OPINION
SAM NUCHIA, Justice.
Appellee, Leroy Stanley, filed an election contest against appellant, Donald Harrison, after an exceedingly close final vote tally in a runoff election for a Pasadena City Council position. The trial court refused appellant’s request to include in the final tally three ballots in his favor that had been excluded by the Early Voting Ballot Board. Appellant filed this expedited appeal. Appellant contends that the trial court erred in excluding the ballots at issue. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
On May 7, 2005, an election pitting appellant against appellee was held for a seat on the Pasadena City Council; it resulted in a tie, necessitating a run-off election. The run-off election was almost as close: 591 votes were tallied for appellant, 590 for appellee. During the course of the ballot counting, the Early Voting Ballot Board (“Board”) excluded three ballots from consideration because the signatures on the carrier envelopes and mail-in ballot applications did not match, as required by the Election Code.1 Appellee filed an election [583]*583contest, and, after discovery, the parties stipulated that two of appellant’s votes were impermissibly counted because one voter lived outside the geographic boundary of the district in question and the other voter’s registration status had not become effective until after the run-off election. This placed appellee ahead by one vote, 590 to 589.
After appellee rested his case, appellant introduced the applications for ballot by mail and carrier envelopes of three voters — Donald Howard, Angel Marino, and Gary Gray — who had voted for him. The trial court heard testimony from each of the three voters and, via their depositions, from the four Board members. The Board members testified that they found, as to appellant’s three proffered voters, that the signatures on the applications for ballots by mail were not made by the same person who signed the carrier envelopes, thereby violating election law statutes. The trial court agreed, finding that the relevant signatures did not match. The trial court further found that “assistance,” as defined in the Texas Election Code, had been given to each of the proffered voters, in contravention of same.2 The court also found that none of the three proffered voters had a physical disability such that they could not write or see.3
DISCUSSION
The standard of review for an appeal from a judgment in an election contest is whether the trial court abused its discretion. Tiller v. Martinez, 974 S.W.2d 769, 772 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1998, pet. dism’d w.o.j.). To overturn an election, the contestant must show that the outcome, as shown by the final canvass, is not the true outcome, either because illegal votes were counted or because an election official prevented eligible voters from voting, failed to count legal votes, or engaged in other fraud or illegal conduct or made a mistake. See Tex. Elec.Code Ann. § 221.003 (Vernon 2003).4 The contestant has the burden to make this showing by clear and convincing evidence. Alvarez v. Espinoza, 844 S.W.2d 238, 242 (Tex.App.San Antonio 1992, writ dism’d w.o.j.). The law presumes that the Ballot Board acted properly in rejecting and accepting ballots; to overcome this presumption, a challenger [584]*584must show by clear and convincing evidence that the board erred. Id. at 244.
“To determine whether the trial court abused its discretion, we must review and compare each signature on the early voting ballot applications and carrier envelopes the trial court found to be non-genuine to ascertain whether the signatures are similar enough (i) to compel the conclusion that the same person signed them, or (ii) to override the trial court’s conclusion that the same person did not sign them.” Reese v. Duncan, 80 S.W.3d 650, 661 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2002) (“We do not determine the credibility of any witness or substitute our judgment for that of the trial court.”); see also Alvarez, 844 S.W.2d at 245
Election Code Requirements & Ballot Board
Appellant’s first argument is that the Ballot Board incorrectly rejected the three ballots at issue because it impermis-sibly required that the signatures on the ballot envelope and mail-in application match- — -a requirement, he argues, not compelled by the Election Code.
To be entitled to vote an early voting ballot by mail, the application must be signed by the eligible voter. Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 84.001(b) (Vernon 2003). A witness may sign for the voter if the voter cannot sign due to a physical disability or illiteracy. Id. § 1.011(a). A person who fails to comply with section 84.001 of the Election Code is not entitled to receive an early voting ballot by mail. Id. § 84.001(f). A voter is required to sign the certificate on the carrier envelope after it is sealed. Id. § 86.005(c). After the early voting clerk delivers the early voting ballots by mail to the Ballot Board, the Board may accept a ballot, among other requirements, if neither the voter’s signature on the application nor the signature on the carrier envelope is “determined to have been executed by a person other than the voter, unless signed by a witness.” Id. § 87.041(b)(2). If the Ballot Board rejects a ballot, it shall enter ‘rejected’ on the carrier envelope. Id. § 87.041(d).
