JAN MILTON HAUSMANN, ) ) Plaintiff/Appellant, ) ) Appeal No. ) 01-A-01-9702-CH-00092 ) ) Maury Chancery NINA LOUISE STANFORD ) No. 93-381 HAUSMANN, ) ) Defendant/Appellee. ) FILED COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEEOctober 29, 1997 MIDDLE SECTION AT NASHVILLECecil W. Crowson Appellate Court Clerk APPEALED FROM THE CHANCERY COURT OF MAURY COUNTY AT COLUMBIA, TENNESSEE
THE HONORABLE JIM T. HAMILTON, JUDGE
EDWARD J. GROSS Suite 1601, Parkway Towers Nashville, Tennessee 37219 Attorney for Plaintiff/Appellant
J. RUSSELL PARKES 102 West 7th Street P. O. Box 692 Columbia, Tennessee 38402-0692 Attorney for Defendant/Appellee
AFFIRMED IN PART; MODIFIED IN PART; AND REMANDED
BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE
CONCUR: TODD, P.J., M.S. KOCH, J.
OPINION The trial court granted the wife a divorce after a marriage of twenty-eight
years, and divided the marital property, including the marital home, between the
parties. In addition, the husband was ordered to pay the wife $5,000 per month as
alimony in futuro, and her attorney fees of $9,645.80. We modify the division of the
marital property to grant the wife an undivided interest in the marital home. We also
reduce the alimony award to $2,500 per month. In all other respects, we affirm the
trial court.
I. Marriage and Divorce
Jan Milton Hausmann and Nina Louise Stanford married in 1967, when
he was working on his masters degree in physiology, and she was a nursing school
student. Mrs. Hausmann obtained her R.N. degree about three months after the
marriage. Her husband obtained his masters degree, and began medical school in
1968.
During Dr. Hausmann’s medical training, his wife worked to support the
family. She continued to be the primary wage earner until the parties’ youngest child
was born in 1972. Thereafter, with her husband’s encouragement, Mrs. Hausmann
stayed home to raise the parties’ three children, while he acted as the family’s
breadwinner.
In 1976, the parties settled in Columbia, where Mrs. Hausman had
grown up, and where her parents still lived. Dr. Hausman joined a Columbia internal
medicine practice with three other physicians. The wife’s parents gave her a fifty acre
tract of land that adjoined their own property. The parties built a six-bedroom, four-
and-a-half bath house on the land.
-2- Dr. Hausman discovered that medical practice was not as lucrative as
he had hoped, and by his own testimony, he often found it difficult to pay his
professional and personal bills. Additionally, the long hours required by a general
practice prevented him from participating in his children’s upbringing to the degree
that he wished.
At some point, the relationship between Dr. Hausman and his wife
began to deteriorate. Dr. Hausman dates their problems to the parties’ thirteenth
wedding anniversary in 1980. On that date, Dr. Hausman was out with his son, and
returned home one hour late for a planned celebration in Nashville. His wife was
furious, refused to go out with him, and went to bed.
Communication continued to worsen between Dr. Hausmann and his
wife, and in 1985, during a time that he characterizes as a period of crisis, he became
infatuated with the wife of the minister at the parties’ church, and recorded his feelings
in a calendar that he used as a journal. Mrs. Hausmann read the calendar and
became jealous, leading to many arguments.
In one incident, the Hausmanns were lying in bed, discussing the
situation, and Mrs. Hausmann became so angry that she started kicking her husband.
He jumped out of bed and grabbed her ankles, pulling her onto the floor. He
immediately apologized, but the damage was already done. Mrs. Hausmann was
subsequently diagnosed with a compression fracture of the thoracic spine. In 1986,
Dr. Hausman suffered a nervous breakdown, requiring counseling and medication.
By 1988 or 1989, Dr. Hausman’s practice in Columbia had matured, but
it was still not producing the income required by his family, and he was working part-
time in the emergency room in order to make ends meet. He decided, with his wife’s
-3- concurrence, that he should make a change. In 1991, he purchased a medical
practice for $250,000 from a retiring Nashville physician.
It appeared at first that St. Thomas Hospital was willing to guarantee the
loan Dr. Hausmann needed to complete the purchase, making collateral unnecessary.
But St. Thomas ultimately declined, so the house and land in Columbia had to be
pledged as collateral to secure the loan. Dr. Hausmann found his new practice to be
less stressful than the old one, even though he had to commute from his home in
Columbia to Nashville four days a week.
