Cooley, JV
The plaintiff in error was sued by the administrators of Louisa Hasseneyer to recover damages for the negligence of its agents and servants whereby her death was caused. The case comes up on alleged errors in the admission and rejection of evidence, and in instructions given or refused.
The decedent was killed at the crossing of the railroad with Burdick street, one of the principal streets- in the village of Kalamazoo, on the 20th day of December, 1878. She was a girl 13 years of age, and was proceeding along the street with a small pail of milk in her hands. The morning was somewhat cold and stormy. As she approached the railroad track a train was passing in one direction, and its bell was being rung. From the other direction an engine was backing up several cars, and its bell was also being rung. It was by this train that the girl was struck and killed. There was a flagman at the crossing, and no negligence .seems attributable to him. The brakeman on the backing [207]*207train was upon the ground, walking along by its side to guard against accidents, but did not notice the girl until she had been thrown to the ground and killed. No one saw the girl when she was struck, and the place where she was lying when first seen was outside the limits of the street.
It was contended for the defence that there was no evidence of negligence on the part of the railroad agents and servants, and therefore nothing to go to the jury. It was also insisted that a clear case of negligence on the part of the decedent appeared, and that upon this ground, if not upon the other, the court should have instructed the jury to return a verdict for the defendant. We do not agree that the case was so plain on either ground as to justify the court in taking it from the jury. It may be that if we were at liberty to pass upon the facts we should reach the conclusion which the defence insist upon as the only conclusion that is admissible; but we cannot say that the case is too plain upon the facts for fair minds to differ upon, and following our former decisions we agree with the trial court that the facts were properly left to the jury. Detroit etc. R. R. Co. v. Van Steinburg 17 Mich. 99; Lake Shore etc. R. R. Co. v. Miller 25 Mich. 274, 295; Le Baron v. Joslin 41 Mich. 313.
Upon a supposition that the jury might find that the decedent at the time she was struck and killed was outside the limits of the highway and upon lands belonging to the railroad company, the defence requested rulings in effect that if such was the fact the decedant was in law chargeable with negligence. We do not agree that this was necessarily the dase. The fact might have an important bearing, or it might not; depending on how far she was outside the street lines, and why she was there, and whether she was aware of the fact. As the street was without fences1 or cattle-guards at this point, it would be unreasonable to hold that at her peril she must keep herself strictly within 'its lines, and if no intent to leave the highway was apparent, and she was not further outside that one might inadvertently go in passing along the street and looking both ways for coming and [208]*208passing trains, the fact should neither absolve the employes - of the railroad company from the observation of care to prevent injury, nor charge her with fault if otherwise sufficiently vigilant.
Counsel for the plaintiff in error has been industrious im the discovery of faults in the rulings of the circuit judge, but for the most part his criticisms are too particular and' technical to be accepted, or to require discussion at our hands. With a single exception we think no error was committed to the prejudice of the party now complaining. The exception is found in the instructions to the jury respecting the degree of care required of the decedent to avoid the-danger to which she fell a victim. It was contended for the; plaintiff below that the law did not require the same degree • of care of a child as of an adult person, and the court so ■ instructed the jury, j This was unquestionably correct. Railway Co. v. Bohn 27 Mich. 503. But it was also insisted that the law did not expect or require the same degree of care and prudence in a woman as in a man; and the court gave tliisinstruction also. It is presumable, therefore, that the jury in considering whether the decedent was chargeable with contributory negligence, made not only all proper allowances ■ on account of her immature years, but further allowance also on account of sex.
No doubt the difference in sex has much to do with the application of legal principles in many cases. Police regulations with the utmost propriety sometimes make distinctions between men and women, in the conduct required of them under the same circumstances, and the unwritten law is in some particulars more indulgent to the one sex than the other. Words and conduct which in the presence of " men might be condemned for bad taste only, in the presence-of women may be punishable as criminal indecency, and a crime of violence committed upon the one would be condemned less severely by public opinion and punished less severely by the law than the same crime committed upon the other. And no doubt also the law ought, under-all circumstances where they become important, to make-[209]*209allowances for any differences existing by nature between men and women, and also for any that grow out of their different occupations, modes of life, education and experience. A woman, for example, driving a horse on a highway may be presumed somewhat wanting in the “ amount of knowledge, skill, dexterity, steadiness of nerve or coolness of judgment — in short, the same degree of competency ” which we may presume in a man; and the person meeting, .her under circumstances threatening collision should govern his own conduct -with some regal’d to her probable deficiencies. Daniels v. Clegg 28 Mich. 33, 42. In Snow v. Provincetown 120 Mass. 580, a question of contributory negligence was made against a young woman who, in attempting to pass a cart in a public way, which had commenced bacldng towards her, accidentally fell over an embankment and was injured. The following instruction by the trial judge to indicate the degree of care required of the plaintiff, was held unexceptionable: “ Care implies attention and caution, and ordinary care is such a degree of attention and caution as a person of ordinary prudence of the plaintiff’s sex and age would commonly and might reasonably be expected to exercise under like circumstances.” This no doubt is true.
