Snyder, Judge:
"When the case of Hall v. Hall, 12 W. Va. 1, was before this Court, the whole record of the proceedings had in the. suit of Alexander Lowther v. Cyrus Hall et al., exhibited in, and sought to be reviewed in this cause, was made a part of the record in that case, and the question, whether or not the circuit court of Ritchie county had jurisdiction to render the decrees made in said suit, was then directly presented to, and passed upon by this Court. By the decision then made on that question the appellant in this cause is concluded. It being a matter directly in issue and necessary to the determination of that case, the court had jurisdiction of it; and, therefore, in any subsequent controversy between the same parties or their privies that question is res judicata and cannot be further enquired into by any court either directly or collaterally— Western M. & M. Co. v. Va. C. C. Co., 10 W. Va. 250; Corrothers v. Sargent, 20 Id. 351.
• But the action in that case, being a collateral and not a direct proceeding, the decision made therein was not conclusive in the court below nor is it in this Court, in any direct proceeding in the same suit to reverse and set aside the decrees entered therein for errors committed by the court. Because in such collateral suit, if the court had jurisdiction to render the decrees complained of, no errors or irregularities, however palpable and gross they might appear to be, could be enquired into or corrected in such collateral suit— Freem. on Judgts. § 229. But such decrees may be reviewed and errors corrected therein, by a re-hearing of the same suit in the court which rendered such decrees, or on appeal therefrom to the appellate court, or by any direct proceeding, notwithstanding the fact that such decrees may have been held binding and conclusive upon the parties in such collateral suit. These principles are elementary and need no argument or citation of authorities to sustain them.
Reference to the decision of this Court in said case of Hall v. Hall, supra, shows that the court expressly decided in that case that the circuit court of Ritchie county had jurisdiction to render the decrees in the said suit of Lowther v. Hall et al. And as no new facts, affecting the jurisdiction thus declared to exist in that suit, have been brought into this suit by the [575]*575pleadings and proofs in this cause, the said decision is conclusive as to the jurisdiction of the circuit court of Ritchie county and its authoi’ity to render the decrees and entertain the proceedings now complained of in the said suit of Lowther v. Hall et al.
Its is true the defendant, Moses S. Hall, in his answer to the plaintiffs bill Vavers: “That at the time said real estate was sold, the complainant was absent from home within the lines of the so-called Confederate States, where he had been for several years .diligently seeking after his rights.” But as there is a general replication to said answer and no proof to sustain said averment this Court cannot consider it as a fact in the cause. The effect of that averment, if it had been proved or admitted by the plaintiff, it is not proper for me to consider. Haymond v. Camden, supra.
The questions as'to the jurisdiction of the court to entertain the suit of Lowther v. Hall et al. and the eftect of the residence pi the plaintiff and defendant, Cyrus Hall, in the territory of belligerents hostile to each other at the time said suit was institfited and the property of said Cyrus Hall sold, have been elaborately argued before this Court. But for the reasons just stated, that- the former of said questions is res judicata, and the latter does not arise upon the record now before us, we cannot consider them. The only enquiry open to us and which we can properly determine in the cause is, whether there are any errors apparent upon the record of the said suit of Lowther v. Hall et al. for which we can, upon the pleadings and proofs now before us, reverse and set aside the decrees and sale complained of or either of them ?
I think the bill in this case is amply sufficient to enable us to review the said decrees — Story’s Eq. PI. § 403; Adams Eq. 878; Whiting v. Bank, 13 Pet. 13; Sturm v. Fleming, supra.
A bill of review, such as this, cannot be sustained in favor of a party who cannot he benefited by the revisal or modification of the decrees sought to be reviewed — 2 Rob. (old) Pr. 416-17; Story’s Eq. PI. § 409; Webb v. Pell, 3 Paige 368. Therefore, inasmuch as the plaintiff here does not assail the justice of the debt decreed against him or demand restitution of the proceeds . of the sale, but asks only that the said de[576]*576crees may be set aside and that he may be restored to the possession of, and his title quieted to;.the house g,nd lots sold in said suit; his bill cannot be sustained unless the relief so asked can be granted him. > This relief cannot be granted-unless the errors complained are suchas vitiate'said sale and warrant this Court in setting the same aside. The first question their to be .considered is whether or not as against the purchaser or-assignee, Moses S. Hall, said sale can be set aside ? ■ ' -
The proceedings under which said sale was made as well as its effect-and «the rights- of the purchaser to tlie-property sold are entirely statutory and by the statute they must' be condemned or sustained and the sale set aside or -confirmed. This statute, being an innovation -upon the principles-of-the common law it must,'according to the well established rule in such cases, be strictly construed, and unless' the sale made was authorized by the terms or- the obvious meaning-and intent of the statute, it cannot be sustained — Delaplain v. Armstrong, 21 W. Va. 211.