Section 87.041(b)(2) of the Election Code provides:
(b) A ballot may be accepted only if:
[[Image here]]
(2) neither the voter’s signature on the ballot application nor the signature on the carrier envelope certificate is determined to have been executed by a person other than the voter, unless signed by a witness.
Id. § 87.041(b)(2). Clearly, what the Ballot Board is required to do is ensure that the same voter signed both the ballot application and carrier envelope. In order to ensure such, section 87.041(e) provides:
(e) In making the determination under Subsection (b)(2), the board may also compare the signatures with the signature on the voter’s registration application to confirm that the signatures match but may not use the registration application signature to determine that the signatures do not match.
Id. at § 87.041(e).
Appellant parses the statutory language to require only that both signatures be that of the voter, not that the signatures are required to match. Moreover, or so his argument goes, if, as according to subsection (e), the Ballot Board may not use “the registration application signature to determine that the signatures do not match,” why should “the mail-in application and ballot [carrier] envelope signatures be use [sic] to invalidate each other?”
However, appellant’s argument does not square with election law jurisprudence of [585]*585our state.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
OPINION
SAM NUCHIA, Justice.
Appellee, Leroy Stanley, filed an election contest against appellant, Donald Harrison, after an exceedingly close final vote tally in a runoff election for a Pasadena City Council position. The trial court refused appellant’s request to include in the final tally three ballots in his favor that had been excluded by the Early Voting Ballot Board. Appellant filed this expedited appeal. Appellant contends that the trial court erred in excluding the ballots at issue. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
On May 7, 2005, an election pitting appellant against appellee was held for a seat on the Pasadena City Council; it resulted in a tie, necessitating a run-off election. The run-off election was almost as close: 591 votes were tallied for appellant, 590 for appellee. During the course of the ballot counting, the Early Voting Ballot Board (“Board”) excluded three ballots from consideration because the signatures on the carrier envelopes and mail-in ballot applications did not match, as required by the Election Code.1 Appellee filed an election [583]*583contest, and, after discovery, the parties stipulated that two of appellant’s votes were impermissibly counted because one voter lived outside the geographic boundary of the district in question and the other voter’s registration status had not become effective until after the run-off election. This placed appellee ahead by one vote, 590 to 589.
After appellee rested his case, appellant introduced the applications for ballot by mail and carrier envelopes of three voters — Donald Howard, Angel Marino, and Gary Gray — who had voted for him. The trial court heard testimony from each of the three voters and, via their depositions, from the four Board members. The Board members testified that they found, as to appellant’s three proffered voters, that the signatures on the applications for ballots by mail were not made by the same person who signed the carrier envelopes, thereby violating election law statutes. The trial court agreed, finding that the relevant signatures did not match. The trial court further found that “assistance,” as defined in the Texas Election Code, had been given to each of the proffered voters, in contravention of same.2 The court also found that none of the three proffered voters had a physical disability such that they could not write or see.3
DISCUSSION
The standard of review for an appeal from a judgment in an election contest is whether the trial court abused its discretion. Tiller v. Martinez, 974 S.W.2d 769, 772 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1998, pet. dism’d w.o.j.). To overturn an election, the contestant must show that the outcome, as shown by the final canvass, is not the true outcome, either because illegal votes were counted or because an election official prevented eligible voters from voting, failed to count legal votes, or engaged in other fraud or illegal conduct or made a mistake. See Tex. Elec.Code Ann. § 221.003 (Vernon 2003).4 The contestant has the burden to make this showing by clear and convincing evidence. Alvarez v. Espinoza, 844 S.W.2d 238, 242 (Tex.App.San Antonio 1992, writ dism’d w.o.j.). The law presumes that the Ballot Board acted properly in rejecting and accepting ballots; to overcome this presumption, a challenger [584]*584must show by clear and convincing evidence that the board erred. Id. at 244.
