Hamilton v. Moseley

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: January 6, 2022
• Docket: 3:21-cv-02032
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 DANNY L. HAMILTON, Case No.: 21cv2032-CAB (AHG) CDCR #T-61263, 12

Plaintiff, 13 ORDER DISMISSING COMPLAINT vs. WITH LEAVE TO AMEND 14 PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)

15 KATHLEEN ALLISON, Secretary of the 16 California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, et al., 17 Defendants. 18 19 20 Plaintiff Danny L. Hamilton, a state prisoner incarcerated at the Richard J. Donovan 21 Correctional Facility (“RJD”) in San Diego, California, is proceeding pro se in this civil 22 rights action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (ECF No. 1.) He claims his federal constitutional 23 rights to be housed under humane conditions of confinement, to be free from cruel and 24 unusual punishment, to substantive and procedural due process, to freedom of personal 25 liberty and to be free from false imprisonment have been violated because he should have 26 been released from custody rather than subjected to the risk of exposure to the Covid virus 27 at RJD, with which he became infected when he was housed in a cell with an inmate who 28 tested positive for the virus at the same time Plaintiff tested negative. (Id. at 3-5.) 1 I. Screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2) 2 A. Standard of Review 3 Because Plaintiff is a prisoner his Complaint requires a pre-Answer screening 4 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Under that statute, the Court must sua sponte dismiss 5 a prisoner’s complaint, or any portion of it, which is frivolous, malicious, fails to state a 6 claim, or seeks damages from defendants who are immune. Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 7 1126-27 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). 8 “The standard for determining whether a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon 9 which relief can be granted under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as the Federal Rule of 10 Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for failure to state a claim.” Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 11 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012). Rule 12(b)(6) requires a complaint to “contain sufficient 12 factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” 13 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009), quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 14 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). Detailed factual allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare 15 recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do 16 not suffice.” Id. 17 Title 42 U.S.C. § 1983 “creates a private right of action against individuals who, 18 acting under color of state law, violate federal constitutional or statutory rights.” 19 Devereaux v. Abbey, 263 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 2001). Section 1983 “is not itself a 20 source of substantive rights, but merely provides a method for vindicating federal rights 21 elsewhere conferred.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989) (internal quotation 22 marks omitted). “To establish § 1983 liability, a plaintiff must show both (1) deprivation 23 of a right secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, and (2) that the 24 deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of state law.” Tsao v. Desert 25 Palace, Inc., 698 F.3d 1128, 1138 (9th Cir. 2012). 26 B. Allegations in the Complaint 27 Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Kathleen Allison, the Secretary of the California 28 Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”), should have released him from 1 custody pursuant to California Government Code § 8658 when she became aware of the 2 spreading of the Covid virus at RJD, and that she is responsible for his contracting the virus 3 because she failed to take steps to prevent avoidable infections of inmates. (ECF No. 1 at 4 3.) Plaintiff tested negative for the Covid virus on December 8, 2020, at the same time an 5 inmate named Cotton tested positive, yet Plaintiff was forced to move from RJD Facility 6 A into quarantine in cell 133 in building 3 with inmate Cotton. (Id.) Plaintiff began 7 exhibiting symptoms of Covid and tested positive on December 12, 2020. (Id.) He alleges 8 Defendant RJD Warden Pollard is responsible for the procedures, policies and operations 9 at RJD which allowed Plaintiff and Cotton to be housed together and Plaintiff to become 10 infected. (Id.) He alleges that because Defendant RJD Dr. Amir Mohamed’s name appears 11 on both his and Cotton’s test results, Dr. Mohamed was aware that a positive and a negative 12 inmate were housed together in violation of RJD social distancing policies. (Id.) 13 Plaintiff filed a CDCR 602 inmate appeal on December 16, 2020, assigned Log No. 14 69650, which he marked “emergency appeal,” and in which he stated that he contracted 15 the Covid virus as a result of RJD’s failure to protect him, that he had been housed at RJD 16 for years without contracting the virus, that he has preexisting medical conditions which 17 heighten the risks associated with the Covid virus including high blood pressure and high 18 cholesterol, and requested to be released from custody and paid $300,000. (Id. at 14-15.) 19 He claims that on January 9, 2021, Defendant RJD Chief Deputy Warden Buckel 20 responded to that appeal at the second level and “arbitrarily and wrongfully”: (1) failed to 21 treat it as an emergency appeal, (2) omitted the fact that it stated that RJD’s neglectful 22 practices caused Plaintiff to contract Covid, and (3) misrepresented that Plaintiff stated he 23 would contract Covid if he stayed at RJD rather than that he had already contracted Covid. 24

