By the Court.
Lumpkin, J.
delivering the opinion.
I do not propose, on the present occasion, to review any of the doctrines held by this Court, when these parties were last before us, in January, 1849. See 6 Ga. Rep. 130. We see no reason to change or modify any of the principles then enunciated. Moreover, we agree with the counsel for the plaintiff in error, that the questions made by the record, are entirely new, and uncontrolled by any previous adjudications -which we have made. It is true, that the argument which has been submitted by Col. Benning, controverts some of the positions which we endeavored to establish in the previous case. His bill of exceptions, however, steers clear of them, and we are content to address ourselves exclusively to that.
[1.] The Act of 1837, incorporating the Irwinton Bridge Com[363]*363pany, provides that if either party shall think proper, they may appeal to the Superior Court of Randolph County, and have the damages assessed by the appraisers, for the land taken for the eastern abutment of the bridge, ascertained by the verdict of a Special Jury. An appeal was entered in this case by the owner of tire land, and the first error complained of is, that the presiding Judge held, that the opposite party was entitled to open and conclude.
The corporation brought this case into Court. They were the movants or actors, and the appeal does not change the relation of the parties as they originally stood. The damages in this, as in all other cases of appeal, have to be assessed, de novo, upon the evidence produced before the Special Jury. On this point, then, we think the judgment of the Circuit Court was correct, and ought to be affirmed.
A preliminary motion was made by the Harrisons, to quash the whole proceeding, upon the ground that the award from which the appeal was entered, by a majority only of the appraisers, and not by the whole number. Counsel waives this objection, on account of a decision already rendered at this term, in the mandamus case between Bell and Strange, covering this exception.
[2.] Counsel for the appellants offered to set up a title, by prescription, to their ferry over the Chattahoochee river; that the Harrisons, and those under whom they claimed, had been in the continuous and uninterrrupted use of this public easement, since the year 1832, and they claim compensation for this disturbance of their franchise.
There is no doubt that seven years’ uninterrupted user of this ferry, would be prima facie evidence, at least of a prescriptive right. Proof of a regular usage for twenty years in England, (in this State seven,) not explained or contradicted, is that upon which many private and public rights are held, and sufficient for a Jury in finding the existence of an immemorial custom. 2 Barn. & Cres. 54. 2 Saund. 175, a. d. Peake’s Ev. 336. 2 Price’s R. 450. 4 Ib. 198. Every such claim is good if, by possibility, it might have had a legal existence. 1 Term Rep. 667. And Lord [364]*364Kenyon is reported by Lord Ellenborough, in Johnson vs. Ireland, (11 East, 284,) to have said, that he would not only presume one, but one hundred grants, if necessary to support such a long enjoyment.
But the difficulty here is, that the commencement of the user runs back only to 1832, which is within less than seven years of the time when the charter for this bridge was granted by the Legislature. The party, therefore, cannot claim title by prescription, and the Court was right in rejecting the evidence.
[3.] Had the proof been sufficient to sustain this prescriptive claim, we understand the constitutional doctrine to be now well settled in this country, that a grantee takes nothing by implication; and the right set up by the Harrisons, not being exclusive in its terms, the subsequent charter conferred on the Irwinton Bridge Company did not impair their ferry franchise. Charles River Bridge vs. Warren Bridge et al. 11 Peters’ Rep. 420.
[4.] Counsel for the Harrisons then proposed to prove the value of the land seized and occupied by the company as a bridge site, and that the land for the western abutment cost the company $6000, and that the location on the eastern side of the river was worth equally as much, and insisted that the value of the land for this and all other legitimate purposes, was proper to be submitted to the Jury, to enable them to estimate correctly the damages to be paid by the company. But this the Court refused, and restricted the evidence to the actual value of the land for its agricultural and productive qualities.
When land or any other property is taken for public use, the owner is entitled to compensation for its whole value; — not for this or that particular object, but for all purposes to which it may be appropriated. Suppose I have on my premises a waterfall, admirably adapted to machinery, and a portion of my land is seized and applied to the erection of a bridge or the construction of a railroad, so as to render the water-power unavailable ; in computing my damages, ought not this fact to be taken into consideration ? The value of land or any thing else, is its price in the market. Concede, then, that the right to erect this bridge is not in the Harrisons, but has been bestowed by the State [365]*365upon this company, ought not the owners of the land to be paid for the worth of the site to the company ? Who, in making investments of capital in real estate, is not influenced by the consideration, that it will be valuable for a town, bridge, ferry, mill, manufacture, &c. ? We hold, therefore, that our brother Warren, who ruled this case below, was mistaken as to the law which regulates this branch of the investigation.