However the change in practice did not repair the relationship between
the parties. In 1992, Mrs. Hausmann had an argument with her son, who was a
medical student at the time. The upshot of the argument was that the son would no
longer be receiving financial help from his mother, as she wanted to preserve her
inheritance, and that Dr. Hausmann would henceforth have to pay all the son’s
expenses. Dr. Hausmann established an account in Nashville for that purpose.
When Mrs. Hausmann found out about the account, she called her husband deceitful,
because he had opened the account in his own name without telling her about it.
Dr. Hausmann testified that his wife was subject to repeated episodes
of irrational behavior, furious outbursts in which she insulted and belittled him. Mrs.
Hausmann admitted that she often acted unreasonably out of anger, and that it took
her a long time to get over her feelings. But she testified that she eventually did get
over them, and she faulted her husband for failing to let go of his resentment over her
behavior.
Dr. Hausmann left the marital home in December of 1992, following an
incident in which his wife refused to go out on a planned dinner and movie date with
him when he returned from work later than the parties anticipated. Dr. Hausman
-4- moved to Nashville, where he rented a small apartment, and he voluntarily started
paying his wife $4,325 per month to cover her expenses.
Dr. Hausmann had a first cousin in Texas, Ann McEnroe, whom he had
been very close to when they were growing up. At some point, he began
communicating with her by telephone, and found her to have a sympathetic ear. Mrs.
McEnroe’s husband grew suspicious because of the frequent and lengthy phone calls,
and because Dr. Hausmann sent her gifts of flowers. Apparently, Mr. McEnroe
tapped the phone at one point, but at trial he invoked his privilege against self-
incrimination, and declined to testify about the phone tap. In any case, he telephoned
Mrs. Hausmann to tell her of his suspicions.
In May of 1993, Dr. Hausmann travelled to San Antonio, ostensibly to
see his father and stepmother, but at least in part to see Mrs. McEnroe. Though the
parties had separated by then, Mrs. Hausmann was still getting calls at home from her
husband’s patients, and Dr. Hausmann felt he had to let her know his whereabouts
so she could respond to questions from them. He therefore told her about his
upcoming trip. Unbeknownst to him, she also travelled to Texas, accompanied by two
private investigators.
They followed Dr. Hausmann and Mrs. McEnroe from Friday night to
Sunday afternoon, when the two drove from San Antonio to Kerrville and back. They
observed the two cousins stopping at roadside parks to pick flowers and embrace,
and pulling into a cul-de-sac near Dr. Hausmann’s father’s house, so they could
embrace and kiss. At trial, Dr. Hausmann admitted embracing and kissing his cousin,
but denied that they had engaged in sexual acts.
-5- On July 12, 1993, Dr. Hausmann filed for a divorce on the ground of
irreconcilable differences. On August 27, 1993, his wife answered, and counter-
claimed for divorce, on the ground of adultery.
After considering all the evidence, the trial court concluded: “[i]t
appeared to the court that the Defendant (sic), Dr. Jan Milton Hausman, has been
guilty of adultery, and the Defendant, Nina Louise Stanford Hausmann, is entitled to
an absolute divorce from the Plaintiff.” Dr. Hausmann subsequently appealed.
II. Absolute Divorce
The appellant argues that although Dr. Hausmann may have been guilty
of bad judgment in visiting Mrs. McEnroe so soon after the parties’ separation, there
was no proof that he had committed adultery. It is true that there is no direct evidence
of adulterous acts in the record, but there is uncontroverted proof from which a trier
of fact might reasonably infer that such acts had been committed. Adultery may be
established by circumstantial evidence, and need not be proven beyond a reasonable
doubt. Sutton v. Sutton, 3 Tenn. App. 333 (1926); Trout v. Trout, 250 S.W.2d 372,
35 Tenn. App. 617 (1952); Gilliam v. Gilliam, 776 S.W.2d 81 (1988).
We must state at the outset that we do not find any significant evidence
in the record to indicate an adulterous relationship between Dr. Hausmann and the
minister’s wife. The only evidence conceivably sufficient to support the trial court’s
finding involves Dr. Hausmann’s cousin.
The evidence includes Dr. Hausmann’s admission that he spent two
nights in the same house with Mrs. McEnroe, a photograph of Dr. Hausmann and his
cousin with their arms around each other, and his admission that he kissed her on the
lips. He also admitted that he had discussed with Mrs. McEnroe the propriety of first
-6- cousins marrying. Balanced against that evidence is Dr. Hausmann’s denial that he
had any romantic interest or feelings for Ann McEnroe.
