at the site, the Department of Natural Resources informed plaintiff that the site was contaminated with various waste materials that were leaching into the soil and ground water. The.DNR alleged that this contamination had been caused by companies that used the site before plaintiff. Plaintiff filed suit against defendant in 1991 as a result of the dnr’s allegations. We find the trial court did not err in granting summary disposition for defendant.
In general, a purchaser of another company’s assets does not become liable for the seller’s obligations. Henn & Alexander, Laws of Corporations, (3rd ed), §341, p 967. However, an exception to this general rule occurs where the purchaser expressly or impliedly assumes the seller’s liabilities.
Id.
Such a transfer was expressly memorialized in the sales agreement between gwipco and Brass, quoted
supra.
Plaintiff contends that this transfer does not defeat third-party claims against the seller, gwipco. Generally, creditors of the seller are not limited to seeking a recovery from the purchaser unless they agree to the transaction. 15 Fletcher, Cyclopedia Corporations (perm ed), § 7116, p 215. However, third-party claims by creditors of the purchaser are not granted the same protection. Plaintiff was never a creditor of either gwipco or Brass. Consequently, the argument has no merit.
Implicit in plaintiffs claim is the assumption that defendant is the successor to gwipco. Some courts have overridden traditional corporate successor law on the basis of the public policy that favors forcing polluters, rather than the public, to pay for environmental contamination. See, e.g.,
United States v Mexico Feed & Seed Co,
980 F2d 478, 487 (CA 8, 1992). Such courts use the "substantial continuity” test to determine whether a purchaser of the assets is liable for the pollution of a predecessor.
Id.
at 488. The substantial continuity test involves the following factors: (1) retention of the same employees and supervisory staff; (2) retention of the same production facility at the same site; (3) production of the same product; (4) retention of the same name; (5) continuity of assets and general business operations; and (6) whether the purchaser holds itself out to the public as the continuation of the previous enterprise.
United States v Carolina Transformer Co,
978 F2d 832, 838 (CA 4, 1992).
In the present case, it would be impossible to find the factors for substantial continuity. Gwipco sold the property and assets to Brass in 1971. Defendant’s predecessor-in-interest did not purchase the assets and liabilities of the fourteen other companies until January 5, 1976. Brass’ successor sold its assets to gwipco’s successor on
December 1, 1976, but it had already sold the site to plaintiffs predecessor on November 15, 1975. Accordingly, the trial court did not err when it declined to embrace any common-law theories of liability.
Next, we find the trial court did not err in construing the "no liability transfer rule” of the Environmental Response Act (era), MCL 299.612d(l); MSA 13.32(12d)(l), to apply only to claims by the state and not to apply in the present matter. Statutory construction is a question of law.
Smeets v Genesee Co Clerk,
193 Mich App 628, 633; 484 NW2d 770 (1992). Issues of law are reviewed de novo.
Duggan v Clare Co Bd of Comm’rs,
203 Mich App 573, 575; 513 NW2d 192 (1994). A trial court’s primary goal in construing a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the Legislature’s intent.
Farrington v Total Petroleum, Inc
, 442 Mich 201, 212; 501 NW2d 76 (1993).
In explaining its construction of the era, MCL 299.612d; MSA 13.32(12d), the trial court opined:
Because of the similarity between cercla[
] and mera[
] and the fact that mera was based on cercla, any deviation from cercla must be interpreted as an intention to create a distinction of signrficanceNn light of this difference, it would be improper to construe MCL 299.612d(l) more broadly than its literal language. By adding the words "to the state,” the legislature intended to create a cause of action only for the state, and not private claimants, against parties who transferred their liability under mera to another.
The relevant provision of the era, MCL
299.612d(l); MSA 13.32(12d)(l), construed by the trial court, provides:
An indemnification, hold harmless, or similar agreement or conveyance is not effective to transfer from a person that may be liable under section 12 to the state for evaluation or response activity costs or damages for a release or threat of release to any other person the liability imposed under this act.
This Court has determined that the intent of the era is similar to that of the cercla, so it is appropriate to examine federal case law interpreting similar issues.
Flanders Industries, Inc v Michigan,
203 Mich App 15, 21; 512 NW2d 328 (1993). The analogous federal provision, § 107(e)(1) of the cercla, 42 USC 9607(e)(1), provides in pertinent part:
No indemnification, hold harmless, or similar agreement or conveyance shall be effective to transfer from the owner or operator of any vessel or facility or from any person who may be liable for a release or threat of release under this section, to any other person the liability imposed under this section.
This section has been interpreted to mean that responsible parties may not transfer their cercla liability to another party. See, e.g.,
United States v Hardage,
985 F2d 1427, 1433 (CA 10, 1993).
In
Stolaruk Corp v Central Nat'l Ins Co,
206 Mich App 444, 455; 522 NW2d 670 (1994), this Court adopted the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals’ interpretation of § 12(6) of the Leaking Underground Storage Tank Act (lusta), MCL 299.842(6); MSA 14.528(272)(6), found in
Niecko v Emro Marketing Co,
973 F2d 1296, 1300-1301 (CA 6, 1992). The
Stolaruk
Court applied this interpretation to
§ 12d(l) of the era, MCL 299.612d(l); MSA 13.32(12dXD, and held that a party will be liable to the government for cleanup costs, notwithstanding any agreement to the contrary.
Stolaruk, supra,
455. However, the
Stolaruk
Court held that § 12d does not preclude private parties from agreeing with one another to apportion cleanup costs as they see fit.
Id.
As the
Stolaruk
Court reasoned, "the
Niecko
interpretation prevents a party from contracting away its liability as against the government, but allows private parties to allocate the financial responsibility for the costs of the cleanup as between themselves.”
Id.
at 454-455.
The era’s no transfer of liability rule differs from the cercla model in that the Michigan Legislature added the words, "may be liable under section 12 to the state.” MCL 299.612d(l); MSA 13.32(12d)(l). By adding this language, we believe the Legislature intended to limit the no transfer of liability rule to state claims. If the Legislature had intended § 12d to be a complete ban on transfers of liability, it would have adopted the cercla’s model.
The interpretation we adopt is in keeping with the statute’s purpose of ensuring that the state is reimbursed. MCL 299.601(e); MSA 13.32(1) (e). Moreover, any other construction would abolish the common-law principles we already have discussed that allow parties to transfer liabilities. Michigan law does not favor this type of construction.
Marquis v Hartford Accident & Indemnity (Añer Remand),
444 Mich 638, 652-653; 513 NW2d 799 (1994). In sum, the trial court’s interpretation of § 12d of the era was correct, and summary disposition was, therefore, proper.
Stolaruk, supra.
Plaintiffs claim that a question of. fact existed
regarding whether gwipco and Brass’ sales agreement transferred liabilities to Brass is unpreserved because it was not raised below.
Vander Bossche v Valley Pub,
203 Mich App 632, 641; 513 NW2d 225 (1994). At any rate, the argument is meritless. The contract between gwipco and Brass provided that the assets transferred were "subject, however, to all of [gwipco’s] obligations, indebtedness and liabilities relating to the businesses, assets and properties being transferred hereunder.” This language clearly and unambiguously reflects that the intent of the parties was for Brass to receive assets subject to all indebtedness, obligations, and liabilities. Plaintiff failed to produce any evidence to the contrary, even though it had the burden of doing so.
Skinner v Square D Co,
445 Mich 153, 161; 516 NW2d 475 (1994). Summary disposition was proper.
Affirmed.