.But while the authorities permit all the circumstances to be taken into the account, age and sex among the rest, in determining the degree, of care to be reasonably required' or looked for, no case, so far as we know, has ever laid it down as a rule of law that less care is required of a woman than of a man. - Sex is certainly no excuse for negligence; Fox v. Glastenbury 29 Conn. 204: and if we judge of ordinary care-by the standard of what is commonly looked for and .expected, we should probably agree that a woman would be likely to be more prudent, careful and particular in many positions and in the performance of many duties than a man would. She would, for example, be, more vigilant and indefatigable in her care of a helpless child; she would be more cautious to avoid unknown dangers; she would be more particular to keep within the limits of absolute safety when [210]*210the dangers which threatened were such as only great strength and courage could venture to encounter.
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Cooley, JV
The plaintiff in error was sued by the administrators of Louisa Hasseneyer to recover damages for the negligence of its agents and servants whereby her death was caused. The case comes up on alleged errors in the admission and rejection of evidence, and in instructions given or refused.
The decedent was killed at the crossing of the railroad with Burdick street, one of the principal streets- in the village of Kalamazoo, on the 20th day of December, 1878. She was a girl 13 years of age, and was proceeding along the street with a small pail of milk in her hands. The morning was somewhat cold and stormy. As she approached the railroad track a train was passing in one direction, and its bell was being rung. From the other direction an engine was backing up several cars, and its bell was also being rung. It was by this train that the girl was struck and killed. There was a flagman at the crossing, and no negligence .seems attributable to him. The brakeman on the backing [207]*207train was upon the ground, walking along by its side to guard against accidents, but did not notice the girl until she had been thrown to the ground and killed. No one saw the girl when she was struck, and the place where she was lying when first seen was outside the limits of the street.
It was contended for the defence that there was no evidence of negligence on the part of the railroad agents and servants, and therefore nothing to go to the jury. It was also insisted that a clear case of negligence on the part of the decedent appeared, and that upon this ground, if not upon the other, the court should have instructed the jury to return a verdict for the defendant. We do not agree that the case was so plain on either ground as to justify the court in taking it from the jury. It may be that if we were at liberty to pass upon the facts we should reach the conclusion which the defence insist upon as the only conclusion that is admissible; but we cannot say that the case is too plain upon the facts for fair minds to differ upon, and following our former decisions we agree with the trial court that the facts were properly left to the jury. Detroit etc. R. R. Co. v. Van Steinburg 17 Mich. 99; Lake Shore etc. R. R. Co. v. Miller 25 Mich. 274, 295; Le Baron v. Joslin 41 Mich. 313.
Upon a supposition that the jury might find that the decedent at the time she was struck and killed was outside the limits of the highway and upon lands belonging to the railroad company, the defence requested rulings in effect that if such was the fact the decedant was in law chargeable with negligence. We do not agree that this was necessarily the dase. The fact might have an important bearing, or it might not; depending on how far she was outside the street lines, and why she was there, and whether she was aware of the fact. As the street was without fences1 or cattle-guards at this point, it would be unreasonable to hold that at her peril she must keep herself strictly within 'its lines, and if no intent to leave the highway was apparent, and she was not further outside that one might inadvertently go in passing along the street and looking both ways for coming and [208]*208passing trains, the fact should neither absolve the employes - of the railroad company from the observation of care to prevent injury, nor charge her with fault if otherwise sufficiently vigilant.
Counsel for the plaintiff in error has been industrious im the discovery of faults in the rulings of the circuit judge, but for the most part his criticisms are too particular and' technical to be accepted, or to require discussion at our hands. With a single exception we think no error was committed to the prejudice of the party now complaining. The exception is found in the instructions to the jury respecting the degree of care required of the decedent to avoid the-danger to which she fell a victim. It was contended for the; plaintiff below that the law did not require the same degree • of care of a child as of an adult person, and the court so ■ instructed the jury, j This was unquestionably correct. Railway Co. v. Bohn 27 Mich. 503. But it was also insisted that the law did not expect or require the same degree of care and prudence in a woman as in a man; and the court gave tliisinstruction also. It is presumable, therefore, that the jury in considering whether the decedent was chargeable with contributory negligence, made not only all proper allowances ■ on account of her immature years, but further allowance also on account of sex.
