The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Kennedy, J.
The first, third and fourth errors raise the question whether the declarations or admissions of one of several devisees or legatees named in a supposed will, tending to prove that the alleged testator was not of sufficiently sound mind at the time to make it, or being very weak in mind was improperly influenced to make it contrary to what he would otherwise have done, be admissible or not on the trial of a feigned issue directed by the Register’s Court to determine its validity. They will therefore be considered together as one error.
The declarations mentioned in the first bill of exceptions, and offered to be given in evidence by the defendants in the court below, were alleged' to have been made by Jacob M. Root, one of the devisees in the will, and also one of the plaintiffs to the issue then trying, a few days before the making of the will. But whether made before or after is not deemed material. Neither is it considered of any importance that they were made by one of the devisees named in the will, who appeared to be one of the plaintiffs on the record. Having come to the conclusion that the declarations of such devisee were not admissible for the purpose for which they were offered on the trial of the issue devisavit vel non, because the verdict and judgment founded on the credit and effect of them, if received in evidence, would go to affect the rights of the other devisees or legatees named in the will, whose interests under-it are altogether distinct and separate from those of the party making such declarations, renders it unnecessary to notice particularly the declarations or admissions referred to in the third and fourth errors assigned, as it is self-evident, if those [435]*435embraced by the first error be shown to be inadmissible, that those of the third and fourth must be so also.
Though it be true that the admissions of a party to the record are generally receivable in evidence against him, yet where there are several parties on the same side, the admissions of one are not permitted to affect the others, who may happen to be joined with him, unless there is some joint interest or privity in design between them. Dietrich v. Dietrich, (4 Watts 167); Commonwealth v. Eberle, (3 Serg. & Rawle 9); Dan v. Brown, (4 Cow. 483, 92); Rex v. Hardwick, (11 East 578, 89), per Le Blanc, J.; Bland v. Haslerig, (2 Vent. 151); Whitcomb v. Whiting, (Doug. 652); Greenl. Ev. 206, pl. 174. Hence where no common object or motive is imputed, as in actions for negligence, the declarations or admissions of one defendant are not admitted against any but himself. Daniels v. Potter, (1 Moo. & Malk. 501). So upon a like principle it is very apparent, where they cannot be admitted against himself without affecting the rights of others who may or may not happen to be parties on the record, that such declarations or admissions ought not to be admitted at all, not even against the party himself making them, notwithstanding he is a party to the record. For nothing could be more unjust than that their rights or interests should be affected by the declarations or admissions, or placed at the disposal of one with whom they have no connection or concern whatever. This principle, as it appears to me, is fully established by a series of our own decisions on the subject, in a manner that ought not now to be questioned, and certainly cannot be disregarded without overturning them. The first I refer to is in the case of Gallagher v. Rogers, (1 Yeates 390), where land having been devised by A to his widow for life, remainder to B, evidence of declarations by the widow that the will was made by her undue influence and imposition practised on the testator, was ruled to be inadmissible in an action brought after her death by the remainder man to recover the land. It is true that the court seem to have thought that the evidence might have been admitted against the widow in a suit brought by her, but it cannot be supposed for a moment that the court would have thought so in a case where the admission of it would have tended necessarily to affect the rights of the remainder man as well as those of the widow. In Lightner v. Wike, (4 Serg. & Rawle 203), the declarations of a person named as executor and devisee in the will, were held to be inadmissible as evidence in an action in which the validity of the will was in question, in which he was not a party and would have been a competent witness. And in Bovard v. Wallace, (4 Serg. & Rawle 499), and Nussear v. Arnold, (13 Serg. & Rawle 323), it was adjudged by this court that the declarations of one of several devisees were inadmissible to invalidate the will upon an issue devisavit vel non. And again in Dietrich v. Dietrich, (4 Watts 167), in note, it was decided by the unanimous opinion of this [436]*436court, that the declarations of one of the devisees in the will, the principal one too, and a party to the record, were inadmissible to prove the invalidity of the will on the trial of the issue devisavit vel non, This last case is in every particular like the present, and cannot in any manner whatever be distinguished from it.
