1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA
3 * * *
4 RENE G. HARRIS, Case No. 2:24-cv-01342-RFB-EJY
5 Plaintiff, ORDER
6 v. AND
7 AARON FORD, REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION 8 Defendant.
9 10 Pending before the Court is Plaintiff’s application to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”) and 11 “Motion for Constitutional Challenge/Declaratory Challenge to NRS 207.016 and Request for 12 Certification by the Court Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201.” ECF Nos. 1, 1-1. Plaintiff’s IFP 13 application is complete and granted below. 14 I. Screening Standard 15 Upon granting a request to proceed in forma pauperis, a court must screen the complaint 16 under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). In screening a complaint, a court must identify cognizable claims and 17 dismiss claims that are frivolous, malicious, fail to state a claim on which relief may be granted or 18 seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). 19 Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012). 20 To survive § 1915 review, a complaint must “contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as 21 true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 22 (2009). Courts liberally construes pro se complaints and may only dismiss them “if it appears 23 beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle 24 him to relief.” Nordstrom v. Ryan, 762 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 25 678). 26 In considering whether the complaint is sufficient to state a claim, all allegations of material 27 fact are taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Wyler Summit P’ship 1 standard under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) does not require detailed factual allegations, 2 a plaintiff must provide more than mere labels and conclusions. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 3 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). A formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action is insufficient. Id. 4 Unless it is clear the complaint’s deficiencies cannot be cured through amendment, a pro se plaintiff 5 should be given leave to amend the complaint with notice regarding the complaint’s deficiencies. 6 Cato v. United States, 70 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir. 1995). 7 II. Plaintiff does not State a Claim Upon Which Relief May be Granted 8 Plaintiff’s Motion seeks to challenge the constitutionality of Nevada Revised Statute 9 (“NRS”) 207.016, subsection 3. Specifically, Plaintiff asserts NRS 207.016(3) is facially 10 unconstitutional because the subsection denied Defendant, and denies defendants generally, the right 11 to be heard at sentencing. ECF No. 1-1 at 2-3. Plaintiff further says this subsection is vague, 12 ambiguous, and not written to avoid arbitrariness. Id. at 3. Plaintiff seeks “declaratory” relief 13 because it was unlawful in his case to “to impose [a] habitual felon sentence on invalid priors” 14 applicable to him. Id. at 2. Plaintiff submits that because the Court has an obligation to hear all 15 evidence presented by the prosecution and defendant, and “the defendant may not challenge the 16 validity of previous convictions, this effectively prevents ‘the defendant’ from presenting all relevant 17 evidence to the Court.” Id. at 4. Plaintiff closes his Motion stating he is raising a “constitutional/ 18 declaratory challenge to NRS 207.016(3).” Id. at 5. 19 In Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521, 533-34 (2011), the U.S. Supreme Court established 20 that a prisoner may be able to state a cognizable 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim by alleging a general 21 constitutional challenge to a state statute, but not by challenging such statute’s application in the 22 individual defendant’s case. See also, Nettles v Grounds, 830 F.3d 922, 934 (9th Cir. 2016) (“If the 23 prisoner’s claim challenges the fact or duration of the conviction or sentence[] compliance with 24 AEDPA is mandated, while if the claim challenges any other aspect of prison life, the prisoner must 25 comply with the PLRA.”).1 26 27 1 U.S. Supreme Court precedent also establishes that prior to initiating a civil action which 2 “necessarily require[s] the plaintiff to prove the unlawfulness of his conviction or confinement,” the 3 plaintiff must “prove that the conviction or sentence has been reversed on direct appeal, expunged 4 by executive order, declared invalid by a state tribunal authorized to make such determination, or 5 called into question by a federal court’s issuance of a writ of habeas corpus ....” Heck v. Humphrey, 6 512 U.S. 477, 486-87 (1994); see also Huftile v. Miccio-Fonseca, 410 F.3d 1136, 1139 (9th Cir. 7 2005) quoting, in part, Heck, 512 U.S. at 486 (“[i]n creating the favorable termination rule in Heck, 8 the Court relied on ‘the hoary principle that civil tort actions are not appropriate vehicles for 9 challenging the validity of outstanding criminal judgments.’”); Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 10 500 (1973) (holding that habeas corpus is the exclusive remedy for a state prisoner who challenges 11 the fact or duration of his confinement and seeks immediate or speedier release, even though such a 12 claim may come within the literal terms of § 1983). As stated by the Ninth Circuit, “Heck’s favorable 13 termination rule was intended to prevent a person in custody from using § 1983 to circumvent the 14 more stringent requirements for habeas corpus.” Huftile, 410 F.3d. at 1139. 15 Here, there is no doubt Plaintiff is incarcerated post-conviction as he identifies his address 16 as Nevada’s High Desert State Prison. However, what is not entirely clear is whether Plaintiff seeks 17 solely to invalidate his sentence and obtain a speedier release for himself or if he is trying to state a 18 claim based on a general challenge to the constitutionality of NRS 207.016(3). After careful review 19 of Plaintiff’s filing, the Court finds it reasonable to infer from Plaintiff’s allegations that he seeks to 20 demonstrate NRS 207.016(3) is unconstitutional such that his sentence as a habitual felon is invalid 21 and must be reduced. This is a claim that falls under Heck and must be brought through a habeas 22 petition. Presier, 411 U.S. at 500.