25 1 “In any case in which an emergency endangering the lives of inmates of a state, county, 26 or city penal or correctional institution has occurred or is imminent, the person in charge 27 of the institution may remove the inmates from the institution. He shall, if possible, remove them to a safe and convenient place and there confine them as long as may be necessary to 28 1 (Id. at 4, 19.) On February 26, 2021, Plaintiff filed a third level appeal which was “not 2 acknowledged by Sacramento.” (Id. at 4.) 3 On March 14, 2021, Plaintiff filed a second CDCR 602 inmate appeal challenging 4 Defendant Buckel’s “unacceptable response” to his original inmate appeal. (Id. at 4, 24- 5 25.) Plaintiff alleges Defendant Howard Mosely, the Associate Director of the CDCR 6 Office of Appeals, arbitrarily and wrongfully treated that second CDCR 602 inmate appeal 7 as an appeal of his original CDCR 602 inmate appeal Log No. 69650 and denied it as 8 untimely. (Id. at 4.) Plaintiff filed a third CDCR 602 inmate appeal on September 1, 2021, 9 stating that an Inmate Request for Interview he submitted on August 16, 2021, had gone 10 unanswered, and recounting the errors in handling his previous CDCR 602 inmate appeals. 11 (Id. at 4, 27.) 12 The Complaint purports to state claims for violations of Plaintiff’s federal 13 constitutional rights to be housed under humane conditions of confinement and to be free 14 from cruel and unusual punishment, to substantive and procedural due process, and to 15 freedom of personal liberty and freedom from false imprisonment. (Id. at 3-5.) He states 16 that he is seeking to hold Defendant CDCR Secretary Allison responsible for the actions 17 of her subordinates at RJD, is seeking to hold Defendant RJD Dr. Mohamed responsible 18 for failing to ensure that Plaintiff was kept six feet away from inmate Cotton after Dr. 19 Mohamed wrote the reports indicating that Plaintiff tested negative simultaneously to 20 Cotton having tested positive, and is seeking to hold Warden Pollard responsible based on 21 his duty to review reports of health hazards and protect the inmates at RJD. (Id. at 5.) 22 Although not explicitly stated, it appears Plaintiff is seeking to hold Defendants Mosely 23 and Buckel responsible for their involvement in their handling of his inmate appeals. The 24 Complaint seeks monetary damages only. (Id. at 7.) 25 C. Analysis 26 1. Eighth Amendment claims 27 Plaintiff first contends he was subject to cruel and unusual punishment and housed 28 under inhumane conditions of confinement based on allegations that he tested negative for 1 the Covid virus on December 8, 2020, at the same time inmate Cotton tested positive for 2 the virus, yet Plaintiff was forced to share a cell with inmate Cotton which caused him to 3 contract the virus. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Dr. Mohamed’s name is on both tests 4 and Dr. Mohamed therefore knew the two inmates should not be housed together, that 5 Defendant RJD Warden Pollard is liable in his capacity of being responsible for inmate 6 safety at RJD, Defendant CDCR Secretary Allison is liable in her capacity for being 7 responsible for her subordinates at RJD, and that Defendants Associate Director of the 8 CDCR Office of Appeals Howard Mosely and RJD Chief Deputy Warden Buckel both 9 arbitrarily and wrongfully responded to his CDCR 602 inmate appeals. 10 “The Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment in penal 11 institutions.” Wood v. Beauclair, 692 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir. 2012). Whether the 12 conditions of confinement are considered inhumane under the Eighth Amendment is 13 measured by “the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing 14 society.” Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 8 (1992). 15 “[A] prison official violates the Eighth Amendment when two requirements are met. 16 First, the deprivation alleged must be, objectively, ‘sufficiently serious.’” Farmer v. 17 Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994), quoting Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 298 (1991). 18 Second, Plaintiff must allege the prison official he seeks to hold liable had a “sufficiently 19 culpable state of mind,” that is, “one of ‘deliberate indifference’ to inmate health or safety.” 20 Id., quoting Wilson, 501 U.S. at 302-03. A prison official can be held liable only if he 21 “knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety; the official must 22 both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of 23 serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Id. at 837. 