The law authorizing sales-in such cases-will.-be-found in chapter 151 of the Code of Yu. Section-23 of said chapter provides that, “if the claim of the plaintiff be established, judgment or decree shall be rendered for him, and the court shall dispose-of the specific''property'mentioned in the-second section as may be right; and ■ order - the sale of any other effects or real estate •*.*,**. and direct- the- proceeds of sale * * * -to-be applied in satisfaction of the judgment or decree.” The next section, '24,- is as follows : • “But if the defendant, against whom the claim is, has not appeared or been served with a copy of the attachment sixty days before- such-decree, the'plaintiff-shall not have the-benefit of-the preceding section, unless or until he shall have given bond, with sufficient security, in such penalty as the court shall approve, with condition to perform such future order as may be made upon the appearance of said defendant and his making defence.”' In section 27 it is- declared that the defendant, “On giving security for costs, shall be admitted to make defence against such judgment or decree, as if he had appeared in the case before the same was rendered, except that the title of abona fide purchaser to any property, real or personal,- sold - under such [577]*577attachment, shall not be brought in question or impeached.” And section 28, provides that on any re-hearing “the court may order' the plaintiff in the original suit to restore any money paid to him under such judgment or decree” &c.
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Snyder, Judge:
"When the case of Hall v. Hall, 12 W. Va. 1, was before this Court, the whole record of the proceedings had in the. suit of Alexander Lowther v. Cyrus Hall et al., exhibited in, and sought to be reviewed in this cause, was made a part of the record in that case, and the question, whether or not the circuit court of Ritchie county had jurisdiction to render the decrees made in said suit, was then directly presented to, and passed upon by this Court. By the decision then made on that question the appellant in this cause is concluded. It being a matter directly in issue and necessary to the determination of that case, the court had jurisdiction of it; and, therefore, in any subsequent controversy between the same parties or their privies that question is res judicata and cannot be further enquired into by any court either directly or collaterally— Western M. & M. Co. v. Va. C. C. Co., 10 W. Va. 250; Corrothers v. Sargent, 20 Id. 351.
• But the action in that case, being a collateral and not a direct proceeding, the decision made therein was not conclusive in the court below nor is it in this Court, in any direct proceeding in the same suit to reverse and set aside the decrees entered therein for errors committed by the court. Because in such collateral suit, if the court had jurisdiction to render the decrees complained of, no errors or irregularities, however palpable and gross they might appear to be, could be enquired into or corrected in such collateral suit— Freem. on Judgts. § 229. But such decrees may be reviewed and errors corrected therein, by a re-hearing of the same suit in the court which rendered such decrees, or on appeal therefrom to the appellate court, or by any direct proceeding, notwithstanding the fact that such decrees may have been held binding and conclusive upon the parties in such collateral suit. These principles are elementary and need no argument or citation of authorities to sustain them.
Reference to the decision of this Court in said case of Hall v. Hall, supra, shows that the court expressly decided in that case that the circuit court of Ritchie county had jurisdiction to render the decrees in the said suit of Lowther v. Hall et al. And as no new facts, affecting the jurisdiction thus declared to exist in that suit, have been brought into this suit by the [575]*575pleadings and proofs in this cause, the said decision is conclusive as to the jurisdiction of the circuit court of Ritchie county and its authoi’ity to render the decrees and entertain the proceedings now complained of in the said suit of Lowther v. Hall et al.
Its is true the defendant, Moses S. Hall, in his answer to the plaintiffs bill Vavers: “That at the time said real estate was sold, the complainant was absent from home within the lines of the so-called Confederate States, where he had been for several years .diligently seeking after his rights.” But as there is a general replication to said answer and no proof to sustain said averment this Court cannot consider it as a fact in the cause. The effect of that averment, if it had been proved or admitted by the plaintiff, it is not proper for me to consider. Haymond v. Camden, supra.