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1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA
3 * * *
4 RENE G. HARRIS, Case No. 2:24-cv-01342-RFB-EJY
5 Plaintiff, ORDER
6 v. AND
7 AARON FORD, REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION 8 Defendant.
9 10 Pending before the Court is Plaintiff’s application to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”) and 11 “Motion for Constitutional Challenge/Declaratory Challenge to NRS 207.016 and Request for 12 Certification by the Court Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201.” ECF Nos. 1, 1-1. Plaintiff’s IFP 13 application is complete and granted below. 14 I. Screening Standard 15 Upon granting a request to proceed in forma pauperis, a court must screen the complaint 16 under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). In screening a complaint, a court must identify cognizable claims and 17 dismiss claims that are frivolous, malicious, fail to state a claim on which relief may be granted or 18 seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). 19 Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012). 20 To survive § 1915 review, a complaint must “contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as 21 true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 22 (2009). Courts liberally construes pro se complaints and may only dismiss them “if it appears 23 beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle 24 him to relief.” Nordstrom v. Ryan, 762 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 25 678). 26 In considering whether the complaint is sufficient to state a claim, all allegations of material 27 fact are taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Wyler Summit P’ship 1 standard under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) does not require detailed factual allegations, 2 a plaintiff must provide more than mere labels and conclusions. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 3 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). A formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action is insufficient. Id. 4 Unless it is clear the complaint’s deficiencies cannot be cured through amendment, a pro se plaintiff 5 should be given leave to amend the complaint with notice regarding the complaint’s deficiencies. 6 Cato v. United States, 70 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir. 1995). 7 II. Plaintiff does not State a Claim Upon Which Relief May be Granted 8 Plaintiff’s Motion seeks to challenge the constitutionality of Nevada Revised Statute 9 (“NRS”) 207.016, subsection 3. Specifically, Plaintiff asserts NRS 207.016(3) is facially 10 unconstitutional because the subsection denied Defendant, and denies defendants generally, the right 11 to be heard at sentencing. ECF No. 1-1 at 2-3. Plaintiff further says this subsection is vague, 12 ambiguous, and not written to avoid arbitrariness. Id. at 3. Plaintiff seeks “declaratory” relief 13 because it was unlawful in his case to “to impose [a] habitual felon sentence on invalid priors” 14 applicable to him. Id. at 2. Plaintiff submits that because the Court has an obligation to hear all 15 evidence presented by the prosecution and defendant, and “the defendant may not challenge the 16 validity of previous convictions, this effectively prevents ‘the defendant’ from presenting all relevant 17 evidence to the Court.” Id. at 4. Plaintiff closes his Motion stating he is raising a “constitutional/ 18 declaratory challenge to NRS 207.016(3).” Id. at 5. 19 In Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521, 533-34 (2011), the U.S. Supreme Court established 20 that a prisoner may be able to state a cognizable 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim by alleging a general 21 constitutional challenge to a state statute, but not by challenging such statute’s application in the 22 individual defendant’s case. See also, Nettles v Grounds, 830 F.3d 922, 934 (9th Cir. 2016) (“If the 23 prisoner’s claim challenges the fact or duration of the conviction or sentence[] compliance with 24 AEDPA is mandated, while if the claim challenges any other aspect of prison life, the prisoner must 25 comply with the PLRA.”).1 26 27 1 U.S. Supreme Court precedent also establishes that prior to initiating a civil action which 2 “necessarily require[s] the plaintiff to prove the unlawfulness of his conviction or confinement,” the 3 plaintiff must “prove that the conviction or sentence has been reversed on direct appeal, expunged 4 by executive order, declared invalid by a state tribunal