24 With respect to the serious medical need prong of an Eighth Amendment claim, the 25 allegations in the Complaint that Plaintiff tested positive for the Covid virus and has 26 preexisting medical conditions which increase his health risks with respect to the virus are 27 sufficient to survive screening required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Watison, 668 F.3d at 28 1112; Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; Doty v. County of Lassen, 37 F.3d 540, 546 n.3 (9th Cir. 1 1994) (“[I]ndicia of a ‘serious’ medical need include (1) the existence of an injury that a 2 reasonable doctor would find important and worthy of comment or treatment, (2) the 3 presence of a medical condition that significantly affects an individual’s daily activities, 4 and (3) the existence of chronic or substantial pain.”); Plata v. Newsom, 445 F.Supp.3d 5 557, 559 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (“[N]o one questions that [the Covid-19 pandemic] poses a 6 substantial risk of serious harm to [inmates of the California prison system].”) 7 The deliberate indifference prong of an Eighth Amendment violation “is satisfied by 8 showing (a) a purposeful act or failure to respond to a prisoner’s pain or possible medical 9 need and (b) harm caused by the indifference.” Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th 10 Cir. 2006). Prison officials may be held liable under the Eighth Amendment for a failure 11 to protect prisoners only where the official shows a deliberate indifference to conditions 12 which pose a substantial risk of serious harm to an inmate. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 833. The 13 Eighth Amendment is violated when a prison official, acting with deliberate indifference, 14 exposed Plaintiff to a sufficiently “substantial risk of serious harm” to his health. Id. at 15 843, citing Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 35 (1993) (stating that in order to allege an 16 Eighth Amendment violation for exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke, a prisoner must 17 identify a defendant who is alleged to know of and deliberately disregard an unreasonable 18 risk of serious damage to his future health). 19 With respect to Defendants CDCR Secretary Allison and RJD Warden Pollard who 20 Plaintiff alleges are responsible for the failure of their subordinates to properly apply 21 policies and procedures at RJD necessary to minimize the spread of Covid, supervisory 22 liability is not an independent cause of action under § 1983, and Plaintiff must allege both 23 an underlying constitutional violation and a connection between the supervisor’s actions 24 and the violation. See Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1207 (9th Cir. 2011) (“A defendant 25 may be held liable as a supervisor under § 1983 ‘if there exists either (1) his or her personal 26 involvement in the constitutional deprivation, or (2) a sufficient causal connection between 27 the supervisor’s wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation.’”), quoting Hansen v. 28 Black, 855 F.2d 642, 646 (9th Cir. 1989); Leer v. Murphy, 844 F.2d 628, 633 (9th Cir. 1 1988) (“The inquiry into causation must be individualized and focus on the duties and 2 responsibilities of each individual defendant whose acts or omissions are alleged to have 3 caused a constitutional deprivation.”), citing Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 370-71, 375- 4 77 (1976). 5 Plaintiff may not simply attempt to hold the supervisory Defendants liable without 6 any factual allegations regarding their personal involvement in the alleged constitutional 7 violation or a causal connection between their wrongful conduct and the violation. To the 8 extent Plaintiff claims that in their supervisory positions they should have been aware that 9 Plaintiff and inmate Cotton simultaneously tested negative and positive respectively for 10 Covid and should not have been housed together, or were responsible for implementing 11 policies or procedures preventing that from happening, there are no allegations that either 12 Defendant was actually aware of the tests and aware that the two inmates were housed 13 together exposing Plaintiff to the virus. “[A] prison official cannot be found liable under 14 the Eighth Amendment for denying an inmate humane conditions of confinement unless 15 the official knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate safety; the official must be 16 aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious 17 harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837; Estelle v. 18 Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 105-07 (1976) (negligence does not state an Eighth Amendment 19 claim); Toguchi v Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1060 (9th Cir. 2004) (“Deliberate indifference is 20 a high legal standard.”) 