Hart-Albin Co. v. McLees Inc.

870 P.2d 51, 264 Mont. 1, 51 State Rptr. 112, 1994 Mont. LEXIS 35
CourtMontana Supreme Court
DecidedFebruary 17, 1994
Docket92-568
StatusPublished
Cited by12 cases

This text of 870 P.2d 51 (Hart-Albin Co. v. McLees Inc.) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Montana Supreme Court primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Hart-Albin Co. v. McLees Inc., 870 P.2d 51, 264 Mont. 1, 51 State Rptr. 112, 1994 Mont. LEXIS 35 (Mo. 1994).

Opinions

CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE

delivered the Opinion of the Court.

Plaintiffs sued defendant Levitón Manufacturing Co., Inc., in strict liability, claiming an electrical extension cord connector manufactured by Levitón caused a fire in the Hart-Albin store in downtown Billings, Montana. A jury in the District Court for the Thirteenth Judicial District, Yellowstone County, apportioned fault 40 percent to Levitón and 60 percent to plaintiffs, and the court entered judgment for Levitón. We reverse and remand for retrial on limited issues relating to damages.

The dispositive issues are:

1. Did the District Court err in instructing the jury on Leviton’s misuse defense?

2. Did the court err in prohibiting the plaintiffs from using videotaped depositions of Leviton’s designated corporate witnesses?

3. Did the court err in directing a verdict against the plaintiffs on their punitive damage claim?

4. Did the court err in allowing the testimony of the plaintiffs’ human factors expert?

In December of 1988, an early-morning fire caused extensive smoke damage in the flagship Hart-Albin department store located in downtown Billings, Montana. The store was closed for two months before reopening in February 1989. Just over a year later, Hart-Albin Company went out of business. Plaintiffs Broadway Realty Corporation, owner of the building in which the department store was located, and Hart-Albin Company (hereafter referred to collectively as HartAlbin) brought this action seeking recovery for damages, including loss of the business.

[4]*4The fire started in a Christmas display suspended in the atrium of the store. Levitón, the only defendant remaining in the case at the time of trial, was the manufacturer of an electrical extension cord connector used in the Christmas display. During trial, Hart-Albin presented evidence that Leviton’s Catalog No. 67 extension cord connector overheated and started the fire.

The Catalog No. 67 cord connector was sold unattached to any electrical cord. In order to fasten an electrical cord to the screw terminals inside the connector, the user had to open the clamshell casing of the connector. Then, when the cord connector was reassembled, brass contact blades inside the clamshell served as the electrical contact for the “male” end of a second electrical cord plugged into the cord connector.

In this case, when the clamshell casing was reassembled, one of the brass contact blades, which were curved, was put in backwards. This prevented a solid electrical contact between the contact blades and the “male” end of the second electrical cord, which was plugged into the cord connector.

Hart-Albin’s theory was that the cord connector was a defective and unreasonably dangerous product because it was sold without assembly instructions and its misassembly caused it to overheat. Leviton’s defense was that no assembly instructions were needed with this particular type of cord connector, because of its design. Levitón also argued that the fire was a result of faulty construction of the Christmas display, including wiring code violations and use of flammable materials in violation of fire code.

After an eight-day trial, the jury answered a set of special interrogatories. It found that the fire was started by the Levitón cord connector, that the connector was unreasonably dangerous due to a failure to instruct, and that the defective connector was a proximate cause of Hart-Albin’s damages. The jury also found that Hart-Albin misused the cord connector and that the misuse was a proximate cause of damages. It apportioned fault as stated above. Applying the principles of comparative negligence set forth at § 27-1-702, MCA, the District Court entered judgment for Levitón.

I

Did the court err in instructing the jury on Leviton’s misuse defense?

Section 27-1-719, MCA, codifies strict liability law in Montana. It provides, at subsection (5):

[5]*5Except as provided in this subsection, contributory negligence is not a defense to the liability of a seller, based on strict liability in tort, for personal injury or property damage caused by a defectively manufactured or defectively designed product. A seller named as a defendant in an action based on strict liability in tort for damages to person or property caused by a defectively designed or defectively manufactured product may assert the following affirmative defenses against the user or consumer, the legal representative of the user or consumer, or any person claiming damages by reason of injury to the user or consumer:
(a) The user or consumer of the product discovered the defect or the defect was open and obvious and the user or consumer unreasonably made use of the product and was injured by it.
(b) The product was unreasonably misused by the user or consumer and such misuse caused or contributed to the injury.

This statute limits defenses in strict liability actions to assumption of the risk under subsection (5)(a) and, as in this case, unreasonable misuse under subsection (5)(b).

Levitón contrasts cases concerning failure to warn or instruct with cases concerning manufacturing or design defects. It claims that a case concerning failure to warn or instruct does not clearly fall within the law of strict liability, but is indistinguishable from an action for negligence. On this basis, it asserts that the range of defenses is broadened.

Hart-Albin argues that misuse refers to use of a product other than for the intended purpose. It points out that, in this case, the cord connector was used precisely as intended: as a connector on an extension cord. It cites, in contrast, a classic example of misuse: a rotary lawnmower misused as a hedge trimmer. Hart-Albin argues that neither misassembly of the cord connector nor its use in a flammable display constitutes misuse, because neither constitutes use of the product other than for the purpose intended.

Neither of these arguments is dispositive. This case was pled and tried under a theory of strict liability. Therefore, the available defenses are limited in Montana as provided in § 27-1-719, MCA. And, although this Court has not previously ruled on the definition of the term “unreasonably misused” as found in that statute, we now hold that the generally-accepted definition of misuse in relation to strict liability, as discussed below, applies.

[6]*6Montana’s federal district court has stated, in defining the defense of misuse, that a manufacturer is not responsible for injuries resulting from abnormal or unintended use of a product if such use was not reasonably foreseeable. Trust Corp. of Mont. v. Piper Aircraft Corp. (Mont. 1981), 506 F.Supp. 1093, 1097, citing 1 Frumer and Friedman, Products Liability, § 15.01. Generally, the defense of misuse refers to a use not foreseen by the manufacturer of the product. See Annotation, Products Liability: Product Misuse Defense, 65 A.L.R.4th 263 (1988). “Most cases have indicated that the key issue involved in a determination whether a product has been misused is foreseeability.” American Law of Products Liability 3d, Vol. 3, § 42:8 (T. Travers ed. 1987). The definition of misuse, then, incorporates the concept of abnormal or unintended use, but emphasizes unforeseeability. The defense of misuse is not available if the misuse of the product was reasonably foreseeable.

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Hart-Albin Co. v. McLees Inc.
870 P.2d 51 (Montana Supreme Court, 1994)

Cite This Page — Counsel Stack

Bluebook (online)
870 P.2d 51, 264 Mont. 1, 51 State Rptr. 112, 1994 Mont. LEXIS 35, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/hart-albin-co-v-mclees-inc-mont-1994.