[5.] But this is not the only injury for which the Harrisons are entitled to compensation. They hold under grants from the State, all the land for several miles on the stream, above and below the bridge. ' And while we distinctly repudiate the proposition, that these grants carry with them, as an appurtenance, the privilege of keeping a public ferry, we admit that they take under it a right of private ferry for themselves and their families. This incorporial hereditament passes with the conveyance of the fee, mm pertinentiis. So far as the bridge then, by its location, interferes with this right, the proprietors are entitled to remuneration. If there was but one crossing place, and that was occupied by the bridge, so as to force the owners of the adjoining lands to pay toll, the detriment would be aggravated. As it is, they are entitled to be paid for the disturbance to their right of crossing the river at any. point within their grants, if, indeed, any injury or inconvenience has resulted therefrom. This interest, feeble as it may he, may justly he considered as matter of “value to the owners, and to any other party who may become the purchasers under them. If the Act of incorporation had never passed, the owners would never have been dispossessed. It is but right, therefore, that the beneficiaries under it, should make “just compensation” for every interest, however infirm it may be, which the owners have lost by reason of the passing of the Act.
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By the Court.
Lumpkin, J.
delivering the opinion.
I do not propose, on the present occasion, to review any of the doctrines held by this Court, when these parties were last before us, in January, 1849. See 6 Ga. Rep. 130. We see no reason to change or modify any of the principles then enunciated. Moreover, we agree with the counsel for the plaintiff in error, that the questions made by the record, are entirely new, and uncontrolled by any previous adjudications -which we have made. It is true, that the argument which has been submitted by Col. Benning, controverts some of the positions which we endeavored to establish in the previous case. His bill of exceptions, however, steers clear of them, and we are content to address ourselves exclusively to that.
[1.] The Act of 1837, incorporating the Irwinton Bridge Com[363]*363pany, provides that if either party shall think proper, they may appeal to the Superior Court of Randolph County, and have the damages assessed by the appraisers, for the land taken for the eastern abutment of the bridge, ascertained by the verdict of a Special Jury. An appeal was entered in this case by the owner of tire land, and the first error complained of is, that the presiding Judge held, that the opposite party was entitled to open and conclude.
The corporation brought this case into Court. They were the movants or actors, and the appeal does not change the relation of the parties as they originally stood. The damages in this, as in all other cases of appeal, have to be assessed, de novo, upon the evidence produced before the Special Jury. On this point, then, we think the judgment of the Circuit Court was correct, and ought to be affirmed.
A preliminary motion was made by the Harrisons, to quash the whole proceeding, upon the ground that the award from which the appeal was entered, by a majority only of the appraisers, and not by the whole number. Counsel waives this objection, on account of a decision already rendered at this term, in the mandamus case between Bell and Strange, covering this exception.
[2.] Counsel for the appellants offered to set up a title, by prescription, to their ferry over the Chattahoochee river; that the Harrisons, and those under whom they claimed, had been in the continuous and uninterrrupted use of this public easement, since the year 1832, and they claim compensation for this disturbance of their franchise.
There is no doubt that seven years’ uninterrupted user of this ferry, would be prima facie evidence, at least of a prescriptive right. Proof of a regular usage for twenty years in England, (in this State seven,) not explained or contradicted, is that upon which many private and public rights are held, and sufficient for a Jury in finding the existence of an immemorial custom. 2 Barn. & Cres. 54. 2 Saund. 175, a. d. Peake’s Ev. 336. 2 Price’s R. 450. 4 Ib. 198. Every such claim is good if, by possibility, it might have had a legal existence. 1 Term Rep. 667. And Lord [364]*364Kenyon is reported by Lord Ellenborough, in Johnson vs. Ireland, (11 East, 284,) to have said, that he would not only presume one, but one hundred grants, if necessary to support such a long enjoyment.
But the difficulty here is, that the commencement of the user runs back only to 1832, which is within less than seven years of the time when the charter for this bridge was granted by the Legislature. The party, therefore, cannot claim title by prescription, and the Court was right in rejecting the evidence.