No doubt the difference in sex has much to do with the application of legal principles in many cases. Police regulations with the utmost propriety sometimes make distinctions between men and women, in the conduct required of them under the same circumstances, and the unwritten law is in some particulars more indulgent to the one sex than the other. Words and conduct which in the presence of " men might be condemned for bad taste only, in the presence-of women may be punishable as criminal indecency, and a crime of violence committed upon the one would be condemned less severely by public opinion and punished less severely by the law than the same crime committed upon the other. And no doubt also the law ought, under-all circumstances where they become important, to make-[209]*209allowances for any differences existing by nature between men and women, and also for any that grow out of their different occupations, modes of life, education and experience. A woman, for example, driving a horse on a highway may be presumed somewhat wanting in the “ amount of knowledge, skill, dexterity, steadiness of nerve or coolness of judgment — in short, the same degree of competency ” which we may presume in a man; and the person meeting, .her under circumstances threatening collision should govern his own conduct -with some regal’d to her probable deficiencies. Daniels v. Clegg 28 Mich. 33, 42. In Snow v. Provincetown 120 Mass. 580, a question of contributory negligence was made against a young woman who, in attempting to pass a cart in a public way, which had commenced bacldng towards her, accidentally fell over an embankment and was injured. The following instruction by the trial judge to indicate the degree of care required of the plaintiff, was held unexceptionable: “ Care implies attention and caution, and ordinary care is such a degree of attention and caution as a person of ordinary prudence of the plaintiff’s sex and age would commonly and might reasonably be expected to exercise under like circumstances.” This no doubt is true.
.But while the authorities permit all the circumstances to be taken into the account, age and sex among the rest, in determining the degree, of care to be reasonably required' or looked for, no case, so far as we know, has ever laid it down as a rule of law that less care is required of a woman than of a man. - Sex is certainly no excuse for negligence; Fox v. Glastenbury 29 Conn. 204: and if we judge of ordinary care-by the standard of what is commonly looked for and .expected, we should probably agree that a woman would be likely to be more prudent, careful and particular in many positions and in the performance of many duties than a man would. She would, for example, be, more vigilant and indefatigable in her care of a helpless child; she would be more cautious to avoid unknown dangers; she would be more particular to keep within the limits of absolute safety when [210]*210the dangers which threatened were such as only great strength and courage could venture to encounter. Of a given number of persons traveling by cars, several men will expose themselves to danger by jumping from the cars when they are in motion, or by standing upon the platform, where one woman would do the same; and a man driving a team would be more likely to cross in front of an advancing train than a woman would. In many such cases a woman’s natural timidity and inexperience with dangers inclines her to be more cautious; and if we naturally and reasonably look for greater caution in the woman than in the man, any rule.of law that demands less must be unphilosophical and unreasonable.
Suppose, for instance, that a man and woman standing-together upon the platform'of a moving car are accidentally thrown off and injured, could any rule of jaw be justified which would permit a jury to award damages to her but not to him, upon the ground that the law expected and required of him the higher degree of care? Or may the woman venture upon an unsafe bridge from which the man recoils, under the protection of such a discrimination? Or trust herself to a fractious horse expecting, if she shall chance to be injured, the tenderness of the law will excuse her with a verdict of such care as was reasonably to be expected, when it would pronounce a man foolhardy? ¥e think not.
No person of any age or sex is chargeable with legal fault who, when placed in a position of peril, does the best that can be done under the circumstances. Voak v. Northern Central Ry. Co. 75 N. Y. 320. Even this statement indicates a more rigid rule than the law will justify, for the legal requirement is only the observance of ordinary care; .and while in laying down rules that are of general ajoplica•.tion, it is no doubt better to employ general terms, lest they .be supposed applicable to particular classes only; (Tucker v. Henniker 41 N. H. 317) yet when the actor is a woman, .an instruction that she is bound to observe the conduct of a woman of common and ordinary prudence, cannot be held legally erroneous because of being thus special. Bloomington v. Perdue 99 Ill. 329.
[211]*211"Women may enter upon and follow any of the occupations of life; they may be surgeons if they will, but they cannot as such claim any privilege of exemption from the care and caution required of men. A woman may be engineer of a locomotive if she can obtain the employment, but the law will expect and require of her the same diligence to .avoid mischief to others which men must observe. The rule of prudent regard for the rights of others knows nothing of sex. Neither can sex excuse any one for the want of ordinary care when exposing one’s self to known and obvious perils.
If it was apparent that the error of the judge did not mislead in this ease, we might affirm the judgment. But that fact is not apparent. No one witnessed this accident; the question of due care is involved in doubts, and the erroneous ruling may have been controlling. It follows that there must be a new trial.
The other ¿Tustiees concurred.