But the force and authority of this last decision is attempted to be impaired, if not annulled, by a division of opinion in the court subsequently on the same question in the same cause, when a change had been produced in some of the members of the court arising from death or otherwise. See 1 P. R. 306. The only reason, however, given in support of the opinion of the two judges, who dissented from the prior decision of this court in Dietrich v. Dietrich, appears, in my humble judgment, to be insufficient to distinguish it from or take the case out of the principle established in the previous cases, which were then and have been now referred to. The ground of distinction taken was, that in Dietrich v. Dietrich, the devisee, whose declarations had been admitted in evidence by the court below, was a party on the record to the issue, whereas in Bovard v. Wallace and Nussear v. Arnold, the devisees, whose declarations were offered in evidence, were not parties on the record. But the interest of the persons named as devisees in the will in each case, was several and not joint; and when it is considered that the verdict and judgment rendered upon an issue devisavit vel non, ordered by the Register’s Court for the purpose of passing on the validity or invalidity of the writing as a will, has the same effect and is alike binding upon all those named as devisees in it, whether parties on the record to the issue or not, it makes it difficult, if not impossible, to assign any good reason why the rule in regard to their admissions or declarations being inadmissible in evidence on the trial of such issue should not be the same, whether they be parties on the record or not. It must be' admitted, however, that a diversity of opinion exists among juridical men in regard to the admissibility of such evidence, and that decisions have been made in favour of and against its admissibility by the different courts of some of our sister States.
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The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Kennedy, J.
The first, third and fourth errors raise the question whether the declarations or admissions of one of several devisees or legatees named in a supposed will, tending to prove that the alleged testator was not of sufficiently sound mind at the time to make it, or being very weak in mind was improperly influenced to make it contrary to what he would otherwise have done, be admissible or not on the trial of a feigned issue directed by the Register’s Court to determine its validity. They will therefore be considered together as one error.
The declarations mentioned in the first bill of exceptions, and offered to be given in evidence by the defendants in the court below, were alleged' to have been made by Jacob M. Root, one of the devisees in the will, and also one of the plaintiffs to the issue then trying, a few days before the making of the will. But whether made before or after is not deemed material. Neither is it considered of any importance that they were made by one of the devisees named in the will, who appeared to be one of the plaintiffs on the record. Having come to the conclusion that the declarations of such devisee were not admissible for the purpose for which they were offered on the trial of the issue devisavit vel non, because the verdict and judgment founded on the credit and effect of them, if received in evidence, would go to affect the rights of the other devisees or legatees named in the will, whose interests under-it are altogether distinct and separate from those of the party making such declarations, renders it unnecessary to notice particularly the declarations or admissions referred to in the third and fourth errors assigned, as it is self-evident, if those [435]*435embraced by the first error be shown to be inadmissible, that those of the third and fourth must be so also.