The questions as'to the jurisdiction of the court to entertain the suit of Lowther v. Hall et al. and the eftect of the residence pi the plaintiff and defendant, Cyrus Hall, in the territory of belligerents hostile to each other at the time said suit was institfited and the property of said Cyrus Hall sold, have been elaborately argued before this Court. But for the reasons just stated, that- the former of said questions is res judicata, and the latter does not arise upon the record now before us, we cannot consider them. The only enquiry open to us and which we can properly determine in the cause is, whether there are any errors apparent upon the record of the said suit of Lowther v. Hall et al. for which we can, upon the pleadings and proofs now before us, reverse and set aside the decrees and sale complained of or either of them ?
I think the bill in this case is amply sufficient to enable us to review the said decrees — Story’s Eq. PI. § 403; Adams Eq. 878; Whiting v. Bank, 13 Pet. 13; Sturm v. Fleming, supra.
A bill of review, such as this, cannot be sustained in favor of a party who cannot he benefited by the revisal or modification of the decrees sought to be reviewed — 2 Rob. (old) Pr. 416-17; Story’s Eq. PI. § 409; Webb v. Pell, 3 Paige 368. Therefore, inasmuch as the plaintiff here does not assail the justice of the debt decreed against him or demand restitution of the proceeds . of the sale, but asks only that the said de[576]*576crees may be set aside and that he may be restored to the possession of, and his title quieted to;.the house g,nd lots sold in said suit; his bill cannot be sustained unless the relief so asked can be granted him. > This relief cannot be granted-unless the errors complained are suchas vitiate'said sale and warrant this Court in setting the same aside. The first question their to be .considered is whether or not as against the purchaser or-assignee, Moses S. Hall, said sale can be set aside ? ■ ' -
The proceedings under which said sale was made as well as its effect-and «the rights- of the purchaser to tlie-property sold are entirely statutory and by the statute they must' be condemned or sustained and the sale set aside or -confirmed. This statute, being an innovation -upon the principles-of-the common law it must,'according to the well established rule in such cases, be strictly construed, and unless' the sale made was authorized by the terms or- the obvious meaning-and intent of the statute, it cannot be sustained — Delaplain v. Armstrong, 21 W. Va. 211.
The law authorizing sales-in such cases-will.-be-found in chapter 151 of the Code of Yu. Section-23 of said chapter provides that, “if the claim of the plaintiff be established, judgment or decree shall be rendered for him, and the court shall dispose-of the specific''property'mentioned in the-second section as may be right; and ■ order - the sale of any other effects or real estate •*.*,**. and direct- the- proceeds of sale * * * -to-be applied in satisfaction of the judgment or decree.” The next section, '24,- is as follows : • “But if the defendant, against whom the claim is, has not appeared or been served with a copy of the attachment sixty days before- such-decree, the'plaintiff-shall not have the-benefit of-the preceding section, unless or until he shall have given bond, with sufficient security, in such penalty as the court shall approve, with condition to perform such future order as may be made upon the appearance of said defendant and his making defence.”' In section 27 it is- declared that the defendant, “On giving security for costs, shall be admitted to make defence against such judgment or decree, as if he had appeared in the case before the same was rendered, except that the title of abona fide purchaser to any property, real or personal,- sold - under such [577]*577attachment, shall not be brought in question or impeached.” And section 28, provides that on any re-hearing “the court may order' the plaintiff in the original suit to restore any money paid to him under such judgment or decree” &c.
