Fowler, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The appeal in this case presents the question whether under the laws and Constitution of Maryland,, the officer known as State Attorney has any legal authority to institute these proceedings, which resulted in ousting the appellant from the office of County Commissioner of Charles [309]*309County, which office he claims to hold under the Act of 1894, ch. 215. By virtue of this Act the number of County Commissioners of Charles County was increased from three to five, and the Governor was thereby authorized to appoint “from the legally qualified citizens of said county two persons to serve as County Commissioners of said county, until the general election to be held in November, 1895, or until their successors are duly qualified and elected.” In the exercise of the authority thus conferred upon him, the Governor appointed the appellant and the late William H. Trotter, the latter having died subsequent to his appointment and qualification and to the judgment appealed from. The surviving appointee, Samuel Hawkins, is therefore the sole appellant.
The demurrer to the information filed in this case presents the controlling question, and the view we have taken in regard to it, avoids the necessity of considering the other question sought to be presented, namely, the validity vel non of the Act of 1894, ch. 2x5, The Court below overruled the demurrer, declared the Act of 1894 unconstitutional, and gave judgment of ouster against the defendants, and imposed a nominal fine upon them. From this judgment the defendant Hawkins has appealed, and thus the question of the validity of information instituted by the State’s Attorney for Charles County is directly presented.
In the discussion of this question it will not be necessary to inquire into the history of the ancient writ of quo warranto, for it ceased to exist, and as Blackstone says, Book III, page. 263, had fallen into disuse in England even in his time, and had given place to the more modern practice of an information in the nature of a quo warranto. This, as Blackstone calls it, “the more modern method,” was adopted by the learned State’s Attorney for Charles County, and we do not understand that any objection has been made to the form of the information prepared and presented by him, but the contention is that he is absolutely without power to institute such proceedings. With this [310]*310view we all agree, and we will state, as briefly as may be, the grounds upon which our conclusion rests.
The Constitution of 1851 provided (Art. 3, sec. 32), that no law should be passed creating the office of Attorney-General, and by Article 5 of the same Constitution, provision was made for the election, compensation and duties of State’s Attorneys, section 3 providing that they should “perform such duties and receive such fees and commissions as are now prescribed by law for the Attorney-General and his deputies, and such other duties * * as may hereafter be prescribed by law." It is conceded that the State’s Attorney is an officer unknown to the common law, and being an officer in Maryland, created by our Constitution, it follows that his powers and duties, whatever they may be, must be derived either from the Constitution itself or laws passed in pursuance thereof.
The fact that the proceeding which was adopted in this case, has never been heretofore used in this State, except in the manner and for the purpose authorized by the Legislature, renders it exceedingly doubtful whether the right to use it or authorize its use for any purpose exists outside of that body, except as authorized by it. No instance has been found in our judicial history, where the writ of quo warranto or any information in the nature thereof, has ever been used or attempted to be used without Legislative authority by any of the learned members of the profession', who have from time to time, from the earliest days to the present time, filled the high office of Attorney-General of this State. In addition to this, it has been stated by Chancellor Kilty in his Report of English Statutes, page 248 ; by the late Hugh Davey Evans in his work on Maryland Practice, pp. 74 and 75, which for many years was a work of the highest authority in this State, and by Mr. Julian Alexander in his valuable collection of British Statutes in force in Maryland, p. 695 (note), that we have no proceeding by quo warranto in Maryland. Mr. Evans says : “The information in the nature of a quo warranto at common law [311]*311would not be adapted to answer the purpose, for which it is so well fitted, when governed by statutes made expressly with a view to those purposes.” “It is therefore never resorted to in Maryland, although in some of the other States, particularly in New York, where it has probably been subjected to statutory regulations, it appears to be familiar.” And the fact that special provision was made by the Act ot 1856, ch. 16 (Code Art. 69, sections 4 and 5), although apparently never availed of'for proceeding by quo warranto, for the purpose of ousting defaulters from office, would seem to indicate that the power to institute such proceedings against persons holding office without authority of law did not exist, or at least was not supposed to exist outside 01 and independent of the statute. The sections just referred to, and section 255, Art. 23, giving the Governor power to direct proceedings to forfeit charters of corporations for the causes therein mentioned, are the only provisions of the Code authorizing any proceedings in the nature of quo warranto proceedings, and it is not pretended that any ot these authorize the proceedings in this case.
Whence, then, is the authority derived? As we understand the argument submitted on the part of the State it is in brief, that before the Constitution of 1851 the officer then known as Attorney-General of Maryland possessed the power now claimed for the State’s Attorney, and the office of Attorney-General having been abolished by that Constitution, the duties theretofore exercised by the Attorney-General were by the same Constitution imposed upon the State’s Attorney by section 3 of Article 5. And that although the • office of Attorney-General was revived in a limited degree by the Constitution of 1864, no change has been made in respect to the duties of State’s Attorneys, either by the Constitution last named or by that of 1867. And the conclusion sought to be drawn from this statement is that the duties, which before the Constitution of 1851 were to be performed by the Attorney-General, whether ex officio or by virtue of law, are now inherent in and are to be performed by State’s Attorney.
