LOWELL, District Judge.
This was a bill in equity brought for the infringement of reissued latters patent No. 11,395, granted to Herald W. Hart, December 12, 1893, for electric snap switches. The alleged infringing switch was made in accordance with the description of letters patent No. 547,149, granted to Norman Marshall, October 1, 1895. To the complainant’s patent the defendants have raised objections, both formal and substantial.
As the patent in suit shows two specific constructions, the defendants contend that the complainant must be limited to one of these. Both constructions, however, are embodiments of the same inventive idea, and both are sufficiently covered by the claim. Hart’s original patent taken out for the invention in question was No. 459,706. The reissue was granted to correct the error of a single word in the specification (by changing “hole” 'to “slot”), and a corresponding modification was made in a single feature of one of the 11 figures illustrating that patent. The error was caused by oversight, and was unconnected with the gist of the invention, though its adoption rendered the machine inoperative. No change was made or needed in the claim. If the patentee made a meritorious invention, he. ought not to lose the benefit of it by reason of a defect so narrow and technical. See Walk. Pat. § 218a.
We pass to the substantial objections made by the defendants to the maintenance of this suit. The only claim of the reissue is as follows:
“The herein-described snap switch, consisting of a stop plate having stopping shoulders^ a central hub, an operating handle, an eccentric moving with said hub, a switch plate, a spring plate, a spring, and a catch operated by said eccentric for releasing and stopping the switch plate, substantially as described, and for the purpose specified.”
■ It is obvious that none of the elements set forth in the claim are new. The invention, if any, must be found in the combination of these elements. Again, it was not new in the art to make electric snap switches. Plainly, none of those made prior to Hart’s invention were so satisfactory in their operation as to check the demand for improvement,, or the patenting of machines devised to secure it. An examination of some of the many patents and machines introduced in evidence in this case suggests the cause of the failure of the earlier devices, — a failure sometimes complete and sometimes partial. The machines made under the patent in suit have gone into large general ■use, though there is no evidence that the plaintiff has monopolized the [659]*659manufacture of'positively operating electric snap switches. Hart's combination of stop plate, hub with rigidly connected eccentric operating radially, spring, and catch, seems to us to contain important novelty. Certainly his invention was not primary, but we think that it was of value, unless anticipated in the prior art.
To show anticipation,' the defendants have introduced in evidence many patents. We need mention but a few of these; for, if no one of those mentioned anticipated (lie complainant’s invention, there was no anticipation in any of those passed over. The Bourne British patent, No. 15,617, resembles Hart’s in little except the presence of a spring and eccentric. It has no stop plate, no locking against baek-ward movement, no certainty of operation. Its switch plate is operated directly by the eccentric, and not indirectly, as are the switch plates of both complainant and defendants. It is a far cruder machine than Hart’s or the defendants’, though one of the same general class. Between it and Hart’s we think there was meritorious and considerable invention; yet upon the anticipation alleged to be found in the Bourne device the defendants very largely rely.
The Norton patent, No. 430,252, contains no eccentric, strictly speaking, and its catch moves vertically, not radially. These differences, and others of less importance, give it a mode of operation quite unlike that of the patent in suit. No. 376,976, issued to Bergmann, is a reciprocating switch. 'Its operation is altogether different from Hart’s, and its resemblance to the latter quite remote.
The Davis patent, No. 476,613, comes closer to the complainant’s device. The complainant has introduced considerable direct evidence that bis invention was made before that of Davis, though the latter was first applied for. This evidence was not shaken on cross-examination, and there is nothing to control it. It is true that evidence of prior invention, unsustained by proceedings to obtain a patent, is properly regarded with suspicion, but in this case we are inclined to find it sufficient. Even if, however, the Davis invention be taken to be prior to that of Hart, we think it does not anticipate Hart’s switch. The Davis switch has no eccentric, properly so called, and its operation is materially different. It may be true that an imaginable combination of the Bourne and Davis patents would closely resemble the patent in suit, but such a combination is not obvious, and would require patentable invention.
Defendants rely also upon Hart’s prior patent, No. 447,728., There is uncontrolled evidence that the switch described in the patent in suit was first invented and first reduced to practice. In any case, it was invented before the issue of No. 447,728. That patent, therefore, is not in the prior art, properly so called, and has priority only as a prior patent issued to the same inventor. We think that it is not so nearly identical with the patent in suit as to deprive the latter of real and useful novelty. The earlier Hart patent has no eccentric, properly so called, and no radially moving catch, and its stop plate, if (here be one, is.very different from that of the patent in suit. The entire operation of the mechanism is different. It may be added that the difference between some of the patents above mentioned, such as those of Bergmann and Davis, and the patent in suit, appears more [660]*660plainly when all are embodied in actual machines than when the specifications, drawings, and claims alone are examined.