A finding of fact by the trial court in a civil action is accompanied on
appeal by a presumption of the correctness of that finding. An appeals court may not
set such a finding aside unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R. App.
P. 13(d). The trial court is entitled to this presumption, because as the trier of fact, the
trial judge observes the witnesses on the stand, and is thus in a better position than
is the appeals court to assess their credibility. Harwell v. Harwell, 612 S.W.2d 182
(Tenn. App. 1980).
After thoroughly reviewing this record, we do not believe that it
conclusively proves that the appellant has been guilty of adultery. But neither can we
say that the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s finding.
Adultery has, of course, long been recognized as a ground for divorce.
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-101. The fact that the alleged adultery may have
occurred after the parties separated does not prevent the trial court from granting one
party a divorce on the basis of the other party’s adultery. Clark v. Clark, 644 S.W.2d
681 (Tenn. App. 1981); Perry v. Perry, 765 S.W.2d 776 (Tenn. App. 1988). We do
not find any error in the court’s decision to grant the wife an absolute divorce on the
basis of the husband’s adultery.
III. The Marital Home
The issues of the disposition of the marital home and the award of
alimony are closely intertwined in this case. To the degree that the alimony award
was based upon the appellee’s need, a prime consideration in establishing that need
-7- appears to have been the cost of her continued occupation of the 6,000 square foot
home that the parties shared during their marriage. Nonetheless, for the sake of
clarity, we will discuss the two issues separately.
As mentioned earlier, the parties’ marital home was built on a fifty acre
tract that was given to Mrs. Hausmann by her parents. An inheritance from Mrs.
Hausman’s aunt enabled her to build a porch and entranceway onto the home.
Another inheritance from an uncle, and further financial gifts from her parents
underwrote additional improvements to the home and its furnishings.
The trial court granted the appellee the use and occupancy of the marital
home, but ordered that if she remarried, the house would be sold, and the appellant
would be entitled to half the proceeds, minus the appraised value of the fifty acres at
the time of sale, and also minus the $50,000 of inherited money that Mrs. Hausmann
had put into the residence. If the appellee chose to sell the home at any time, Dr.
Hausmann would likewise be entitled to the same portion of the equity as he would
upon her remarriage.
We believe that several purposes are served by a judicial division of
marital property incident to divorce. One obvious purpose is to give each party an
equitable portion of the property that was accumulated by the efforts and contributions
of both parties. Another is to provide each of the parties with sufficient property to
meet that party’s future needs. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121.
Yet another purpose is to allow the parties to disentangle their financial
affairs, so that each may get on with his or her own life without unnecessary
involvement of the other. This purpose is more easily achieved in cases like the
present one, where the necessary involvement between the parties is reduced
because no minor children are involved.
-8- We do not believe that the trial court’s division of the equity in the home
serves any of the above purposes. While both parties contributed substantially to the
construction and maintenance of the home, and the husband therefore has a
theoretical right to a share in the equity, the economic benefit to him of the conditional
right to receive that equity is minimal, and the requirement that the wife sell the home
if she remarries is an unnecessary intrusion on her freedom.
The trial court correctly recognized that it is appropriate to allow the wife
to continue to live in the home, if she is able to do so. She wishes to maintain her
emotional ties to the house and to the Columbia community, while the husband now
lives and works in Nashville. We also find no fault with the court’s reasoning that she
would be entitled to the larger share of the equity in the home if it were sold, because
of the contributions of her relatives.
The husband has been granted the undivided right to his medical
practice, which in his hands is a productive asset. The house cannot be considered
a productive asset, but it is by far the most valuable property the parties accumulated
during their marriage. (The trial court found the home and fifty acres to be worth
$350,000, and the medical practice to be worth $50,000). It is clear that by granting
the wife undivided title to the marital home, she is getting a far larger share of the
marital assets than is the husband. But we believe that such a division is equitable,
in accordance with the factors set out in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(c) for the
division of marital property, especially factor (4) “the relative ability of each party for
future acquisition of capital assets and income.”
One problem involved in divesting the husband of his interest is that the
remaining $185,000 balance on the loan the husband used to purchase the Nashville
practice is collateralized by the equity in the house and land. Until that loan is paid
by the husband it will remain a restraint on the wife’s ability to sell the property. The
-9- trial judge did not deal with that problem and the parties have not raised it on appeal,
so we will not attempt to resolve it here except to point out that the obligation belongs
exclusively to the husband and the wife is entitled to indemnification for any losses
that result from the husband’s loan.