authorized to make such determination, or 5 called into question by a federal court’s issuance of a writ of habeas corpus ....” Heck v. Humphrey, 6 512 U.S. 477, 486-87 (1994); see also Huftile v. Miccio-Fonseca, 410 F.3d 1136, 1139 (9th Cir. 7 2005) quoting, in part, Heck, 512 U.S. at 486 (“[i]n creating the favorable termination rule in Heck, 8 the Court relied on ‘the hoary principle that civil tort actions are not appropriate vehicles for 9 challenging the validity of outstanding criminal judgments.’”); Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 10 500 (1973) (holding that habeas corpus is the exclusive remedy for a state prisoner who challenges 11 the fact or duration of his confinement and seeks immediate or speedier release, even though such a 12 claim may come within the literal terms of § 1983). As stated by the Ninth Circuit, “Heck’s favorable 13 termination rule was intended to prevent a person in custody from using § 1983 to circumvent the 14 more stringent requirements for habeas corpus.” Huftile, 410 F.3d. at 1139. 15 Here, there is no doubt Plaintiff is incarcerated post-conviction as he identifies his address 16 as Nevada’s High Desert State Prison. However, what is not entirely clear is whether Plaintiff seeks 17 solely to invalidate his sentence and obtain a speedier release for himself or if he is trying to state a 18 claim based on a general challenge to the constitutionality of NRS 207.016(3). After careful review 19 of Plaintiff’s filing, the Court finds it reasonable to infer from Plaintiff’s allegations that he seeks to 20 demonstrate NRS 207.016(3) is unconstitutional such that his sentence as a habitual felon is invalid 21 and must be reduced. This is a claim that falls under Heck and must be brought through a habeas 22 petition. Presier, 411 U.S. at 500. 23 Further, even if Plaintiff is asserting a general constitutional challenge to NRS 207.016(3) 24 under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 5.1, this cause of action fails. Federal Rule of Civil 25 Procedure 5.1 does not create a separate cause of action or basis for relief. Oscar Marquez-Perez v. 26 State of Nevada, Case No. 2:22-cv-00796-GMN-DJA, 2024 WL 1434352, at *2 (D. Nev. Apr. 2, 27 2024) (citations omitted); Vance v. Los Angeles Dep’t of Child Support, Case No. CV 23-4392-DMG 1 Rule 5.1 requirements as he has not “served” his filing “on the state attorney general … either by 2 certified or registered mail or by sending it to an electronic address designated by the attorney general 3 for this purpose.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 5.1(a)(2). And, if Plaintiff asserts his claim that NRS 207.017 is 4 unconstitutional under 28 U.S.C. § 2201, this statute does not provide Plaintiff with an avenue to 5 relief. That is, 28 U.S.C. § 2201 “does not by itself confer federal subject-matter jurisdiction.” 6 Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Liberatore, 408 F.3d 1158, 1161 (9th Cir. 2005). In fact, said plainly 7 by the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon, 28 U.S.C. § 2201 does not “provide plaintiff 8 with a … cause of action through which he can obtain relief.” Sherman v. Kusch, Case No. 1:20- 9 CV-00787-AA, 2020 WL 4587510, at *3 (D. Ore. Aug. 10, 2020). 10 Case law also shows that a constitutional challenge to NRS 207.016(3) does not lie either 11 facially or specifically as applied to an individual defendant. In Townsend v. Cox, Case No. 2:04- 12 CV-01567-PMP-PAL, 2006 WL 2708543, at *7 (D. Nev. Sept. 20, 2006), the court discussed the 13 defendant’s claims “that his appellate counsel failed to challenge the constitutionality of … [NRS] 14 § 207.016(3), which he argue[d] prevented him from arguing that his prior convictions were 15 constitutionally invalid.” In response to this argument, the court in Townsend stated: “[o]n this issue, 16 the Nevada Supreme Court held:”
17 With respect to previous convictions used for enhancement purposes, this court has held, “[i]f the record raises a presumption of constitutional infirmity, the state must 18 present evidence to prove by a preponderance that the prior conviction was constitutionally obtained.” Even if the record does not raise a presumption of 19 constitutional infirmity, “the defendant is nonetheless free to present evidence tending to rebut the presumption of regularity afforded to a criminal conviction.” 