NORTONI, J.
—This is a suit against decedent’s estate for the reasonable value of services rendered through caring for him during the last years of his life. Plaintiffs recovered and defendant prosecutes the appeal.
Plaintiffs, maiden ladies, each aged over forty, are the daughters of William Hartley, who died in March, 1910 at the age of eighty-three years. It appears that the two plaintiffs resided together with their father and mother on his farm of eighty acres, as members of the same family, until the mother died in March, 1904. At that time William Hartley, plaintiffs’ father, was seventy-seven years of age and in poor physical health and probably non compos mentis as well. Plaintiffs continued as before in the father’s home and cared for him with great tenderness and sympathy. The evidence tends with great force to show that William Hartley was, during all of these years, hot only sick and infirm and physically incapacitated, but mentally so as well. Indeed, the evidence tends to prove that he was violently insane at times, while at other times he seemed to be rational, but practically all of the time non compos. In this situation, decedent, of course, required constant care and attention, and it appears that his condition required considerable washing of clothing, bed clothing, etc., etc. The two plaintiffs, his daughters, both of whom, as said before, were over forty years of age, rendered all of the.se services, .to [22]*22the end of protecting their father and making him comfortable, until he died in March, 1910, at the age of eighty-three years. It appears plaintiffs kept house for their father, did all of the cooking and washing and chores about the place, and waited upon him whether in bed or out and constantly attended his every want. Under the instructions, the jury found the issues for plaintiffs as though, first, they either rendered the services, intending at the time to charge therefor and that in such circumstances they were entitled to rercover, provided their father was insane during all the time involved, on the theory that the law implies a contract against an insane person for actual necessaries furnished him; or, second, that plaintiffs rendered the services intending at the time to charge therefor and their father intended to pay them the reasonable value for such services. All of the evidence reveals that the services rendered were valuable in character and actually necessary in the condition of the aged parent, and, as we understand it, these propositions of fact are not controverted. However that may be, the jury were required to and did expressly find these facts to be true.
But it is urged the evidence is wholly insufficient to authorize a finding of an intention to pay the reasonable value therefor on the part of the decedent. Of course, plaintiffs were not permitted to testify in their own behalf because of the statute declaring their incompetency. But there are some expressions of the decedent made during his lifetime in evidence and much in the facts and circumstances of the case, tending to prove that plaintiffs intended to charge and their father intended to pay, provided he was competent to contract at all. It is true there is no evidence of an express contract and there is but little in the form of words spoken by the decedent affording a reasonable inference that he intended to pay, but under the rule which prevails in this State in such cases-, [23]*23there seems to be enough for the jury on that score. Upon a few occasions, when their father seemed to be rational, he made statements to neighbors who called, to the effect that the girls were awfully good to him and as though he appreciated and was grateful for their efforts in his behalf. On another occasion, one witness testified the old gentleman said, “He wanted to fix so the girls would have something to take care of them after he was gone, but he said his son said, there wasn’t any use; that the law would take care of them better than he could.” To another witness, after expressing his gratitude for the constant care and attention of his daughters, he said, “He wanted the girls to have a home when he was dead.” Moreover, “He said they were always good to him; anyone couldn’t be better to him and he said he hoped when he died that there would be enough left that these girls should be paid as they had been so good to Him.” He made this statement upon several occasions. When these expressions are considered together, in the circumstances of the case and in the light of all of- the evidence, and the mind is directed to the italicized expression that the decedent wanted his daughters paid, we believe there is sufficient to authorize the jury to infer that an actual, though not an express, contract existed between the parties as by a meeting of the minds, to the effect that plaintiffs expected compensation for, and that the father intended to pay, or that they should be paid from his estate, the reasonable value of the services rendered. It is to be conceded loose declarations made to neighbors or friends indicating mere affection or gratitude on the part of the parent are not sufficient to authorize the finding of an intention to pay, as is determined in the case of Louder v. Hart, 52 Mo. App. 377. But though such be true, when there is coupled with such expressions a statement of the decedent to the effect that he desired those rendering the services should be “paid” therefor, the authori[24]*24ties rule that a finding of intention to do so may he had therefrom. [See Hart v. Hart’s Admr., 41 Mo. 441; Cole v. Fitzgerald, 132 Mo. App. 17, 111 S. W. 628; Fitzpatrick v. Dooley, 112 Mo. App. 165, 86 S. W. 719.] There appears to he sufficient in the evidence tending to prove an intention to pay on the part of the decedent, provided he was competent to contract, and that question was properly referred to the jury.