[312]*312Without undertaking to decide whether the power in question, under our present Constitution and laws, is in the Attorney-General, although the argument of the learned counsel for the State concedes that it is not, we think it is very clear that such power is not in the State’s Attorney. It must be conceded that the duties of the Attorney-General, which it is contended were imposed on State’s Attorneys by the Constitution of 1851, and the subsequent Constitutions, were those only which were then or should thereafter be prescribed by law. Art. 5, sec. 3, Const. 1851.
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Fowler, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The appeal in this case presents the question whether under the laws and Constitution of Maryland,, the officer known as State Attorney has any legal authority to institute these proceedings, which resulted in ousting the appellant from the office of County Commissioner of Charles [309]*309County, which office he claims to hold under the Act of 1894, ch. 215. By virtue of this Act the number of County Commissioners of Charles County was increased from three to five, and the Governor was thereby authorized to appoint “from the legally qualified citizens of said county two persons to serve as County Commissioners of said county, until the general election to be held in November, 1895, or until their successors are duly qualified and elected.” In the exercise of the authority thus conferred upon him, the Governor appointed the appellant and the late William H. Trotter, the latter having died subsequent to his appointment and qualification and to the judgment appealed from. The surviving appointee, Samuel Hawkins, is therefore the sole appellant.
The demurrer to the information filed in this case presents the controlling question, and the view we have taken in regard to it, avoids the necessity of considering the other question sought to be presented, namely, the validity vel non of the Act of 1894, ch. 2x5, The Court below overruled the demurrer, declared the Act of 1894 unconstitutional, and gave judgment of ouster against the defendants, and imposed a nominal fine upon them. From this judgment the defendant Hawkins has appealed, and thus the question of the validity of information instituted by the State’s Attorney for Charles County is directly presented.
In the discussion of this question it will not be necessary to inquire into the history of the ancient writ of quo warranto, for it ceased to exist, and as Blackstone says, Book III, page. 263, had fallen into disuse in England even in his time, and had given place to the more modern practice of an information in the nature of a quo warranto. This, as Blackstone calls it, “the more modern method,” was adopted by the learned State’s Attorney for Charles County, and we do not understand that any objection has been made to the form of the information prepared and presented by him, but the contention is that he is absolutely without power to institute such proceedings. With this [310]*310view we all agree, and we will state, as briefly as may be, the grounds upon which our conclusion rests.
The Constitution of 1851 provided (Art. 3, sec. 32), that no law should be passed creating the office of Attorney-General, and by Article 5 of the same Constitution, provision was made for the election, compensation and duties of State’s Attorneys, section 3 providing that they should “perform such duties and receive such fees and commissions as are now prescribed by law for the Attorney-General and his deputies, and such other duties * * as may hereafter be prescribed by law." It is conceded that the State’s Attorney is an officer unknown to the common law, and being an officer in Maryland, created by our Constitution, it follows that his powers and duties, whatever they may be, must be derived either from the Constitution itself or laws passed in pursuance thereof.
The fact that the proceeding which was adopted in this case, has never been heretofore used in this State, except in the manner and for the purpose authorized by the Legislature, renders it exceedingly doubtful whether the right to use it or authorize its use for any purpose exists outside of that body, except as authorized by it. No instance has been found in our judicial history, where the writ of quo warranto or any information in the nature thereof, has ever been used or attempted to be used without Legislative authority by any of the learned members of the profession', who have from time to time, from the earliest days to the present time, filled the high office of Attorney-General of this State. In addition to this, it has been stated by Chancellor Kilty in his Report of English Statutes, page 248 ; by the late Hugh Davey Evans in his work on Maryland Practice, pp. 74 and 75, which for many years was a work of the highest authority in this State, and by Mr. Julian Alexander in his valuable collection of British Statutes in force in Maryland, p. 695 (note), that we have no proceeding by quo warranto in Maryland. Mr. Evans says : “The information in the nature of a quo warranto at common law [311]*311would not be adapted to answer the purpose, for which it is so well fitted, when governed by statutes made expressly with a view to those purposes.” “It is therefore never resorted to in Maryland, although in some of the other States, particularly in New York, where it has probably been subjected to statutory regulations, it appears to be familiar.” And the fact that special provision was made by the Act ot 1856, ch. 16 (Code Art. 69, sections 4 and 5), although apparently never availed of'for proceeding by quo warranto, for the purpose of ousting defaulters from office, would seem to indicate that the power to institute such proceedings against persons holding office without authority of law did not exist, or at least was not supposed to exist outside 01 and independent of the statute. The sections just referred to, and section 255, Art. 23, giving the Governor power to direct proceedings to forfeit charters of corporations for the causes therein mentioned, are the only provisions of the Code authorizing any proceedings in the nature of quo warranto proceedings, and it is not pretended that any ot these authorize the proceedings in this case.
