Per Curiam.
The plaintiffs decedent was a Michigan State Police Trooper who was standing on the shoulder of a highway near the driver’s door of a vehicle that he had stopped for a traffic violation. He was struck and killed by a vehicle driven by the defendant. Plaintiff brought this wrongful death action, alleging that the defendant had been negligent in the operation of her motor vehicle, and that this negligence caused the decedent’s death.
Defendant moved for summary disposition, asserting that the action was barred by the fireman’s rule.1 The circuit court agreed and granted the motion.
After initially reversing, the Court of Appeals granted rehearing and affirmed the summary disposition for the defendant.2
We conclude that the fireman’s rule does not bar an action in a case such as this in which the alleged negligence of the defendant was unrelated to the events that brought the officer to the location where the injury occurred. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
[190]*190I
The facts of this case are tragic, but simple. On August 27, 1994, plaintiffs decedent, Manuel Fields, executed a traffic stop on 1-94 in Jackson County. Both his patrol vehicle and the stopped car were on the shoulder of the highway. Trooper Fields was standing at the driver’s door of the vehicle, also off the traveled portion of the highway, when a car driven by defendant Harriet Syze veered onto the shoulder, striking and killing him.3
Plaintiff filed a complaint in Jackson Circuit Court on March 26, 1996. It alleged that defendant breached a number of duties, all of which appear to sound in ordinary negligence (failure to operate the motor vehicle with due care and caution, failure to maintain control, etc.).
Defendant answered the complaint, raised an affirmative defense of the fireman’s rule, and filed a motion for summary disposition on that ground. On October 17, 1996, the circuit court granted defendant’s motion.
Plaintiff appealed of right to the Court of Appeals. That Court has issued two opinions. In the first it reversed and remanded for further proceedings in light of Gibbons v Caraway, 455 Mich 314; 565 NW2d 663 (1997).4 However, defendant moved for rehearing, which the court granted. On rehearing, the panel reversed itself and affirmed the grant of summary disposition in favor of defendant.
[191]*191Plaintiff has filed an application for leave to appeal to this Court.
n
The issue raised in this case involves the scope of and exceptions to the so-called fireman’s rule, which we adopted in Kreski v Modern Wholesale Electric Supply Co, 429 Mich 347; 415 NW2d 178 (1987). There, we noted that the rule is deeply rooted in the common law and that, when faced with a question whether to adopt it, courts have overwhelmingly been in favor of doing so. As we stated the general rule in Kreski:
The fireman’s rule is based on practicability and common sense. While the rule may have slightly different permutations among the states, its most basic formulation is that a fire fighter or police officer may not recover damages from a private party for negligence in the creation of the reason for the safety officer’s presence. [429 Mich 358.]
The fact situations presented by the two cases decided in Kreski involved premises liability claims, out of which the fireman’s rule originally developed. In adopting the rule, we made clear that the decision did not reach questions involving exceptions that have been developed in states employing a fireman’s rule. We explained:
As a result of examining the policy rationales supporting the fireman’s rule, we are persuaded that considerations of fairness and public policy compel us to adopt the rule for Michigan. However, we must clarify that we are not attempting to delineate the precise parameters of the rule in this opinion. Several exceptions involving factual situations [192]*192not presented here have developed in the states employing a fireman’s rule.
For example, the alleged acts and omissions in the instant cases all occurred prior to plaintiffs’ arrivals. There are no allegations of wrongdoing or negligence after plaintiffs were on the scene. Further, neither plaintiff has alleged negligence rising to the level of wilful, wanton, or intentional misconduct. In both cases, the incidents took place when the premises were closed. Therefore, we are not presented with a situation in which the injuries occurred when the buildings were open to the public for business.
Next, the building owners or occupiers were not on the premises at the time of the incidents, or even alleged to have known of plaintiffs’ presence. Thus, there are no allegations that the owners misled plaintiffs regarding the condition of the buildings or the nature of the activities carried on inside. Similarly, there is no allegation that defendants had a present ability to warn of danger on the premises. Neither are there allegations that the fire in Kreski was intentionally set or was the product of illegal activities.
All of these scenarios have been faced by courts in fine tuning their fireman’s rules to best balance the underlying rationales with the interest of allowing recovery when those rationales are not implicated. By adopting a fireman’s rule on the basis of public policy, we also will be able to flexibly address the different fact patterns as they are presented. [429 Mich at 370-371.]
Since Kreski, we have had occasion to address the fireman’s rule on two other occasions. In Woods v City of Warren, 439 Mich 186; 482 NW2d 696 (1992), the plaintiff was a police officer who engaged in a high-speed chase of a stolen automobile. He was injured when his car hit a patch of ice and he lost control. He sued the city on the basis of the condition of the road. We held that the fireman’s rule barred the action. The majority emphasized that the Court was proceeding on a case-by-case basis.