“To determine whether the trial court abused its discretion, we must review and compare each signature on the early voting ballot applications and carrier envelopes the trial court found to be non-genuine to ascertain whether the signatures are similar enough (i) to compel the conclusion that the same person signed them, or (ii) to override the trial court’s conclusion that the same person did not sign them.” Reese v. Duncan, 80 S.W.3d 650, 661 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2002) (“We do not determine the credibility of any witness or substitute our judgment for that of the trial court.”); see also Alvarez, 844 S.W.2d at 245
Election Code Requirements & Ballot Board
Appellant’s first argument is that the Ballot Board incorrectly rejected the three ballots at issue because it impermis-sibly required that the signatures on the ballot envelope and mail-in application match- — -a requirement, he argues, not compelled by the Election Code.
To be entitled to vote an early voting ballot by mail, the application must be signed by the eligible voter. Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 84.001(b) (Vernon 2003). A witness may sign for the voter if the voter cannot sign due to a physical disability or illiteracy. Id. § 1.011(a). A person who fails to comply with section 84.001 of the Election Code is not entitled to receive an early voting ballot by mail. Id. § 84.001(f). A voter is required to sign the certificate on the carrier envelope after it is sealed. Id. § 86.005(c). After the early voting clerk delivers the early voting ballots by mail to the Ballot Board, the Board may accept a ballot, among other requirements, if neither the voter’s signature on the application nor the signature on the carrier envelope is “determined to have been executed by a person other than the voter, unless signed by a witness.” Id. § 87.041(b)(2). If the Ballot Board rejects a ballot, it shall enter ‘rejected’ on the carrier envelope. Id. § 87.041(d).
Section 87.041(b)(2) of the Election Code provides:
(b) A ballot may be accepted only if:
[[Image here]]
(2) neither the voter’s signature on the ballot application nor the signature on the carrier envelope certificate is determined to have been executed by a person other than the voter, unless signed by a witness.
Id. § 87.041(b)(2). Clearly, what the Ballot Board is required to do is ensure that the same voter signed both the ballot application and carrier envelope. In order to ensure such, section 87.041(e) provides:
(e) In making the determination under Subsection (b)(2), the board may also compare the signatures with the signature on the voter’s registration application to confirm that the signatures match but may not use the registration application signature to determine that the signatures do not match.
Id. at § 87.041(e).
Appellant parses the statutory language to require only that both signatures be that of the voter, not that the signatures are required to match. Moreover, or so his argument goes, if, as according to subsection (e), the Ballot Board may not use “the registration application signature to determine that the signatures do not match,” why should “the mail-in application and ballot [carrier] envelope signatures be use [sic] to invalidate each other?”
However, appellant’s argument does not square with election law jurisprudence of [585]*585our state. Several courts of appeals have held that the Election Code does give the Ballot Board the authority to compare the signatures on the carrier envelope and ballot application to determine if they are sufficiently similar so as to compel the conclusion that they were made by the same person. In Reese, the court held:
The contestant must overcome the presumption that the early voting ballot board or signature-verification committee acted properly in rejecting or accepting ballots. The contestant must show that the board erred. In determining whether there is a signature discrepancy involving an early voting ballot, the trial court may hear testimony from the voter or other witnesses on the similarity of the signatures and may compare the signatures to refute the signature verification committee’s decision.
Having reviewed and compared each pair of challenged signatures in the trial court’s finding of fact number twenty-three, we conclude none of the pairs of signatures are similar enough to compel the conclusion that the voter signed the ballot application or carrier envelope or both, or to override the trial court’s finding that either the ballot application or the carrier envelope or both were not signed by the voter.
80 S.W.3d at 661-62 (internal citations omitted); see also Alvarez, 844 S.W.2d at 245 (“The law places the burden on those who vote early by mail to sign both the application and the envelope with signa-toes that match. The Early Voting Ballot Board must act on the basis of the signatures before it.”). Therefore, the Ballot Board acted in accordance with both statutory and case law in rejecting the ballots. We hold that the Ballot Board acted properly in comparing the signatures on the application and carrier envelope to determine whether they were signed by the same person.
