NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 27 2022 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
HARSON CHONG, No. 19-56302
Petitioner-Appellant, D.C. Nos. 2:19-cv-04028-ODW 2:12-cr-01016-ODW-2 v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, MEMORANDUM*
Respondent-Appellee.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 19-56303
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. Nos. 2:19-cv-04025-ODW 2:12-cr-01016-ODW-1 v.
TAC TRAN, AKA Tran Tac, AKA Bruce Tran, AKA Tack Tran, AKA Tak Tran, AKA Tau Tran, AKA Ouc Wong,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Otis D. Wright II, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 18, 2022 Pasadena, California
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. Before: BRESS and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges, and LASNIK,** District Judge.
Federal prisoners Harson Chong and Tac Tran appeal the district court’s
denial of their 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motions, challenging their respective convictions
and sentences for conspiracy to distribute controlled substances in violation of
21 U.S.C. § 846; possession with intent to distribute controlled substances in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)-(b); and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a
drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i). Tran was also
convicted of possession of a firearm and ammunition as a felon in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The district court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255, and we have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253(a). We
review a district court’s denial of a § 2255 motion de novo. United States v.
Rodrigues, 347 F.3d 818, 823 (9th Cir. 2003). We vacate and remand for further
proceedings.
1. Chong and Tran argue that they received ineffective assistance of
counsel due to trial counsel’s failure to move to suppress evidence from a 2012
search of Chong’s home on the ground that police unlawfully entered the curtilage
of the house by the garage.
The key facts surrounding the 2012 search that uncovered the evidence
** The Honorable Robert S. Lasnik, United States District Judge for the Western District of Washington, sitting by designation.
2 leading to appellants’ convictions are as follows: the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s
Department (LASD) believed that Tran, a parolee at the time, resided at Chong’s
home and was involving in drug trafficking. Accordingly, the officers planned to
execute a parole compliance check at the residence. Approaching the house, the
LASD officers entered the driveway, which is situated directly in front of the house
and attached garage. While in the driveway, one officer looked through the open
garage door and observed appellant Tran, who, upon seeing the officer, tossed a
baggie containing methamphetamine onto a table. Based on the baggie and $3,900
in cash observed during a subsequent protective sweep, officers obtained a warrant
to search the house.
Chong and Tran’s § 2255 motions claim they received ineffective assistance
of counsel at trial because counsel failed to argue that the evidence uncovered in the
search must be suppressed because the officer was in the curtilage of Chong’s
residence, in alleged violation of the Fourth Amendment, when he saw Tran toss the
baggie. Tran also claims that his counsel was ineffective for failing to submit
evidence to establish his standing to challenge the legality of the search of Chong’s
home.
To demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must show
that counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and
that the conduct prejudiced his defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
3 687–88 (1984). To show prejudice from counsel’s failure to litigate a Fourth
Amendment claim, the defendant must demonstrate that the “claim is meritorious
and that there is a reasonable probability that the verdict would have been different
absent the excludable evidence.” Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 375
(1986).
The strength of appellants’ ineffective assistance of counsel claims turns in
the first instance on whether the portion of the driveway upon which the officer stood
when he saw Tran throw the baggie was curtilage. If an area is part of the curtilage,
it is “part of the home itself for Fourth Amendment purposes.” Collins v. Virginia,
138 S. Ct. 1663, 1670 (2018) (quoting Florida v. Jardines, 569 U.S. 1, 6 (2013)).
Thus, when a law enforcement officer physically intrudes on the curtilage to gather
evidence, a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment has occurred.
Jardines, 569 U.S. at 6, 11. “Such conduct . . . is presumptively unreasonable absent
a warrant.” Collins, 138 S. Ct. at 1670.