Whence, then, is the authority derived? As we understand the argument submitted on the part of the State it is in brief, that before the Constitution of 1851 the officer then known as Attorney-General of Maryland possessed the power now claimed for the State’s Attorney, and the office of Attorney-General having been abolished by that Constitution, the duties theretofore exercised by the Attorney-General were by the same Constitution imposed upon the State’s Attorney by section 3 of Article 5. And that although the • office of Attorney-General was revived in a limited degree by the Constitution of 1864, no change has been made in respect to the duties of State’s Attorneys, either by the Constitution last named or by that of 1867. And the conclusion sought to be drawn from this statement is that the duties, which before the Constitution of 1851 were to be performed by the Attorney-General, whether ex officio or by virtue of law, are now inherent in and are to be performed by State’s Attorney.
[312]*312Without undertaking to decide whether the power in question, under our present Constitution and laws, is in the Attorney-General, although the argument of the learned counsel for the State concedes that it is not, we think it is very clear that such power is not in the State’s Attorney. It must be conceded that the duties of the Attorney-General, which it is contended were imposed on State’s Attorneys by the Constitution of 1851, and the subsequent Constitutions, were those only which were then or should thereafter be prescribed by law. Art. 5, sec. 3, Const. 1851. Long prior to the adoption of this Constitution, however, namely, by the Act of 1816, chapter 247, an amendment was submitted to the Constitution of 1776, by which it was provided that the duties of the office of Attorney-General should be performed by such persons and in such manner as the General Assembly should thereafter direct. And by the Act of 1817 this amendment to the Constitution was ratified. By the Act of 1821 (1 Dorsey, Laws, p. 767), the duties of the Attorney-General was prescribed, and that Act remained in full force until the Constitution of 1851 was adopted. But we may search in vain for any law or Act of Assembly giving the power to or imposing the duty upon the Attorney-General to institute a quo warranto proceeding or any proceeding in the nature of it. See also 3 Dorsey Laws, p. 2464; Index, Title, “Attorney-General,” and the Act of 1832, ch. 306, (2 Dorsey's Laws, p. 1098), providing for proceedings against corporations when authorized by the General Assembly. It appears to have been one of the conceded powers of the Attorney-General in England, ex officio, without the leave of any one, to institute such proceedings as the Attorney-General of Maryland was authorized to take by the Act of 1832, just referred to; but it was held by this Court in State v. Consolidated Coal Company, 46 Md. 1, that neither the Attorney-General of this State, nor the Governor, nor any other officer, has the right to institute scire facias or any other proceeding for the purpose of forfeiting charters of corporations without legis[313]*313lative authority. Such authority, as we have seen, was given to the Attorney-General by the Act of 1832, ch. 306, and to the Governor by the Act of 1868, ch. 471, sec. 176 (Code, Art. 23, sec. 255.) It appearing, therefore, that the Attorney-General never had the power, nor was it ever made one of his duties by any constitution or law in force in Maryland, to issue the writ of quo warranto or to institute proceedings in the nature thereof, and the duties of that officer which were prescribed by law, being the only duties which were imposed on State’s .Attorneys by the Constitution of 1851, and the power claimed not having been given to State’s Attorneys, and the duty in question not having been imposed upon them by any Constitution since that of 1851, nor by any law of this State, they do not possess the power, and, therefore, it is not one of their duties to exercise it. Nor do these officers possess this power by the common law of England, for they are unknown to it; nor by the common law of this State, for both they and the power claimed for them are unknown to it.
Inasmuch as we do not now dispose of the question as to the right of the Attorney-General, ex officio, to institute proceedings like this, it will not be necessary to comment on the numerous authorities cited to establish that proposition. Nor need we refer to the authorities cited to show that the proceeding here adopted is an appropriate one for the purpose sought to be attained. As we have said, the objection on which the demurrer is based goes not to the form of the action, but to the power of the State’s officer to institute it.
The Maryland cases referred to, we do not think are properly applicable to the question here presented. In Regents v. Williams, 9 G. & J. 426, it is said that there are two modes of proceeding judicially to ascertain and enforce the forfeiture of a charter. The one is by scire facias, and the other by quo warranto. There is no doubt but that these remedies are appropriate, respectively, to the several conditions mentioned by the Court in that case, but, as we [314]*314have seen, neither can be used without the express legislative authority. State v. Consolidated Coal Co., supra. In the case of Harwood & Marshall, 9 Md. 99, it was held that mandamus was the appropriate remedy for a party who claims title to an office, and asks for the removal of the occupant, and it being objected that mandamus did not lie because there was another legal remedy, to-wit, quo warranto, the Court, assuming that it was an available remedy in such a case in Maryland, said that it was neither specific, nor was it adequate to the object in view in that case. We do not understand the Court to say that quo warranto, or an information of that nature had ever been resorted to in Maryland to remove one from a public office which he was illegally holding, for such is not the fact, as we have seen. All that was said by the Court in that case, in this connection, was for the purpose of meeting the suggestion that quo warranto was a legal remedy, and that; therefore, mandamus would not lie. We think a conclusive answer to this suggestion would have been that the proceeding suggested in lieu of mandamus had never been authorized by the Legislature to be used in such a case in Maryland.
(Decided June 18th, 1895.)
Reversed without a new trial.