[3.] Had the proof been sufficient to sustain this prescriptive claim, we understand the constitutional doctrine to be now well settled in this country, that a grantee takes nothing by implication; and the right set up by the Harrisons, not being exclusive in its terms, the subsequent charter conferred on the Irwinton Bridge Company did not impair their ferry franchise. Charles River Bridge vs. Warren Bridge et al. 11 Peters’ Rep. 420.
[4.] Counsel for the Harrisons then proposed to prove the value of the land seized and occupied by the company as a bridge site, and that the land for the western abutment cost the company $6000, and that the location on the eastern side of the river was worth equally as much, and insisted that the value of the land for this and all other legitimate purposes, was proper to be submitted to the Jury, to enable them to estimate correctly the damages to be paid by the company. But this the Court refused, and restricted the evidence to the actual value of the land for its agricultural and productive qualities.
When land or any other property is taken for public use, the owner is entitled to compensation for its whole value; — not for this or that particular object, but for all purposes to which it may be appropriated. Suppose I have on my premises a waterfall, admirably adapted to machinery, and a portion of my land is seized and applied to the erection of a bridge or the construction of a railroad, so as to render the water-power unavailable ; in computing my damages, ought not this fact to be taken into consideration ? The value of land or any thing else, is its price in the market. Concede, then, that the right to erect this bridge is not in the Harrisons, but has been bestowed by the State [365]*365upon this company, ought not the owners of the land to be paid for the worth of the site to the company ? Who, in making investments of capital in real estate, is not influenced by the consideration, that it will be valuable for a town, bridge, ferry, mill, manufacture, &c. ? We hold, therefore, that our brother Warren, who ruled this case below, was mistaken as to the law which regulates this branch of the investigation.
[5.] But this is not the only injury for which the Harrisons are entitled to compensation. They hold under grants from the State, all the land for several miles on the stream, above and below the bridge. ' And while we distinctly repudiate the proposition, that these grants carry with them, as an appurtenance, the privilege of keeping a public ferry, we admit that they take under it a right of private ferry for themselves and their families. This incorporial hereditament passes with the conveyance of the fee, mm pertinentiis. So far as the bridge then, by its location, interferes with this right, the proprietors are entitled to remuneration. If there was but one crossing place, and that was occupied by the bridge, so as to force the owners of the adjoining lands to pay toll, the detriment would be aggravated. As it is, they are entitled to be paid for the disturbance to their right of crossing the river at any. point within their grants, if, indeed, any injury or inconvenience has resulted therefrom. This interest, feeble as it may he, may justly he considered as matter of “value to the owners, and to any other party who may become the purchasers under them. If the Act of incorporation had never passed, the owners would never have been dispossessed. It is but right, therefore, that the beneficiaries under it, should make “just compensation” for every interest, however infirm it may be, which the owners have lost by reason of the passing of the Act.
Counsel for the Harrisons requested the Court to charge the Jury, that they could find nó verdict for the company, which would vest in them the title to the land in dispute, because there was no evidence to show that they had complied with the terms imposed by their charter, as- a condition precedent to any right to be acquired under the Act of incorporation; and further, that [366]*366the notice, affidavit, award, and other papers before them, were not to be considered as evidence, for want of proof of their execution.
The Court refused to charge as requested, but, on the contrary, instructed the Jury, that it was the duty of the Inferior Court to see that the law had been complied with, as to all these preliminary matters, and the presumption was that the Court had discharged its duty.
There are two questions presented in this part, of the record—
[6.] 1st. What did the appeal bring up to the Superior Court? Certainly not the whole record, upon the law as well as the facts, as in ordinary cases of appeal, but solely the measure ■of damages, as found by the appraisers. If the party is aggrieved as to any misdirection as to the law, he must seek redress by certiorari,-or in some other way. And the Judge was right in holding that the appellants were precluded from going into any Inquiry of this sort, upon the issue before the Special Jury.
[7.] 2d. Is it regular, after testimony has been submitted to the Jury without objection, and no effort made to withdraw it from their consideration, to call upon the Court, after the argument has closed, to charge the Jury, that they cannot pass upon it, because it has been illegally admitted? We think not. And this case illustrates, most strikingly, the impropriety of such a practice. The complaint is, that certain papers were suffered to go to the Jury, without proof of their execution. Had this objec-" tion been made and sustained at the proper time, the evidence could probably have been supplied. Taken when it was, no argument could be heard as to its competency. It came, therefore, too late.
But again we say, that this matter was not open at this stage •of the proceeding — the amount of the damages being the only •question that was put in issue by the appeal.
Judgment reversed.