21 As currently pleaded, there are no factual allegations in the Complaint which, if 22 proven true, would establish that Defendants Allison and Pollard, in conscious disregard 23 to an excessive risk to Plaintiff’s health, were aware Plaintiff and Cotton were placed in 24 the same cell after Plaintiff tested negative and Cotton tested positive at the same time, and 25 what actions they took, or were required to take but failed to take, which plausibly allege 26 they were aware of and deliberately disregarded the risk associated with housing the two 27 inmates in the same cell. See Leer, 844 F.2d at 633 (“The inquiry into causation must be 28 individualized and focus on the duties and responsibilities of each individual defendant 1 whose acts or omissions are alleged to have caused a constitutional deprivation.”); Starr, 2 652 F.3d at 1208 (“A supervisor can be liable in his individual capacity for his own 3 culpable action or inaction in the training, supervision, or control of his subordinates; for 4 his acquiescence in the constitutional deprivation; or for conduct that showed a reckless or 5 callous indifference to the rights of others.”) If Plaintiff wishes to proceed with an Eighth 6 Amendment claim against Defendants Secretary Allison and Warden Pollard he must set 7 forth factual allegations which plausibly show they had knowledge Plaintiff was ordered 8 to be housed with inmate Cotton when Plaintiff tested negative and Cotton tested positive, 9 and deliberately disregarded the risk associated with housing them together. Merely 10 alleging these Defendants are required to implement procedures, policies and operations at 11 RJD protecting inmates from exposure to Covid without allegations that they knew of and 12 deliberately disregarded such a risk in Plaintiff’s individual case fails to state an Eighth 13 Amendment deliberate indifference claim against them. Id.; see also e.g. Sanford v. Eaton, 14 20cv792-BAM (PC), 2021 WL 1172911, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 2021) (“[I]n order to 15 state a cognizable Eighth Amendment claim against the warden, associate wardens, and 16 the other defendants named, Plaintiff must provide more than generalized allegations that 17 the warden, associate wardens and other defendants have not done enough” to control the 18 spread of the Covid virus.) 19 For those same reasons, the Complaint also fails to state an Eighth Amendment claim 20 against Defendants CDCR Office of Appeals Associate Director Mosely and RJD Chief 21 Deputy Warden Buckel. Plaintiff alleges these Defendants responded arbitrarily and 22 wrongfully to his CDCR 602 inmate appeals, but there are no factual allegations in the 23 Complaint which plausibly allege they were aware he was placed in a cell with an infected 24 inmate and could have or should have prevented it from happening, that is, what actions 25 they took, or were required to take but failed to take, which plausibly allege they were 26 aware of and deliberately disregarded the risk associated with housing the two inmates in 27 the same cell. See Toguchi, 391 F.3d at 1057 (“Under [the Eighth Amendment’s deliberate 28 indifference] standard, the prison official must not only ‘be aware of the facts from which 1 the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists,’ but that person 2 ‘must also draw the inference.”), quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837; Estelle, 429 U.S. at 3 105-07 (mere negligence does not state an Eighth Amendment claim). 4 With respect to an Eighth Amendment claim against the remaining Defendant, Dr. 5 Mohamed, the only factual allegation in the Complaint against this Defendant is that: “P&S 6 (Physician & Surgeon) Amir Mohamed in connection with CDCR, has his/her name on my 7 negative 12-08-2020 covid-19 test result mandating a 6 feet distance from others with 8 mask. As med. staff checked Cotton’s vitals at cell no. 133, I was told I must quarantine 9 with him so Amir Mohamed, upon info. and belief, also appears on Cotton’s 12-08-2020 10 positive covid-19 test result taken simultaneously with mine, giving him/her knowledge 11 that a positive and negative inmate were housed together.” (ECF No. 1 at 3.) The mere 12 fact that Dr. Mohamed’s name is on the test results for both inmates, without any factual 13 allegation that Dr. Mohamed knew that the two inmates were to be housed in the same cell, 14 or had an obligation to inform staff not to house them in the same cell, is insufficient to 15 plausibly allege Dr. Mohamed was aware Plaintiff faced a substantial risk to his health and 16 deliberately disregarded the risk associated with housing the two inmates in the same cell. 17 See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837 (a prison official can be held liable only if he “knows of and 18 disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety; the official must both be aware of 19 facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, 20 and he must also draw the inference.”); Hines v. Youseff, 914 F.3d 1218, 1236 (9th Cir. 21 2019) (finding that defendant who had no discretion or authority relating to the alleged 22 conduct could not be held liable under the Eighth Amendment because “[a]n official is 23 liable under § 1983 only if ‘culpable action, or inaction, is directly attributed to them.’”), 24 quoting Starr, 652 F.3d at 1205. 25 Accordingly, the Court sua sponte dismisses all Eighth Amendment claims in the 26 Complaint against all Defendants based on a failure to state a claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 27 § 1915(e)(2). Watison, 668 F.3d at 1112; Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. 