The Trial Court’s Rejection of the Ballots
Appellant’s other argument asserts that the trial court erred in rejecting the mail-in ballot applications of Donald Howard, Angel Marino, and Gary Gray. We analyze each ballot separately.
The Howard Ballot
Appellant argues that because Howard testified that the signatures on both the carrier envelope and ballot application were his, the trial court ei*red in rejecting his ballot. Specifically, appellant argues here that the trial court erred because it relied on the Ballot Board’s decision that the relevant signatures did not match — and repeats his argument that the correct standard is whether the signatures were made by the same person. However, because we held above that it was not error for the Ballot Board, nor, by extension of that same reasoning, the trial court, to compare the signatures, what is left of appellant’s argument consists of asking us to substitute our judgment for that of the trial court. We decline to do that.
First, it is clear from our review of the signatures that they are not sufficiently similar to compel the conclusion that the voter signed both the carrier envelope and the ballot application. One signature evinces the hand of one who does not have great control over the writing instrument, while the other looks to be the signature of a person with normal motor control. Moreover, the trial court was entitled to believe all, part, or none of the testimony that it heard from Howard. See Murders Corp. v. Swissco-Young Indus., Inc., 100 S.W.3d 292, 299 (Tex.App.-Houston [1 Dist.] 2002) (holding that trial court entitled to believe all, part, or none of evidence adduced). Therefore, we hold that the [586]*586trial court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting Howard’s ballot. Tiller, 974 S.W.2d at 777.
The Marino Ballot
Angel Marino admitted that his two signatures did not match. However, he testified that he printed his name on the carrier envelope — because he thought this was the proper protocol — but penned his usual signature on the ballot application. We can fault neither the Ballot Board nor the trial court for concluding that the signatures do not match — they clearly do not (appellant admits as much), and they certainly do not compel the conclusion that they are sufficiently similar such that they were made by the same person. Therefore, because our review of the signatures mirrors that of the Ballot Board’s and the trial court’s, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting Marino’s ballot. Id.
The Gray Ballot
Gray’s ballot differs in the material sense in that, according to his testimony, his wife signed his ballot application and he signed the carrier envelope. Appellant argues that when certain sections of the Election Code are read together they support a spousal exception to the statutory requirement that the signatures be made by the same person.
Section 84.003 of the Election Code provides:
(a) An early voting ballot application signed for the applicant by a witness other than the early voting clerk or a deputy must indicate the witness’s relationship to the applicant or, if unrelated, indicate that fact.
(b) A person who acts as a witness for an applicant for an early voting ballot application commits an offense if the person knowingly fails to comply with Section 1.011.5 A person who in the presence of the applicant otherwise assists an applicant in completing an early voting ballot application commits an offense if the person knowingly fails to comply with Section 1.011(d) in the same manner as a witness.
(c) An offense under this section is a Class A misdemeanor.
(d) Subsection (b) does not apply if the person is related to the applicant within the second degree by affinity or the third degree by consanguinity, as determined under Subchapter B, Chapter 573, Government Code, or is registered to vote at the same address as the applicant.
Tex. Elec.Code Ann. § 84.003 (Vernon Supp.2005) (emphasis added). Appellant asserts, correctly, that when one person signs a voter’s ballot application in such a manner that it does not conform with sec[587]*587tion 1.011, section 84.003(d) creates statutory immunity for a person related to the voter within the prescribed degrees of consanguinity or affinity. See id. at § 84.003(d). However, this does not, as appellant would have it, “support the argument that husbands and wives, residing together, can sign ballot applications for each other.”
Section 84.003(d) of the statute only prevents a misdemeanor prosecution of a relative who knowingly fails to comply with the Election Code. It does not speak to the requirement delineated in section 84.003(a) that a person signing a ballot application must indicate that person’s relationship to the voter. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Gray’s ballot.6
We conclude that the trial court acted properly in excluding the ballots proffered by appellant and overrule appellant’s second point of error.
CONCLUSION
The decision of the trial court is affirmed in all respects.