[193]*193Our most recent decision to address the rule is Gibbons v Caraway, supra. It involved two cases, one of which was factually similar to the instant one.5 Officer Gibbons was directing traffic at the scene of an automobile accident and was struck by a car driven by one of the defendants.6 As in the instant case, the events that led to the officer’s presence at the scene and the duties he was performing were unrelated to the alleged negligence causing the injury. In Gibbons the cause of the officer’s presence was the accident; in the instant case it was the alleged traffic violation by the motorist whom Trooper Fields had stopped.
Though there was no majority opinion in Gibbons, six justices concluded that the fireman’s rule did not preclude the plaintiff’s action.7
Justice Weaver said that the fireman’s rule should be limited to premises liability cases, and thus was inapplicable.
Justice Boyle, joined by Justice Brickley, said that on the facts of the case the fireman’s rule did not bar the claim for damages because the alleged wrongdoing causing the injury resulted from “wanton, reck[194]
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Per Curiam.
The plaintiffs decedent was a Michigan State Police Trooper who was standing on the shoulder of a highway near the driver’s door of a vehicle that he had stopped for a traffic violation. He was struck and killed by a vehicle driven by the defendant. Plaintiff brought this wrongful death action, alleging that the defendant had been negligent in the operation of her motor vehicle, and that this negligence caused the decedent’s death.
Defendant moved for summary disposition, asserting that the action was barred by the fireman’s rule.1 The circuit court agreed and granted the motion.
After initially reversing, the Court of Appeals granted rehearing and affirmed the summary disposition for the defendant.2
We conclude that the fireman’s rule does not bar an action in a case such as this in which the alleged negligence of the defendant was unrelated to the events that brought the officer to the location where the injury occurred. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
[190]*190I
The facts of this case are tragic, but simple. On August 27, 1994, plaintiffs decedent, Manuel Fields, executed a traffic stop on 1-94 in Jackson County. Both his patrol vehicle and the stopped car were on the shoulder of the highway. Trooper Fields was standing at the driver’s door of the vehicle, also off the traveled portion of the highway, when a car driven by defendant Harriet Syze veered onto the shoulder, striking and killing him.3
Plaintiff filed a complaint in Jackson Circuit Court on March 26, 1996. It alleged that defendant breached a number of duties, all of which appear to sound in ordinary negligence (failure to operate the motor vehicle with due care and caution, failure to maintain control, etc.).
Defendant answered the complaint, raised an affirmative defense of the fireman’s rule, and filed a motion for summary disposition on that ground. On October 17, 1996, the circuit court granted defendant’s motion.
Plaintiff appealed of right to the Court of Appeals. That Court has issued two opinions. In the first it reversed and remanded for further proceedings in light of Gibbons v Caraway, 455 Mich 314; 565 NW2d 663 (1997).4 However, defendant moved for rehearing, which the court granted. On rehearing, the panel reversed itself and affirmed the grant of summary disposition in favor of defendant.
[191]*191Plaintiff has filed an application for leave to appeal to this Court.
n
The issue raised in this case involves the scope of and exceptions to the so-called fireman’s rule, which we adopted in Kreski v Modern Wholesale Electric Supply Co, 429 Mich 347; 415 NW2d 178 (1987). There, we noted that the rule is deeply rooted in the common law and that, when faced with a question whether to adopt it, courts have overwhelmingly been in favor of doing so. As we stated the general rule in Kreski:
The fireman’s rule is based on practicability and common sense. While the rule may have slightly different permutations among the states, its most basic formulation is that a fire fighter or police officer may not recover damages from a private party for negligence in the creation of the reason for the safety officer’s presence. [429 Mich 358.]
The fact situations presented by the two cases decided in Kreski involved premises liability claims, out of which the fireman’s rule originally developed. In adopting the rule, we made clear that the decision did not reach questions involving exceptions that have been developed in states employing a fireman’s rule. We explained:
As a result of examining the policy rationales supporting the fireman’s rule, we are persuaded that considerations of fairness and public policy compel us to adopt the rule for Michigan. However, we must clarify that we are not attempting to delineate the precise parameters of the rule in this opinion. Several exceptions involving factual situations [192]*192not presented here have developed in the states employing a fireman’s rule.
For example, the alleged acts and omissions in the instant cases all occurred prior to plaintiffs’ arrivals. There are no allegations of wrongdoing or negligence after plaintiffs were on the scene. Further, neither plaintiff has alleged negligence rising to the level of wilful, wanton, or intentional misconduct. In both cases, the incidents took place when the premises were closed. Therefore, we are not presented with a situation in which the injuries occurred when the buildings were open to the public for business.