It seems to us, then, that the patent in suit represents a valuable and useful, though limited, invention. If it be really valuable, we think there can be little doubt that it is infringed by the defendants’ machine. The only differences between the two machines are: (1) The defendants’ catch is released by a movement radially outward, while in the patent in suit the releasing movement is radially inward. In this respect, the two devices are plainly the mechanical equivalents, the one of the other. (2) The patent in suit is operated by a fiat spring, one end of which is attached to a stud depending from a spring plate. The defendants’ switch is operated by a spiral spring, the corresponding end of which is attached either to a small cap at the top of the hub and just beneath the operating handle,' or is fastened by being passed through the hub itself, the cap in that case being omitted. That the spiral spring is- the equivalent of the flat spring is clear, and it is equally clear that the defendants’ cap in -which the end of the spring is inserted is the mechanical equivalent of the complainant’s spring plate and depending stud. It cannot help the defendants that in some of their machines the end of the spring is thrust through the hub itself instead of thrust into the cap. In considerable degree this is recognized, even by their, expert, Mr. Freeman, who testified:
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LOWELL, District Judge.
This was a bill in equity brought for the infringement of reissued latters patent No. 11,395, granted to Herald W. Hart, December 12, 1893, for electric snap switches. The alleged infringing switch was made in accordance with the description of letters patent No. 547,149, granted to Norman Marshall, October 1, 1895. To the complainant’s patent the defendants have raised objections, both formal and substantial.
As the patent in suit shows two specific constructions, the defendants contend that the complainant must be limited to one of these. Both constructions, however, are embodiments of the same inventive idea, and both are sufficiently covered by the claim. Hart’s original patent taken out for the invention in question was No. 459,706. The reissue was granted to correct the error of a single word in the specification (by changing “hole” 'to “slot”), and a corresponding modification was made in a single feature of one of the 11 figures illustrating that patent. The error was caused by oversight, and was unconnected with the gist of the invention, though its adoption rendered the machine inoperative. No change was made or needed in the claim. If the patentee made a meritorious invention, he. ought not to lose the benefit of it by reason of a defect so narrow and technical. See Walk. Pat. § 218a.
We pass to the substantial objections made by the defendants to the maintenance of this suit. The only claim of the reissue is as follows:
“The herein-described snap switch, consisting of a stop plate having stopping shoulders^ a central hub, an operating handle, an eccentric moving with said hub, a switch plate, a spring plate, a spring, and a catch operated by said eccentric for releasing and stopping the switch plate, substantially as described, and for the purpose specified.”
■ It is obvious that none of the elements set forth in the claim are new. The invention, if any, must be found in the combination of these elements. Again, it was not new in the art to make electric snap switches. Plainly, none of those made prior to Hart’s invention were so satisfactory in their operation as to check the demand for improvement,, or the patenting of machines devised to secure it. An examination of some of the many patents and machines introduced in evidence in this case suggests the cause of the failure of the earlier devices, — a failure sometimes complete and sometimes partial. The machines made under the patent in suit have gone into large general ■use, though there is no evidence that the plaintiff has monopolized the [659]*659manufacture of'positively operating electric snap switches. Hart's combination of stop plate, hub with rigidly connected eccentric operating radially, spring, and catch, seems to us to contain important novelty. Certainly his invention was not primary, but we think that it was of value, unless anticipated in the prior art.
To show anticipation,' the defendants have introduced in evidence many patents. We need mention but a few of these; for, if no one of those mentioned anticipated (lie complainant’s invention, there was no anticipation in any of those passed over. The Bourne British patent, No. 15,617, resembles Hart’s in little except the presence of a spring and eccentric. It has no stop plate, no locking against baek-ward movement, no certainty of operation. Its switch plate is operated directly by the eccentric, and not indirectly, as are the switch plates of both complainant and defendants. It is a far cruder machine than Hart’s or the defendants’, though one of the same general class. Between it and Hart’s we think there was meritorious and considerable invention; yet upon the anticipation alleged to be found in the Bourne device the defendants very largely rely.
The Norton patent, No. 430,252, contains no eccentric, strictly speaking, and its catch moves vertically, not radially. These differences, and others of less importance, give it a mode of operation quite unlike that of the patent in suit. No. 376,976, issued to Bergmann, is a reciprocating switch. 'Its operation is altogether different from Hart’s, and its resemblance to the latter quite remote.