On balance, this court is of the opinion that granting the wife the marital
home is the course best calculated to give each of the parties the freedom to live their
lives without unwelcome involvement of the other.
IV. Alimony
In Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(d) the legislature sets out an exhaustive
list of factors for the court to consider in determining the appropriate level of support
and maintenance for an obligor spouse to pay. There is no need to copy the entire
list verbatim in this opinion, but we note that some of the factors that support the right
of Mrs. Hausman to receive substantial alimony from her former husband are the
duration of the marriage, the age and physical condition of the parties, the relative
earning capacity of the parties, and the standard of living established by the parties
during their marriage.
Mrs. Hausmann was fifty years old at the time of trial. Though she has
an R.N. degree, she no longer has an active nursing license. To obtain such a license
at this point would require several years of additional study. Further, she suffers from
rheumatoid arthritis, and a compression fracture of the spine, and would not be able
to perform many of the functions traditionally associated with the nursing profession,
without suffering severe pain. Since the separation from her husband, she has been
working two days a week at a church daycare center, and earning $300 per month.
- 10 - The appellant argues that because of her prior training as a nurse, Mrs.
Hausmann would be an appropriate candidate for rehabilitative alimony rather than
permanent alimony. Though we do not find it inconceivable that she might obtain
gainful employment in some field that would enable her to bypass her physical
limitations, we believe that the evidence supports the trial court’s determination that
she should receive alimony in futuro, until her death or remarriage.
We also believe, however, that the evidence preponderates against an
award of $5,000 per month. In setting the amount of alimony, the most important
factors are the obligee’s need and the obligor’s ability to pay. See Loyd v. Loyd, 860
S.W.2d 409, 412 (Tenn. App. 1993); Lancaster v. Lancaster, 671 S.W.2d 501, 503
(Tenn. App. 1984). Another important factor in some cases is the relative fault of the
parties. We will examine each of these factors in turn.
a. Need
The wife filed a Sworn Statement of Income and Expenses, indicating
total monthly expenses of about $4,000. Of that amount, expenses on the house
amounted to almost $2,000. Mortgage payments on the $355,000 house were only
$607 per month, but insurance and taxes were listed as costing $303 per month,
utilities, $608 per month, and maintenance, $400 per month. Other items in the
category of general expenses were car payment, gas, oil, repairs and insurance, $470
per month, and “other,” $204 per month.
The larger items in the $1,290 category of personal expenses included
food at $300 per month, clothing at $200 per month and “Miscellaneous (Contributions
& Gifts)” at $400 per month. The wife indicated that she needed $5,000 per month
in order to net the $4,000 after taxes that she required to meet her monthly expenses.
- 11 - As mentioned above, the need of the obligee is a prime factor to
consider in setting alimony, and the court is directed by statute to consider the
standard of living the parties enjoyed during their marriage. Unfortunately, it may not
be possible to maintain the marital living standard if the same income that previously
only supported one household is now called upon to support two.
b. Ability to Pay
When he was still practicing in Columbia, Dr. Hausmann created a
Professional Corporation for liability and tax purposes. The proof shows that on April
1, 1994, Dr. Hausmann (or his P.C.) entered into a management services agreement
with St. Thomas Hospital. By the terms of that agreement, St. Thomas pays the
overhead expenses of Dr. Hausmann’s practice in exchange for 50% of his gross
receipts. We note that there is testimony in the record that it is not at all unusual for
overhead to consume 50% or more of the revenue produced by a general medical
practice.
Unfortunately, a copy of the contract has not been made a part of the
record, which makes it difficult for us to evaluate other testimony to the effect that
there are some overhead items that are not covered by the contract, and that the
appellant must reimburse St. Thomas for overhead expenses it pays in excess of 50%
of gross receipts. Two things that are clear from the record are that Dr. Hausmann’s
salary is paid from that half of his receipts that are left over after St. Thomas has been
paid, and that the $1,917 monthly payment on the debt from his purchase of Dr.
Foreman’s practice is not covered by the contract.