20 Consequently, … [the defendant] failed to demonstrate that NRS 207.016 prevented him from arguing that his prior convictions were constitutionally invalid, 21 such that an appeal of this issue would have been successful. We therefore affirm the order of the district court with respect to this claim. Ex. 19, pp. 7-8 (# 17, pp. 22 333–34) (quoting Dressler v. State, 107 Nev. 686, 819 P.2d 1288 (1991)). Given that § 207.016 did not prevent [defendant] from arguing that his prior convictions 23 were invalid, counsel did not need to challenge the constitutionality of § 207.016. 24 Id. at *7 quoting Dressler, 819 P.2d 1288. Thereafter, in 2017, the Nevada Supreme Court stated: 25 “In Nevada, habitual criminal adjudication is a sentencing enhancement, see NRS 207.016(1), and 26 the sentencing hearing provides a full adversarial proceeding and ample due process protections.” 27 Friedman v. State, 387 P.3d 219 (Table), 2017 WL 169030, at *3 (Nev. Jan. 12, 2017). These 1 decisions demonstrate NRS 207.016(3) does not violate a defendant’s due process rights and is not 2 unconstitutional. 3 Finally, Plaintiff does not state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. To do so, Plaintiff must 4 demonstrate the defendant acted under color of law when depriving him of a right guaranteed under 5 the U.S. Constitution or a federal statute. Karim-Panahi v. Los Angeles Police Dep’t, 839 F.2d 621, 6 624 (9th Cir. 1988). Plaintiff names a state actor as the defendant—the Attorney General of the 7 State of Nevada—but Plaintiff alleges no facts demonstrating that this defendant (or any defendant) 8 took any action that deprived him of his constitutional or statutory right.2 In fact, the only harm 9 Plaintiff identifies is the application of NRS 207.016(3) to his sentencing, which is a harm that must 10 be adjudicated through a habeas petition. 11 III. Order 12 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiff’s application to proceed in forma 13 pauperis (ECF No. 1) is GRANTED. 14 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Motion for Constitutional 15 Challenge/Declaratory Challenge to NRS 207.016 and Request for Certification by the Court 16 Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201 is DENIED without prejudice. 17 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff has one opportunity to file a Civil Rights 18 Complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in which he states a cognizable claim. Plaintiff must use the 19 Civil Rights Complaint form provided by the Court. 20 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that if Plaintiff chooses to file a Complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 21 1983 stating a violation of a constitutional or statutory right under federal law, naming a state actor 22 whose actions or inactions resulted in the violation of such right, he must do so no later than August 23 30, 2024. 24 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of Court must send Plaintiff the form Civil 25 Rights Complaint and instructions for filing the same. 26 27 1 |} IV. Recommendation 2 IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that if Plaintiff seeks to challenge the constitutionali 3 || of NRS 207.016, he must follow the requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5.1 by servit 4 || notice on the Attorney General for the State of Nevada “either by certified or registered mail or | 5 || sending it to an electronic address designated by the attorney general for this purpose.” 6 IT IS FURTHER RECOMMENDED that to the extent Plaintiff seeks to challenge h 7 || confinement based on the application of NRS 207.016 to his sentencing, that claim be □□□□□□□□ 8 || without prejudice to allow Plaintiff to file a habeas petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. 9 Dated this 30th day of July, 2024.
1] . ELAYNAJ. YOU: H 12 UNITED‘STATES MAGI TE JUDGE 13 14 NOTICE 15 Pursuant to Local Rule IB 3-2, any objection to this Finding and Recommendation must | 16 |} in writing and filed with the Clerk of the Court within fourteen (14) days. The Supreme Court h 17 || held that the courts of appeal may determine that an appeal has been waived due to the failure to fi 18 |} objections within the specified time. Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 142 (1985). This circuit has al 19 || held that (1) failure to file objections within the specified time and (2) failure to properly addre 20 || and brief the objectionable issues waives the right to appeal the District Court’s order and/or appe 21 factual issues from the order of the District Court. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153, 1157 □□□□ C 22 || 1991); Britt v. Simi Valley United Sch. Dist., 708 F.2d 452, 454 (9th Cir. 1983). 23 24 25 26 27 28