Though it be true that the admissions of a party to the record are generally receivable in evidence against him, yet where there are several parties on the same side, the admissions of one are not permitted to affect the others, who may happen to be joined with him, unless there is some joint interest or privity in design between them. Dietrich v. Dietrich, (4 Watts 167); Commonwealth v. Eberle, (3 Serg. & Rawle 9); Dan v. Brown, (4 Cow. 483, 92); Rex v. Hardwick, (11 East 578, 89), per Le Blanc, J.; Bland v. Haslerig, (2 Vent. 151); Whitcomb v. Whiting, (Doug. 652); Greenl. Ev. 206, pl. 174. Hence where no common object or motive is imputed, as in actions for negligence, the declarations or admissions of one defendant are not admitted against any but himself. Daniels v. Potter, (1 Moo. & Malk. 501). So upon a like principle it is very apparent, where they cannot be admitted against himself without affecting the rights of others who may or may not happen to be parties on the record, that such declarations or admissions ought not to be admitted at all, not even against the party himself making them, notwithstanding he is a party to the record. For nothing could be more unjust than that their rights or interests should be affected by the declarations or admissions, or placed at the disposal of one with whom they have no connection or concern whatever. This principle, as it appears to me, is fully established by a series of our own decisions on the subject, in a manner that ought not now to be questioned, and certainly cannot be disregarded without overturning them. The first I refer to is in the case of Gallagher v. Rogers, (1 Yeates 390), where land having been devised by A to his widow for life, remainder to B, evidence of declarations by the widow that the will was made by her undue influence and imposition practised on the testator, was ruled to be inadmissible in an action brought after her death by the remainder man to recover the land. It is true that the court seem to have thought that the evidence might have been admitted against the widow in a suit brought by her, but it cannot be supposed for a moment that the court would have thought so in a case where the admission of it would have tended necessarily to affect the rights of the remainder man as well as those of the widow. In Lightner v. Wike, (4 Serg. & Rawle 203), the declarations of a person named as executor and devisee in the will, were held to be inadmissible as evidence in an action in which the validity of the will was in question, in which he was not a party and would have been a competent witness. And in Bovard v. Wallace, (4 Serg. & Rawle 499), and Nussear v. Arnold, (13 Serg. & Rawle 323), it was adjudged by this court that the declarations of one of several devisees were inadmissible to invalidate the will upon an issue devisavit vel non. And again in Dietrich v. Dietrich, (4 Watts 167), in note, it was decided by the unanimous opinion of this [436]*436court, that the declarations of one of the devisees in the will, the principal one too, and a party to the record, were inadmissible to prove the invalidity of the will on the trial of the issue devisavit vel non, This last case is in every particular like the present, and cannot in any manner whatever be distinguished from it.
But the force and authority of this last decision is attempted to be impaired, if not annulled, by a division of opinion in the court subsequently on the same question in the same cause, when a change had been produced in some of the members of the court arising from death or otherwise. See 1 P. R. 306. The only reason, however, given in support of the opinion of the two judges, who dissented from the prior decision of this court in Dietrich v. Dietrich, appears, in my humble judgment, to be insufficient to distinguish it from or take the case out of the principle established in the previous cases, which were then and have been now referred to. The ground of distinction taken was, that in Dietrich v. Dietrich, the devisee, whose declarations had been admitted in evidence by the court below, was a party on the record to the issue, whereas in Bovard v. Wallace and Nussear v. Arnold, the devisees, whose declarations were offered in evidence, were not parties on the record. But the interest of the persons named as devisees in the will in each case, was several and not joint; and when it is considered that the verdict and judgment rendered upon an issue devisavit vel non, ordered by the Register’s Court for the purpose of passing on the validity or invalidity of the writing as a will, has the same effect and is alike binding upon all those named as devisees in it, whether parties on the record to the issue or not, it makes it difficult, if not impossible, to assign any good reason why the rule in regard to their admissions or declarations being inadmissible in evidence on the trial of such issue should not be the same, whether they be parties on the record or not. It must be' admitted, however, that a diversity of opinion exists among juridical men in regard to the admissibility of such evidence, and that decisions have been made in favour of and against its admissibility by the different courts of some of our sister States. But even supposing it to be doubtful which is right, I consider that we are bound to follow and abide by our own,, which show clearly, as it appears to me, that it is inadmissible. And I am willing to do this the more cheerfully, as I am satisfied that they are in accordance with reason and justice.