Next, the building owners or occupiers were not on the premises at the time of the incidents, or even alleged to have known of plaintiffs’ presence. Thus, there are no allegations that the owners misled plaintiffs regarding the condition of the buildings or the nature of the activities carried on inside. Similarly, there is no allegation that defendants had a present ability to warn of danger on the premises. Neither are there allegations that the fire in Kreski was intentionally set or was the product of illegal activities.
All of these scenarios have been faced by courts in fine tuning their fireman’s rules to best balance the underlying rationales with the interest of allowing recovery when those rationales are not implicated. By adopting a fireman’s rule on the basis of public policy, we also will be able to flexibly address the different fact patterns as they are presented. [429 Mich at 370-371.]
Since Kreski, we have had occasion to address the fireman’s rule on two other occasions. In Woods v City of Warren, 439 Mich 186; 482 NW2d 696 (1992), the plaintiff was a police officer who engaged in a high-speed chase of a stolen automobile. He was injured when his car hit a patch of ice and he lost control. He sued the city on the basis of the condition of the road. We held that the fireman’s rule barred the action. The majority emphasized that the Court was proceeding on a case-by-case basis.
[193]*193Our most recent decision to address the rule is Gibbons v Caraway, supra. It involved two cases, one of which was factually similar to the instant one.5 Officer Gibbons was directing traffic at the scene of an automobile accident and was struck by a car driven by one of the defendants.6 As in the instant case, the events that led to the officer’s presence at the scene and the duties he was performing were unrelated to the alleged negligence causing the injury. In Gibbons the cause of the officer’s presence was the accident; in the instant case it was the alleged traffic violation by the motorist whom Trooper Fields had stopped.
Though there was no majority opinion in Gibbons, six justices concluded that the fireman’s rule did not preclude the plaintiff’s action.7
Justice Weaver said that the fireman’s rule should be limited to premises liability cases, and thus was inapplicable.
Justice Boyle, joined by Justice Brickley, said that on the facts of the case the fireman’s rule did not bar the claim for damages because the alleged wrongdoing causing the injury resulted from “wanton, reck[194]*194less, or grossly negligent behavior.” 455 Mich 330. Justice Boyle would have held that with respect to carelessness or ordinary negligence, the fireman’s rule would bar the claim.
The plurality opinion was written by Justice Cavanagh, who was joined by Chief Justice Mallett and Justice Kelly. He reasoned as follows:
In the case at bar, the risks inherent in Officer Gibbons’ fulfillment of his police duties did not include all possible risks that could arise in that situation. Because “[t]he fireman’s rule is not a license to act with impunity, without regard for the safely officer’s well-being,” Kreski at 372, the allegedly negligent operation of her automobile by defendant Caraway, which occurred after Officer Gibbons was on the scene and which is alleged to have been wanton, reckless, careless, negligent, or grossly negligent, precludes any ruling as a matter of law at this stage of the proceedings that Officer Gibbons’ claims are barred by the fireman’s rule. In light of the relevant principles underlying our adoption of the fireman’s rule, we would hold that application of the rule under these circumstances is unjustified. [455 Mich 325-326 (emphasis added).][8]
[195]*195m
The Court of Appeals has issued two opinions in the instant case. The first is an unpublished per curiam opinion issued January 9, 1998. On appeal by plaintiff, it reversed, stating:
In light of Gibbons, wherein the Court indicated that allegations that the defendant Caraway acted in a reckless, wanton, careless, negligent or grossly negligent manner when he swerved for an as-of-yet undetermined reason and struck a police 'officer standing in the roadway while directing traffic, were sufficient to preclude a conclusion “as a matter of law at this stage of the proceedings that Officer Gibbons’ claims are barred by the fireman’s rule,” Gibbons, 455 Mich 326 (Cavanagh, J.), plaintiff’s allegations here that defendant traveled onto the shoulder of the roadway and struck plaintiff’s decedent, who was standing on the shoulder, are sufficiently broad to preclude a determination at this point in the proceedings as a matter of law that defendant did not act negligently, carelessly, or recklessly when she struck plaintiff’s decedent. Accordingly, because plaintiff’s claim is not so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify recovery, summary disposition should not have been granted. Ladd v Ford Consumer Finance Co, Inc, 217 Mich App 119, 125; 550 NW2d 826 (1996). [Slip op, pp 1-2.]