The Davis patent, No. 476,613, comes closer to the complainant’s device. The complainant has introduced considerable direct evidence that bis invention was made before that of Davis, though the latter was first applied for. This evidence was not shaken on cross-examination, and there is nothing to control it. It is true that evidence of prior invention, unsustained by proceedings to obtain a patent, is properly regarded with suspicion, but in this case we are inclined to find it sufficient. Even if, however, the Davis invention be taken to be prior to that of Hart, we think it does not anticipate Hart’s switch. The Davis switch has no eccentric, properly so called, and its operation is materially different. It may be true that an imaginable combination of the Bourne and Davis patents would closely resemble the patent in suit, but such a combination is not obvious, and would require patentable invention.
Defendants rely also upon Hart’s prior patent, No. 447,728., There is uncontrolled evidence that the switch described in the patent in suit was first invented and first reduced to practice. In any case, it was invented before the issue of No. 447,728. That patent, therefore, is not in the prior art, properly so called, and has priority only as a prior patent issued to the same inventor. We think that it is not so nearly identical with the patent in suit as to deprive the latter of real and useful novelty. The earlier Hart patent has no eccentric, properly so called, and no radially moving catch, and its stop plate, if (here be one, is.very different from that of the patent in suit. The entire operation of the mechanism is different. It may be added that the difference between some of the patents above mentioned, such as those of Bergmann and Davis, and the patent in suit, appears more [660]*660plainly when all are embodied in actual machines than when the specifications, drawings, and claims alone are examined.
It seems to us, then, that the patent in suit represents a valuable and useful, though limited, invention. If it be really valuable, we think there can be little doubt that it is infringed by the defendants’ machine. The only differences between the two machines are: (1) The defendants’ catch is released by a movement radially outward, while in the patent in suit the releasing movement is radially inward. In this respect, the two devices are plainly the mechanical equivalents, the one of the other. (2) The patent in suit is operated by a fiat spring, one end of which is attached to a stud depending from a spring plate. The defendants’ switch is operated by a spiral spring, the corresponding end of which is attached either to a small cap at the top of the hub and just beneath the operating handle,' or is fastened by being passed through the hub itself, the cap in that case being omitted. That the spiral spring is- the equivalent of the flat spring is clear, and it is equally clear that the defendants’ cap in -which the end of the spring is inserted is the mechanical equivalent of the complainant’s spring plate and depending stud. It cannot help the defendants that in some of their machines the end of the spring is thrust through the hub itself instead of thrust into the cap. In considerable degree this is recognized, even by their, expert, Mr. Freeman, who testified:
“If the Hart claim covers any equivalent of the spring plate, then the number of elements in the defendants’ switches would, be the same as the number of elements of complainant’s switch broadly stated in the claim of complainant’s patent. So too, broadly stated, the general mode of operation of defendants’ switches is substantially the same as the general mode of operation of complainant’s switches.”
The learned judge in the circuit court seems to have been of the same opinion, for he says:
“Moreover, if the court was able to ascertain that the complainant’s device was of a broad character, indicating a substantial advance in the art, it might be justified in holding that, although the spring plate is omitted in the respondents’ device, yet inasmuch as, taken as a whole, it has what is equivalent to the complainant’s device as a whole, Including the substance of it, the complainant’s patent should, therefore, be construed liberally and broadly, so that any infringement might be prevented if found.”
As our examination of the prior art has led us to the opinion that the complainant’s device did indicate a substantial advance in the art, it follows that the Hart claim does cover a mechanical equivalent of its spring plate. The difference between the two switches seems to us to be merely that which usually distinguishes an infringing machine from that which it infringes. Nonpatentability, rather than noninfringement, is the substantial defense to the action. The defendant corporation w’as therefore liable.
Two minor questions arise in dealing with the case. The defendants’ answer alleged that the complainant had made or sold his switches without marking them or the packages containing them “Patented,” and without notifying the defendants of any alleged infringement. In Sessions v. Romadka, 145 U. S. 29, 49, 12 Sup, Ct. 799, 805, a similar objection was raised, but the court said:
[661]*661“Although there is the averment in the answer that the defendants have no knowledge or information, save from said bill of complaint, whether the packages were marked with the word ‘Patented,’ etc., and therefore deny the same, there is no denial of their knowledge that the Taylor device was patented: and in view of the fact that all letters patent are recorded, with their specifications, in the patent office, — a record which is notice to all the world, — it is not an unreasonable requirement that the defendant who relies upon Hie want of knowledge on his part of the actual existence of the patent should aver the same in his answer, that the plaintiff may be duly advised of the defense.”
This objection of the defendants is therefore unfounded.
Some of the defendants further contend that, even if the defendant corporation should be enjoined in this case, no injunction should issue against the other defendants, its officers. Entirely apart from the question of the liability of an officer of'a corporation for damages caused by infringements committed by him on behalf of the corporation, there can be no doubt that in a case like this the officers of the corporation may be enjoined from further infringement.
The decree of the circuit court is reversed, and the case is remanded to that court for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion, the appellant to recover its costs in this court.