In Jardines, the Supreme Court explained that the immediate vicinity of the
home is curtilage. 569 U.S. at 6 (stating that the area “immediately surrounding and
associated with the home” is “part of the home itself for Fourth Amendment
purposes” (quoting Oliver v. United States, 466 U.S. 170, 180 (1984))). The Fourth
Amendment’s protections “would be of little practical value if the State’s agents
could stand in a home’s porch or side garden and trawl for evidence with impunity”
4 or “enter a man’s property to observe his repose from just outside the front window.”
Id. Thus, under Jardines, whether the officers intruded on the curtilage turns on how
close the officers were to the home when they saw Tran toss the baggie. Whether
trial counsel was ineffective in failing to raise this issue likewise turns on the strength
of the curtilage argument under then-existing law. See United States v. Fredman,
390 F.3d 1153, 1156 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that for an ineffective assistance claim,
a § 2255 petitioner must demonstrate “that counsel ‘made errors so serious that
counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth
Amendment,’” and that the errors were prejudicial) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at
687)).
Because the record is insufficiently developed on the curtilage issue, we
vacate and remand so that the district court may conduct further proceedings,
including any necessary evidentiary proceedings, to determine where the deputies
were standing when they saw Tran with the baggie of methamphetamine.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 27 2022 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
HARSON CHONG, No. 19-56302
Petitioner-Appellant, D.C. Nos. 2:19-cv-04028-ODW 2:12-cr-01016-ODW-2 v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, MEMORANDUM*
Respondent-Appellee.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 19-56303
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. Nos. 2:19-cv-04025-ODW 2:12-cr-01016-ODW-1 v.
TAC TRAN, AKA Tran Tac, AKA Bruce Tran, AKA Tack Tran, AKA Tak Tran, AKA Tau Tran, AKA Ouc Wong,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Otis D. Wright II, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 18, 2022 Pasadena, California
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. Before: BRESS and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges, and LASNIK,** District Judge.
Federal prisoners Harson Chong and Tac Tran appeal the district court’s
denial of their 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motions, challenging their respective convictions
and sentences for conspiracy to distribute controlled substances in violation of
21 U.S.C. § 846; possession with intent to distribute controlled substances in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)-(b); and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a
drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i). Tran was also
convicted of possession of a firearm and ammunition as a felon in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The district court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255, and we have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253(a). We
review a district court’s denial of a § 2255 motion de novo. United States v.
Rodrigues, 347 F.3d 818, 823 (9th Cir. 2003). We vacate and remand for further
proceedings.
1. Chong and Tran argue that they received ineffective assistance of
counsel due to trial counsel’s failure to move to suppress evidence from a 2012
search of Chong’s home on the ground that police unlawfully entered the curtilage
of the house by the garage.
The key facts surrounding the 2012 search that uncovered the evidence
** The Honorable Robert S. Lasnik, United States District Judge for the Western District of Washington, sitting by designation.
2 leading to appellants’ convictions are as follows: the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s
Department (LASD) believed that Tran, a parolee at the time, resided at Chong’s
home and was involving in drug trafficking. Accordingly, the officers planned to
execute a parole compliance check at the residence. Approaching the house, the
LASD officers entered the driveway, which is situated directly in front of the house
and attached garage. While in the driveway, one officer looked through the open
garage door and observed appellant Tran, who, upon seeing the officer, tossed a
baggie containing methamphetamine onto a table. Based on the baggie and $3,900
in cash observed during a subsequent protective sweep, officers obtained a warrant
to search the house.
Chong and Tran’s § 2255 motions claim they received ineffective assistance
of counsel at trial because counsel failed to argue that the evidence uncovered in the
search must be suppressed because the officer was in the curtilage of Chong’s
residence, in alleged violation of the Fourth Amendment, when he saw Tran toss the
baggie. Tran also claims that his counsel was ineffective for failing to submit
evidence to establish his standing to challenge the legality of the search of Chong’s
home.
To demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must show
that counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and
that the conduct prejudiced his defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
3 687–88 (1984). To show prejudice from counsel’s failure to litigate a Fourth
Amendment claim, the defendant must demonstrate that the “claim is meritorious
and that there is a reasonable probability that the verdict would have been different
absent the excludable evidence.” Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 375
(1986).