28 / / / 1 2. Due Process Claims 2 The allegations in the Complaint that Defendants Mosely and Buckel responded 3 arbitrarily and wrongfully to Plaintiff’s CDCR 602 inmate appeals fails to state a due 4 process claim because inmates have no protected liberty interest in an inmate grievance 5 process. See Ramirez v. Galaza, 334 F.3d 850, 860 (9th Cir. 2003) (“[I]nmates lack a 6 separate constitutional entitlement to a specific grievance procedure.”); Mann v. Adams, 7 855 F.2d 639, 640 (9th Cir. 1988) (“There is no legitimate claim of entitlement to a 8 grievance procedure.”) Thus, Plaintiff cannot assert a procedural or substantive due 9 process claim based solely on the handling or alleged mishandling of his inmate grievances. 10 Id.; Buckley v. Barlow, 997 F.2d 494, 495 (8th Cir. 1993) (“[A prison] grievance procedure 11 is a procedural right only, it does not confer any substantive right upon the inmates.”); 12 McRoy v. Roe, 509 Fed.Appx. 660, 660 (9th Cir. 2013) (affirming dismissal of claims on 13 screening “arising from defendants’ processing of and responses to inmate’s grievances 14 because prisoners do not have a ‘constitutional entitlement of a specific grievance 15 procedure.’”), quoting Ramirez, 334 F.3d at 860. 16 Accordingly, the Court sua sponte dismisses all due process claims in the Complaint 17 against all Defendants based on a failure to state a claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). 18 Watison, 668 F.3d at 1112. 19 3. False Imprisonment and Personal Liberty Claims 20 Finally, Plaintiff alleges he is being subject to false imprisonment and that his right 21 to personal liberty has been violated because Defendant Secretary Allison has not released 22 him from custody pursuant to California Government Code § 8658. Assuming Plaintiff 23 could succeed on such a claim in federal court, because he is currently incarcerated and 24 seeks release from that incarceration, such a claim must be brought at this time in a habeas 25 corpus action and not in a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil rights action. See Nettles v. Grounds, 830 26 F.3d 922, 925, 930-31 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc) (holding that claims which would 27 necessarily lead to immediate or earlier release from confinement lie at the core of habeas 28 and must be brought if at all on habeas and not under 42 U.S.C. § 1983); Wallace v. Kato, 1 549 U.S. 384, 389 (2007) (noting that a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim for false imprisonment 2 accrues when the alleged false imprisonment ends). 3 Accordingly, the Court sua sponte dismisses all false imprisonment and violation of 4 personal liberty claims in the Complaint against all Defendants based on a failure to state 5 a claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Watison, 668 F.3d at 1112. 6 D. Leave to Amend 7 In light of Plaintiff’s pro se status, the Court grants him leave to amend his pleading 8 to attempt to sufficiently allege a § 1983 claim if he can and if he wishes to attempt to do 9 so. See Rosati v. Igbinoso, 791 F.3d 1037, 1039 (9th Cir. 2015) (“A district court should 10 not dismiss a pro se complaint without leave to amend [pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)] 11 unless ‘it is absolutely clear that the deficiencies of the complaint could not be cured by 12 amendment.’”), quoting Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012). 13 II. Conclusion and Orders 14 Good cause appearing, the Court: 15 1. DISMISSES all claims against all Defendants in the Complaint without 16 prejudice and with leave to amend pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). 17 2. GRANTS Plaintiff forty-five (45) days leave from the date of this Order in 18 which to file a First Amended Complaint which cures the deficiencies of pleading noted in 19 this Order with respect to any or all other Defendants. Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint 20 must be complete by itself without reference to his original Complaint. Defendants not 21 named and any claims not re-alleged in the First Amended Complaint will be considered 22 waived. See S.D. Cal. CivLR 15.1; Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 23 896 F.2d 1542, 1546 (9th Cir. 1989) (“[A]n amended pleading supersedes the original.”); 24 Lacey v. Maricopa County, 693 F.3d 896, 928 (9th Cir. 2012) (noting that claims dismissed 25 with leave to amend which are not re-alleged in an amended pleading may be “considered 26 waived if not repled.”) If Plaintiff fails to amend, the Court will dismiss this action for 27 failure to state a claim and failure to prosecute. See Lira v. Herrera, 427 F.3d 1164, 1169 28 (9th Cir. 2005) (“If a plaintiff does not take advantage of the opportunity to fix his 1 ||complaint, a district court may convert the dismissal of the complaint into dismissal of the 2 || entire action.”) 3 3. DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to provide Plaintiff with a blank copy of its 4 ||form Complaint under the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for use in amending if he 5 should choose to do so. 6 IT IS SO ORDERED. 7 Dated: January 6, 2022 ©; Z 8 Hon. Cathy Ann Bencivengo ? United States District Judge 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 12