The second error, which we come to now, is an. exception to the opinion of the court rejecting evidence offered by the defendants below, tending to show that Jacob Root, the testator, furnished his son John with money some fourteen or fifteen years before to buy a farm. It is alleged that this evidence ought to have been received, as it would have proved, in connection with other evidence, that John had a greater portion of the testator’s estate given to him by the will than was consistent with an intention to [437]*437divide the estate equally among his children. But how does it appear that it was the intention of the testator to distribute his estate equally amongst his children ? It certainly does not appear on the face of the instrument itself. On the contrary, it appears pretty clearly that such was not his intention; for it is manifest that he has given more to his sons and their issue or children than he has done to his daughters.' This, however, furnishes no evidence of imbecility of mind or want of capacity to make a will; for it is every day’s practice in men of perfectly sane minds to make such inequality in the distribution of their estates by their wills amongst their children. Though it may be proper, where a will is impeached for imbecility of mind in the testator, accompanied by fraudulent practices of the devisees, for the jury to look into the will itself, and see whether the unreasonableness of the provisions contained therein be such as to strike the common mind with a sense of their injustice, taking into view the state of the testator’s property, family, and the claims of particular individuals upon him, yet it is conceived that parol proof of the circumstance of his having made an advancement to one of his sons some ten or twelve years anterior to making his will, without making any mention of it therein, or having charged the son with it in any way, either in his books or otherwise, would be very unsafe evidence from which to infer inability to make a will, or that he was induced by the fraudulent practice of such son and devisee to makeit differently from what he would otherwise have done. Under the circumstances of this case, as disclosed by the evidence which had been given at the time the evidence mentioned in the exception was offered, we think the evidence so offered was properly rejected by the court.
The fifth error is an exception to the opinion of the court, overruling an objection made by the defendant to the admission of an account or book in writing, made by the order of the testator and signed by him, containing a statement of monies paid or advanced by him to his three sons-in-law, John Albright, John Hauberger, and Daniel Hauberger, amounting to the sum of $900 paid to each, which he mentions and refers to in his will, thereby declaring that the same “ shall be their legacy in full out of my estate.” It was objected to on the ground that the witness, who testified to his having written it for and at the request of the testator, testified also that he transcribed it from another paper which was destroyed; and therefore not being a book of original entries, it was improperly admitted by the court in evidence. But it is a mistake to suppose that it was either offered or received in evidence as a book of original entries. The testator, by referring to it in his will, had made it as it were a part thereof, and under this view we think it was admissible. Besides, having mentioned and referred to it in his will, it was some evidence to show his presence of mind and such knowledge of his affairs at the time [438]*438of making his will as indicated capacity on his part to make it; as also the propriety of mentioning it, in order to satisfy every one as to the reason why he did not give them more by his will.
The sixth error is also an exception to the opinion of the court, overruling an objection made by the defendants below to the admission of evidence offered by the plaintiffs there, to prove how David M. Root, one of the plaintiffs, said he came by a note or bond belonging to the testator, which he had in his possession before and at the time of the testator’s death, and which one of the defendants’ witnesses testified that the testator, in his last illness during the week in which he died, said that David M. Root had taken from him (but David was not present when he said so). If the witness testified truly as to what the testator said about David’s having taken his bond of $200, it was evident that he intended to charge David with having taken it without his consent, for he said at the same time that he would not trust David further than he could see him, and that was not far, as his eyesight had become very dim, and then mentioned the taking of the bond as his reason for not trusting him. This evidence could only have been given to excite a prejudice in the minds of the jury against David, who was one of the plaintiffs and one of the executors named in the will. In order however to remove this effect, as also any other that might be produced, the plaintiffs proved that David produced the bond at the time of appraising the testator’s personal estate, and had it inserted in the inventory as a part thereof, and further offered to prove that David mentioned at the same time that it was given to him for collection by the testator in his lifetime. An objection to this offer was made by the defendants, which the court overruled, and is the same which is made the foundation of the sixth error. We think it would have been treating David unfairly, not to have permitted him to show that he acted correctly in regard to the bond, and to put the defendants at defiance; and to show, if they could, that he had ever acted otherwise.
Judgment affirmed.