But it is said the plaintiffs occupy and insist upon inconsistent positions, in that the case proceeds upon the theory that their father was competent to contract with them, which issue was submitted in one instruction, and that he was an insane person during all the time and therefore incompetent to contract, which issue was submitted in another. There can be no doubt that both propositions were submitted to the jury as predicates of liability, and it is clear that, in theory and in the science of the law, they are inconsistent in the last analysis. Obviously one may not enter into an actual contract unless he is compos mentis at the time, for to do so there must be an aggregate mentium, which implies a sound mind; but there are cases in which the law, by construction, supplies a contract by implication, in accord with the precepts of natural justice, and among such contracts so implied as a matter of law is one on the part of an insane person to compensate the reasonable value for actual necessaries furnished him while insane. For a case directly in point, see Reando v. Misplay, 90 Mo. 251, 2 S. W. 405. Contracts of the latter class arise as a conclusion of law on the facts and circumstances of the case and are to be enforced, provided it appears.the parties furnishining the actual necessaries to the insane person intended to charge therefor at the time. In the case of an actual contract (though not an express one) which may be found or inferred from the facts and circumstances in evidence, of course an agreement of two or more sane minds is essential, but [25]
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NORTONI, J.
—This is a suit against decedent’s estate for the reasonable value of services rendered through caring for him during the last years of his life. Plaintiffs recovered and defendant prosecutes the appeal.
Plaintiffs, maiden ladies, each aged over forty, are the daughters of William Hartley, who died in March, 1910 at the age of eighty-three years. It appears that the two plaintiffs resided together with their father and mother on his farm of eighty acres, as members of the same family, until the mother died in March, 1904. At that time William Hartley, plaintiffs’ father, was seventy-seven years of age and in poor physical health and probably non compos mentis as well. Plaintiffs continued as before in the father’s home and cared for him with great tenderness and sympathy. The evidence tends with great force to show that William Hartley was, during all of these years, hot only sick and infirm and physically incapacitated, but mentally so as well. Indeed, the evidence tends to prove that he was violently insane at times, while at other times he seemed to be rational, but practically all of the time non compos. In this situation, decedent, of course, required constant care and attention, and it appears that his condition required considerable washing of clothing, bed clothing, etc., etc. The two plaintiffs, his daughters, both of whom, as said before, were over forty years of age, rendered all of the.se services, .to [22]*22the end of protecting their father and making him comfortable, until he died in March, 1910, at the age of eighty-three years. It appears plaintiffs kept house for their father, did all of the cooking and washing and chores about the place, and waited upon him whether in bed or out and constantly attended his every want. Under the instructions, the jury found the issues for plaintiffs as though, first, they either rendered the services, intending at the time to charge therefor and that in such circumstances they were entitled to rercover, provided their father was insane during all the time involved, on the theory that the law implies a contract against an insane person for actual necessaries furnished him; or, second, that plaintiffs rendered the services intending at the time to charge therefor and their father intended to pay them the reasonable value for such services. All of the evidence reveals that the services rendered were valuable in character and actually necessary in the condition of the aged parent, and, as we understand it, these propositions of fact are not controverted. However that may be, the jury were required to and did expressly find these facts to be true.