It is apparent from these provisions that the Legislature, in the enactment of this statute and authorizing the sale of property of an absent defendent by ex-parte proceedings, was fully aware of the great injustice that might be done to the defendent by an abuse or oppressive use of such proceedings, and it, therefore, used great precaution in plácing upon them every reasonable restriction and limitation it was possible to do, to prevent such abuse, and such as would effectually guard and protect both the rights of the defendent and the bona fide purchaser in such cases. In order to secure indemnify to the defendent and to protect the title of' the purchaser, it expressly declared, that the plaintiff should not have the benefit of the provision authorizing the sale of the property unless and until he shall have given bond with security to answer any future order made in the case. This was intended to secure the defendent against any damage that might be done him by the wrongful employment or abuse of the provisions of the statute, without the necessity of resorting to the property sold. It -was also intended that this bond,' by thus securing indemnity to the defendent, should protect the title of the purchaser of 'the property; for in case such bond was given and the purchase was bona fide, the defendent is confined to his remedy on the bond and cannot question or impeach the title of the property so purchased. But in order to make this indemnity and redress to the defendant effectual and protect the title of the purchaser, the statute made it a condition precedent that before any sale could be made* the plaintiff should give such bond. Until such bond is given the statute does not authorize the sale to take place. It also provides that the penalty of the bond shall be such “as the court shall approve,” thereby making it necessary for the court, by its order or decree entered of. record in the suit, as its orders can only appear by its records, to fix the penalty of the bond. Unless and until such order is made fixing the penaltjr and the bond actually given no sale can be made under the provisions of the statute; and if a sale is. made [578]*578without such bond such sale will not only be made without authority from the statute but against the express and positive command of it. A sale thus made in violation of and not under the statute can confer no title upon the purchaser, lie will not be heard-to claim the protection oí the statute in a'ease where the sale was made, not under, but in direct violation of the very statute under which such claim is made. If the sale had been made by authority of the statute he would have been entitled to the protection provided by the statute, but having purchased at a sale made without .the authority of the statute, he can claim no such protection. And as a matter of justice there is no great hardship to the purchaser in this construction of the statute. lie had notice of the character of the sale and access to the records. He is conclusively presumed to know the law and it was his duty to see that the bond was given which the law made a condition precedent to any sale under the statute. There is certainly no greater hardship in placing this duty upon a purchase!’ in au attachment suit than it is to require the purchaser in other judicial sales to see that the commissioner making the sale or collecting the purchase-money has given the bond required by law in such cases. In the latter, it is the settled law of this State that a purchaser who pays the purchase-money to a commissioner who has not given bond as such commissioner will not be discharged by such payment, but in case the money is not paid over by the commissioner he will be compelled to pay it again to the proper parties — Donahoe v. Fackler, 21 W. Va. 124; Tyler v. Toms, 75 Va. 116.
In- the case at bar no order was made fixing the penalty of the bond required by said section 24, nor was any such bond in fact given by the plaintiff, nor did the defendant appear nor was he served with a copy of the attachment before the decree of sale as required by said section 24 of chapter 151. It, thérefore, follows necessarily, that the sale made to- J. M. Stephenson of the appellant’s property was without any legal authority and must be set aside and that the decree of March 23, 1864, confirming said sale and directing the commissioner to convey said proverty to the purchaser is erroneous and must be reversed. The appellee, [579]*579Moses S. Hall, having been substituted to the rights of said J. M. Stephenson, the purchaser, and the commissioner having made the deed for said property to him directly as such substituted purchaser, he can stand on no higher ground or better position than the said Stephenson and, therefore, the deed made to him, dated March 23, 1864, is invalid and must also be set aside. Hut if it shall hereafter appear, as is suggested by his answer filed to the plaintiff's bill, that said Moses S. Hall placed valuable permanent improvements upon said property and that the appellant was cognizant of the fact at the time they were being placed thereon and made no protest and did not then question the title of said Moses S. Hall to said property, he shall be entitled to compensation for such improvements in the manner and to the extent provided for by chapter 91 of the Code of this State and in the same manner he shall be charged with the rents and profits of said property. Walker v. Beauchler, 27 Gratt. 511.
The aforesaid decree of June 21, 1863, was also erroneous, because it contained no order fixing the penalty of the bond required by section 24 of chapter 151 of the Code of Virginia, and also upon the ground that it gives a personal decree against the defendant therein for the debt of three hundred and thirteen dollars and eighty-eight cents instead of simply decreeing satisfaction of said debt out of the attached property. — Rootes v. Tompkins, 3 Gratt. 94.
The questions already considered having disposed of all the decrees complained of by the appellant in his bill of review, it is unnecessary to consider the many other points raised and elaborately argued before this Court.
For the reasons aforesaid, I am of opinion that the said decree of May 6, 1879, is erroneous and must be reversed with costs to the appellant against the appellees, Moses S. Hall and Alexander Lowther; and the cause is remanded to the circuit court of Ritchie county for further proceedings there to had according to the principles announced in this opinion.
JüDSES GllEEN AND WOODS CONCURRED.
HeveRsed. Remanded.