Defendant moved for rehearing, which the Court granted in an order entered April 7, 1998. It then issued a new decision, reaching the opposite result, concluding that the fireman’s rule barred the action. It interpreted Gibbons to require that to avoid the fireman’s rule, defendant’s conduct must be subsequent to the events that brought the officer to the scene and must constitute wanton, reckless, or grossly negligent behavior:
[196]*196Reading Justice Cavanagh’s plurality opinion together with Justice Boyle’s concurrence, it is apparent that a majority of our Supreme Court agrees that the fireman’s rule may not apply, and a tort action may be maintained, when a police officer has responded to a call or an offense and is injured as a result of the subsequent wanton, reckless, or grossly negligent conduct of an independent third party unconnected to the situation that brought the officer to the scene. A majority does not agree that where, as in this case, the plaintiff police officer’s representative alleged only carelessness or ordinary negligence on the part of a third party unconnected to the event to which the officer was responding, the bar of the fireman’s rule can be avoided.
In this case, plaintiff has never alleged that Trooper Reids’ death was the result of defendant’s wanton, reckless, or grossly negligent operation of her vehicle. Rirther, the crime of which defendant was convicted in connection with Trooper Reids’ death—negligent homicide—involves only ordinary negligence. People v Clark, 171 Mich App 656, 659; 431 NW2d 88 (1988). Under these circumstances, the limited exception to the fireman’s rule recognized by a majority of the justices in Gibbons, supra, does not apply. The trial court therefore properly concluded that plaintiff’s complaint did not state a claim that avoids the fireman’s rule. [229 Mich App 198-199.]
IV
Because of the allegations of gross negligence in Gibbons, it was not necessary for the plurality opinion to decide whether there were two separate exceptions to the fireman’s rule involved—(1) subsequent ordinary negligence, and (2) grossly negligent behavior—or whether both are required. In the instant case, the plaintiff alleges negligence by the defendant, but does not state claims for reckless, wanton, or grossly negligent activity.
[197]*197The basic principle of the fireman’s rule is that recovery is barred for conduct that draws the officer to the location of the injury to perform the normal duties of the officer’s work. McCarthy v Ehrens, 212 NJ Super 249, 255; 514 A2d 864 (1986):
The core of the fireman’s rule is that a citizen’s ordinary negligence that occasioned the presence of the public safety officer shall not give rise to liability in damages for the injuries sustained by the officer in the course of the response to duty.
Sutton v Shufelberger, 31 Wash App 579, 587; 643 P2d 920 (1982):
The so-called “fireman’s rule” negates liability to the fireman, police officer or other official by the one whose negligence or conduct brought the injured official to the scene. The rule denies recovery by the injured official from the one whose sole connection with the ii\jury is that his act placed the fireman or police officer in harms way.
However, where the officer’s injury results from the subsequent negligence of the defendant, the rule does not bar recovery. E.g., Garcia v South Tucson, 131 Ariz 315; 640 P2d 1117 (Ariz App, 1981); Spargur v Park, 128 Cal App 3d 469; 180 Cal Rptr 257 (1982).
In the specific circumstances of the instant case, in which the officer has stopped one motorist for a traffic violation and then is injured by the allegedly negligent conduct of a second motorist, the courts of a number of jurisdictions have concluded that the fireman’s rule does not bar the action. Gaither v Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, 235 Ga App 603; 510 SE2d 342 (1998); Benefiel v Walker, 244 Va 488; 422 SE2d 773 (1992). As the California Supreme [198]*198Court said in Walters v Sloan, 20 Cal 3d 199, 202, n 2; 142 Cal Rptr 152; 571 P2d 609 (1977):
Other negligent conduct or willful misconduct may create liability to the injured fireman or policeman. . . . Thus a police officer who while placing a ticket on an illegally parked car is struck by a speeding vehicle may maintain action against the speeder but the rule bars recovery against the owner of the parked car for negligent parking.
We agree with the reasoning of these cases, and hold that where the allegedly negligent conduct of the defendant did not result in the officer’s presence at the scene of the injury,9 the fireman’s rule does not apply.
Our conclusion is reinforced by the principle of comity between the branches of government. The Legislature recently enacted a statute significantly modifying the law with regard to the fireman’s rule. 1998 PA 389, MCL 600.2965-600.2967; MSA 27A.2965-27A.2967. The statute is not applicable to this case.10 However, the result we reach in this case is consistent with the statute,11 and thus promotes consistency [200]*200in resolution of cases arising before and after its effective date.
Accordingly, pursuant to MCR 7.302(F)(1), we reverse the April 7, 1998, judgment of the Court of Appeals and the judgment of the Jackson Circuit Court, and remand this case to the Jackson Circuit Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Brickley, Cavanagh, Kelly, Taylor, Corrigan, and Young, JJ., concurred.