But it is urged the evidence is wholly insufficient to authorize a finding of an intention to pay the reasonable value therefor on the part of the decedent. Of course, plaintiffs were not permitted to testify in their own behalf because of the statute declaring their incompetency. But there are some expressions of the decedent made during his lifetime in evidence and much in the facts and circumstances of the case, tending to prove that plaintiffs intended to charge and their father intended to pay, provided he was competent to contract at all. It is true there is no evidence of an express contract and there is but little in the form of words spoken by the decedent affording a reasonable inference that he intended to pay, but under the rule which prevails in this State in such cases-, [23]*23there seems to be enough for the jury on that score. Upon a few occasions, when their father seemed to be rational, he made statements to neighbors who called, to the effect that the girls were awfully good to him and as though he appreciated and was grateful for their efforts in his behalf. On another occasion, one witness testified the old gentleman said, “He wanted to fix so the girls would have something to take care of them after he was gone, but he said his son said, there wasn’t any use; that the law would take care of them better than he could.” To another witness, after expressing his gratitude for the constant care and attention of his daughters, he said, “He wanted the girls to have a home when he was dead.” Moreover, “He said they were always good to him; anyone couldn’t be better to him and he said he hoped when he died that there would be enough left that these girls should be paid as they had been so good to Him.” He made this statement upon several occasions. When these expressions are considered together, in the circumstances of the case and in the light of all of- the evidence, and the mind is directed to the italicized expression that the decedent wanted his daughters paid, we believe there is sufficient to authorize the jury to infer that an actual, though not an express, contract existed between the parties as by a meeting of the minds, to the effect that plaintiffs expected compensation for, and that the father intended to pay, or that they should be paid from his estate, the reasonable value of the services rendered. It is to be conceded loose declarations made to neighbors or friends indicating mere affection or gratitude on the part of the parent are not sufficient to authorize the finding of an intention to pay, as is determined in the case of Louder v. Hart, 52 Mo. App. 377. But though such be true, when there is coupled with such expressions a statement of the decedent to the effect that he desired those rendering the services should be “paid” therefor, the authori[24]*24ties rule that a finding of intention to do so may he had therefrom. [See Hart v. Hart’s Admr., 41 Mo. 441; Cole v. Fitzgerald, 132 Mo. App. 17, 111 S. W. 628; Fitzpatrick v. Dooley, 112 Mo. App. 165, 86 S. W. 719.] There appears to he sufficient in the evidence tending to prove an intention to pay on the part of the decedent, provided he was competent to contract, and that question was properly referred to the jury.
But it is said the plaintiffs occupy and insist upon inconsistent positions, in that the case proceeds upon the theory that their father was competent to contract with them, which issue was submitted in one instruction, and that he was an insane person during all the time and therefore incompetent to contract, which issue was submitted in another. There can be no doubt that both propositions were submitted to the jury as predicates of liability, and it is clear that, in theory and in the science of the law, they are inconsistent in the last analysis. Obviously one may not enter into an actual contract unless he is compos mentis at the time, for to do so there must be an aggregate mentium, which implies a sound mind; but there are cases in which the law, by construction, supplies a contract by implication, in accord with the precepts of natural justice, and among such contracts so implied as a matter of law is one on the part of an insane person to compensate the reasonable value for actual necessaries furnished him while insane. For a case directly in point, see Reando v. Misplay, 90 Mo. 251, 2 S. W. 405. Contracts of the latter class arise as a conclusion of law on the facts and circumstances of the case and are to be enforced, provided it appears.the parties furnishining the actual necessaries to the insane person intended to charge therefor at the time. In the case of an actual contract (though not an express one) which may be found or inferred from the facts and circumstances in evidence, of course an agreement of two or more sane minds is essential, but [25]*25in the case of a contract strictly implied by the law (as in the case of an insane person to compensate for-actual necessaries) it is necessary only that one party intending to charge therefor should furnish valuable services to another which are actual necessaries, and on this the law, through fiction, concludes a contract