In 1992 (the first full year in which Dr. Hausmann engaged in his new
Nashville practice) he had gross receipts of $308,000. In 1993 the gross amounted
to $325,000. In 1994 his gross receipts amounted to $251,000. The decline in
- 12 - receipts was attributed in part to changing rules of Medicare reimbursement and in
part to stress over the divorce. We find it reasonable to assume, therefore, that in the
last year for which we have records, the appellant’s personal income amounted to no
more than $125,500, before income taxes and corporate taxes, and perhaps
somewhat less.
Dr. Hausmann’s own income and expense statement only lists the
income he receives from his $6,500 monthly salary, and not the profits from his
personal corporation. We therefore do not find credible his assertion that his
obligations to his wife and to the bank consume virtually his entire income, forcing him
to live solely on the good graces of his creditors.
The expense side of his statement indicates total monthly expenses of
$3,334. Of that amount, over $1,500 is allocated to insurance expenses (including
insurance for the wife). There was testimony that some of the insurance obligations
were paid out of the professional corporation’s account, and an implication that some
may have actually been included in the overhead paid by St. Thomas.
Despite the deficiencies and ambiguities in his income and expense
statement, it is clear that Dr. Hausman is maintaining a far more modest life style than
is his former wife, particularly in view of the fact that he resides in a rented two room
apartment and drives a ten year old station wagon.
We believe that we can fairly infer from the record that on his current
income, Dr. Hausmann would be unable to pay $5,000 per month in alimony (or
$60,000 a year), remain current on his monthly debt payments of $1,917 (or $22,004
a year), and maintain a reasonable standard of living for himself in Nashville.
- 13 - The appellee argues that Dr. Hausmann could earn more money if he
started working part-time in the emergency room again, as he did previously, and the
trial court found that Dr. Hausmann “. . . has an unlimited earning capacity, having
practiced medicine for in excess if twenty (20) years.” However, we do not believe
that Dr. Hausman’s income is as elastic as the trial court indicates.
To the contrary, we believe that Dr. Hausmann’s experience has amply
demonstrated that while physicians are well compensated, there are limits to what
they can earn, and in particular, limits on what he himself is capable of earning. Dr.
Hausman has testified that over half his current patients are on Medicare, so his
income may be further constrained by future changes in Medicare compensation
rates.
c. Fault
The trial court refers to the wife in its final order as “the innocent
spouse.” Elsewhere in the order he says “the proof is clear the Plaintiff destroyed this
marriage” and in another place “[t]his divorce was caused by the misconduct of the
Plaintiff.” It is thus reasonable for us to infer that the question of fault weighed heavily
in the trial court’s decision to grant the appellee alimony of $5,000 per month.
While Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(d) permits the trial court to consider
the relative fault of the parties in setting an alimony award, spousal support awards
are not intended to be punitive, nor is fault permitted to override the other factors the
court is directed to consider by Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(d). Brown v. Brown,
913 S.W.2d 163 (Tenn. App. 1994).
In any case, after thoroughly reading the transcript of evidence, including
the direct and cross-examination of the parties, we believe that both parties must bear
- 14 - some responsibility for the break-up of this marriage. Though the trial court granted
the wife the divorce, the alleged adultery of the husband occurred after the
relationship of the parties was already beyond repair, due to the failure of each party
to extend to the other that degree of affection and support necessary to maintain the
bonds of matrimony.
We are therefore of the opinion that the husband’s alimony obligation
should be reduced to $2,500 per month. The duration of the obligation is to remain
until the wife’s death or remarriage. Of course, if there is a significant and material
change of circumstances, such as a substantial change in the income of either party,
the support obligation may be amended upon the filing of a petition for modification
of alimony.
V. Attorney Fees
The trial court ordered Dr. Hausmann to pay $9,645 of the attorney fees
incurred by Mrs. Hausmann. An award of attorney fees in a divorce case is
considered to be a form of alimony in solido. Raskind v. Raskind 45 Tenn. App. 583,
325 S.W.2d 617 (1959); Storey v. Storey, 835 S.W.2d 593 (Tenn. App. 1992). The
trial court is vested with wide discretion in awarding attorney fees, and will not be
reversed, absence abuse of that discretion. Elliot v.Elliot, 825 S.W.2d 87 (Tenn. App.
1991). We do not find any such abuse of discretion in this case.
VI.
The order of the trial court is affirmed in part and modified in part.
Remand this cause to the Chancery Court of Maury County for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion. Tax the costs on appeal equally to both parties.
- 15 - ________________________________ BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE
CONCUR:
_______________________________ HENRY F. TODD, PRESIDING JUDGE MIDDLE SECTION
_______________________________ WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUDGE
- 16 -