The strength of appellants’ ineffective assistance of counsel claims turns in
the first instance on whether the portion of the driveway upon which the officer stood
when he saw Tran throw the baggie was curtilage. If an area is part of the curtilage,
it is “part of the home itself for Fourth Amendment purposes.” Collins v. Virginia,
138 S. Ct. 1663, 1670 (2018) (quoting Florida v. Jardines, 569 U.S. 1, 6 (2013)).
Thus, when a law enforcement officer physically intrudes on the curtilage to gather
evidence, a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment has occurred.
Jardines, 569 U.S. at 6, 11. “Such conduct . . . is presumptively unreasonable absent
a warrant.” Collins, 138 S. Ct. at 1670.
In Jardines, the Supreme Court explained that the immediate vicinity of the
home is curtilage. 569 U.S. at 6 (stating that the area “immediately surrounding and
associated with the home” is “part of the home itself for Fourth Amendment
purposes” (quoting Oliver v. United States, 466 U.S. 170, 180 (1984))). The Fourth
Amendment’s protections “would be of little practical value if the State’s agents
could stand in a home’s porch or side garden and trawl for evidence with impunity”
4 or “enter a man’s property to observe his repose from just outside the front window.”
Id. Thus, under Jardines, whether the officers intruded on the curtilage turns on how
close the officers were to the home when they saw Tran toss the baggie. Whether
trial counsel was ineffective in failing to raise this issue likewise turns on the strength
of the curtilage argument under then-existing law. See United States v. Fredman,
390 F.3d 1153, 1156 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that for an ineffective assistance claim,
a § 2255 petitioner must demonstrate “that counsel ‘made errors so serious that
counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth
Amendment,’” and that the errors were prejudicial) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at
687)).
Because the record is insufficiently developed on the curtilage issue, we
vacate and remand so that the district court may conduct further proceedings,
including any necessary evidentiary proceedings, to determine where the deputies
were standing when they saw Tran with the baggie of methamphetamine. The
district court should consider precisely how far from the house and garage the LASD
officers were standing, particularly the officer who saw Tran throw the baggie,
among any other inquiries that the court deems appropriate.
If, based on these inquiries, the district court concludes that the officers were
within the curtilage, the court should then evaluate whether counsel’s failure to raise
this argument rose to the level of deficient performance. If appellants establish
5 deficient performance, appellants would then need to establish prejudice under
Strickland. Appellants bear the burden of establishing both deficient performance
and prejudice. See Fredman, 390 F.3d at 1156; Premo v. Moore, 562 U.S. 115, 132
(2011) (“There is a most substantial burden on the claimant to show ineffective
assistance.”).
2. A § 2255 motion can be denied for lack of deficient performance or
prejudice. In analyzing Strickland prejudice from trial counsel’s alleged
ineffectiveness in not pressing the curtilage argument, the district court should
consider whether the exclusionary rule applied to the evidence obtained in the
officers’ search, or whether the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule applied
given the officers’ original parole search justification. See, e.g., United States v.
Lustig, 830 F.3d 1075, 1077 (9th Cir. 2016) (When “binding appellate precedent at
the time of the search[] . . . provide[s] a reasonable basis to believe the search[]
w[as] constitutional, the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule applies to the
evidence obtained from th[e] search[].”). The district court may also consider
whether the government already forfeited or waived the good faith argument.1
1 Appellant Tran also claims that he suffered ineffective assistance based on counsel’s failure to establish Tran’s standing to challenge the search. The district court premised its rejection of this argument on the perceived infirmity of the appellants’ curtilage argument, which we conclude requires additional factual evaluation for the reasons stated above. Although the parties now trade additional arguments on appeal as to why counsel’s failure to raise the standing issue either
6 VACATED AND REMANDED.
was or was not independently ineffective, the district court has yet to address those arguments, which may require additional factual development. It may do so in connection with its further evaluation of the curtilage argument.