obtains to pay the reasonable value. Such is the doctrine of Reando v. Misplay, 90 Mo. 251, 2 S. W. 405, and that was a suit by a daughter, as here, against the estate of her mother, an insane person, for services which were found to be actual necessaries rendered during the latter years of the mother’s life. Therefore, though it be generally true, as insisted, that there can be no actual contract as between sane persons and a contract between the same parties made at the same time and in contemplation of the same subject-matter when one of such parties is insane, for the reason such insane party may not agree, it is not true that no contract at all may appear in the hypothesis last stated. But it is true that the proof of the one contract—that is, an actual contract—would operate to disprove the facts invoking the implied one, and it is true, too, that if the jury should find a contract of one character to exist the other is essentially repelled. However this may be, both are contracts equally valid in the law—the one an actual contract, and the other a strictly implied one—and by virtue of each an identical liability may be entailed, that is, to respond for the reasonable value of services or goods furnished which are actually necessary. Of this it is to be said, the cause of action asserted by plaintiffs is not the character of a particu-. lar contract but is rather their right of redress for the failure to observe the obligation of a contract valid in law. This being true, it is entirely clear that, though the proof of a contract of one character may disprove the other, and that to this extent the two positions are inconsistent as to a minor detail, it is clear, too, that such proof is not inconsistent in that sense essen[26]*26tial to defeat a right of recovery—that is, the cause of action—for whether the contract was an actual or an implied one, the essential cause of action was established by showing either and its breach. It is true the actual contract, no doubt, entails an obligation to respond even though all the services were not actual necessaries and the implied one involves an obligation more limited in its scope, as it vouchsafes compensation for actual necessaries only, but be this as it may, the evidence here reveals a liability, if at all, of the latter class as for actual necessaries, and this alone is sufficient.
It is argued that plaintiffs’ instruction No. 1 is erroneous, but that matter is concluded here, for it appears an instruction in the same language and on a like state of facts is set out in the opinion and approved by the Supreme Court in the case of Reando v. Misplay, 90 Mo. 261, 2 S. W. 405. This being true, it will be unnecessary to examine this instruction further.
Complaint is made concerning the instruction authorizing a verdict for plaintiffs on the finding of an actual contract, in that such instruction omits to inform-the jury that the services rendered by plaintiffs to their father were presumed to be gratuitous. Ordinarily, among strangers, where one renders valuable services to another, which he receives and appropriates, the law presumes they are to be compensated, but where a close family relation appears, as here, this presumption does not obtain. Indeed, in such cases, the presumption goes to the effect that the services so rendered are gratuitous and that the member of the family performing them does not expect to charge therefor nor the parent intend to pay. This presumption affects the matter solely as to the burden of proof, for it operates to cast the onus of repelling it upon, plaintiff. [See Fitzpatrick v. Dooley, 112 Mo. App. 165, 86 S. W. 719; Kostuba v. Miller, 137 Mo. 161, 38 [27]*27S. W. 946; see, also, Wagner v. Edison Elect. Illuminating Co., etc., 141 Mo. App. 51, 121 S. W. 329.]
It is true that, while the plaintiffs’ instruction under consideration required the jury to find an actual contract, in that the plaintiffs expected -to” charge for their services and that their father intended to pay therefor, it did not direct that the services were presumed to have been rendered gratuitously. However, neither did this instruction inform the jury that, the law presumed the services should be compensated. The- presumption which the law affords in different circumstances was not referred to in this instruction one way or the other, but it appears that it was accurately set forth in the instructions for defendant, and obviously this was sufficient. The instructions are to be read together and those given on the part of defendant pointedly inform the jury that the services sued for were presumed, on account of the family relation, to have been gratuitously rendered, and that the burden was on plaintiffs to overcome and remove this presumption by establishing a contract from the evidence before a recovery could be had. It would have been better for plaintiffs ’ instructions t.o have treated with this matter, but in view of the clear statement of the rule in those given for defendant, it is clear that no reversible error appears on that score. The judgment should be affirmed. It is so ordered.
Reynolds, P. J., and Allen, J., concur.