Mr. Justice Robb
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The first question for determination is whether the District, never having opened this alley as a public alley, was under any obligation to maintain it as such. This obligation does not necessarily follow from the. mere fact of dedication and its acceptance by the District. Supposing a canal had crossed the alley, it would hardly be contended that it could have been considered a public thoroughfare? until the District had spanned the canal with a bridge and opened the alley for public travel. It usually requires more than a mere dedication or condemnation of land for a public street to make it available as such, and common sense dictates that the District ought not to be held liable for a defect in a street until it has either opened it for travel or treated it as so opened. “The responsibility of the authorities for the condition of a highway begins when they have actually opened it for public travel.” Elliott, Roads & Streets, p. 456. “The mere fact of establishing a highway by judicial action does not, of itself, so open it to the public as to render towns liable for accidents that may occur to travelers thereon. After it is thus legally established, it is to be prepared for public use. Labor is to be performed upon it. Bridges are to be built, hills cut down, and valleys filled up; obstructions are to be removed, and rough places to be made smooth.” Blaisdell v. Portland, 39 Me. 113. In Hunter v. Weston, 111 Mo. 176, 17 L.R.A. 633, 19 S. W. 1098, it was ruled that an alley not open for public use or used in fact as an alley, and which exists only on a recorded plat of a city addition, is not within ordinances prohibiting unguarded excavations near an alley or other public place or vehicles therein.
The case of Benton v. St. Louis, 217 Mo. 687, 129 Am. St. Rep. 561, 118 S. W. 418, relied upon by the plaintiff, is easily [113]*113distinguishable from this case. That was an action for the death of a child who was drowned in a hole adjacent to a defective sidewalk, and, there being evidence warranting the finding that the city had treated and recognized the locus as a public street actually in use, the city was held liable. This ruling was in accord with that of the Supreme Court of the United States in New York v. Sheffield, 4 Wall. 189, 18 L. ed. 416, where it was ruled that if the authorities of a city or town have treated a place as a public street, taking charge of it and regulating it as they do other streets, they cannot, when sued for an injury occasioned by the defective condition of that street, defend themselves by alleging want of authority in establishing the street. So, too, in Manchester v. Ericsson, 105 U. S. 347, 26 L. ed. 1099, it was ruled that, in a suit against the city for damages sustained by a party who fell at night from a causeway erected within its limits by an incorporated bridge company, but which was not provided with a proper guard or protection, although it extended from the company’s bridge to the level of the street, the question of fact as to whether the city treated the causeway as a street, and assumed such control of the locus in quo as to incur liability for its condition, was for the determination of the jury. See also Newport News v. Scott, 103 Va. 794, 50 S. E. 266. The alley in question was a mere paper street, had not been opened to public travel, had not been used by the public as a street, and hence the District authorities were under no obligation to maintain it as a public street.
But this alley was land belonging to the District of Columbia, and the question therefore arises whether the District owed a duty to the plaintiff’s intestate to maintain it in such a condition that he, in common with children of the neighborhood, would not be liable to injury if he resorted to it. In the Turntable Case (Sioux City & P. R. Co. v. Stout, 17 Wall. 657, 21 L. ed. 745), recovery was permitted where a child had been injured in playing with a turntable on the premises of the railroad company, the turntable being unlocked and unguarded and in such a condition that injury was almost certain to follow if children played with it. The court found that this device was a dangerous machine, attractive to children, and that the injury [114]*114which occurred was one that might have been anticipated by the company. In the Slack Pit Case (Union P. R. Co. v. McDonald., 152 U. S. 262, 38 L. ed. 434, 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 619), the railroad operated a coal mine within a few hundred feet of its depot and a small village. Between the shaft house of the mine and the depot were the tracks of the railroad. A narrow, rough, and uneven footpath extended from the depot building over the railroad tracks and close to the slack pit. This pit contained a large quantity of coal slack that was constantly burning underneath, the surface, however, containing a covering of ashes sufficient in depth to conceal the fire underneath. The plaintiff, a lad of about twelve years, was visiting in the village and went to the mine along the path previously mentioned, was frightened by mine boys, started back along the path, slipped and fell into the burning slack and was severely injured. Under a law of the State of Colorado such slack pits were required to be fenced, and a violation of the law was punishable by a fine, and, in addition, .the violator was declared liable to any party injured. The court, however, proceeded to treat the question upon general grounds, and in its opinion said: “In the present case there was no express invitation to the plaintiff to come upon the premises of the railroad company for any purpose. 'But if the company left its slack pit without a fence around it, or anything to give warning of its really dangerous cqndition, and knew or had reason to believe that it was in a place where it would attract the interest or curiosity of passers-by, can the plaintiff, a boy of tender years, be regarded as a mere trespasser, for whose safety and protection while on the premises in question, against the unseen danger referred to, the railroad company was under no duty or obligation whatever to make provision V’ Later on in the opinion the court said: “The slightest regard for the safety of these children would have suggested that they were in danger from being so near a pit, beneath the surface of which was concealed (except when snow, wind, or rain prevailed) a mass of burning coals into which 8, child might accidently fall and be burned to death. Under all the circumstances the railroad company ought not to be heard to say that the plaintiff, a mere lad, moved by curiosity to see [115]*115the mine in the vicinity of the slack pit, was a trespasser, to whom it owed no duty, or for whose protection it was under no obligation to make provision.”
A review of these two cases shows that they differ materially from the case under consideration. The turntable, as expressly found by the court, was a dangerous machine, and its dangerous condition, while apparent to the railroad company, was not apparent to children, to whom it was an attractive plaything. The company should have known if it left this machine unlocked and unguarded in a place where children were almost certain to play with it, serious results would almost inevitably follow.
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Mr. Justice Robb
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The first question for determination is whether the District, never having opened this alley as a public alley, was under any obligation to maintain it as such. This obligation does not necessarily follow from the. mere fact of dedication and its acceptance by the District. Supposing a canal had crossed the alley, it would hardly be contended that it could have been considered a public thoroughfare? until the District had spanned the canal with a bridge and opened the alley for public travel. It usually requires more than a mere dedication or condemnation of land for a public street to make it available as such, and common sense dictates that the District ought not to be held liable for a defect in a street until it has either opened it for travel or treated it as so opened. “The responsibility of the authorities for the condition of a highway begins when they have actually opened it for public travel.” Elliott, Roads & Streets, p. 456. “The mere fact of establishing a highway by judicial action does not, of itself, so open it to the public as to render towns liable for accidents that may occur to travelers thereon. After it is thus legally established, it is to be prepared for public use. Labor is to be performed upon it. Bridges are to be built, hills cut down, and valleys filled up; obstructions are to be removed, and rough places to be made smooth.” Blaisdell v. Portland, 39 Me. 113. In Hunter v. Weston, 111 Mo. 176, 17 L.R.A. 633, 19 S. W. 1098, it was ruled that an alley not open for public use or used in fact as an alley, and which exists only on a recorded plat of a city addition, is not within ordinances prohibiting unguarded excavations near an alley or other public place or vehicles therein.
The case of Benton v. St. Louis, 217 Mo. 687, 129 Am. St. Rep. 561, 118 S. W. 418, relied upon by the plaintiff, is easily [113]*113distinguishable from this case. That was an action for the death of a child who was drowned in a hole adjacent to a defective sidewalk, and, there being evidence warranting the finding that the city had treated and recognized the locus as a public street actually in use, the city was held liable. This ruling was in accord with that of the Supreme Court of the United States in New York v. Sheffield, 4 Wall. 189, 18 L. ed. 416, where it was ruled that if the authorities of a city or town have treated a place as a public street, taking charge of it and regulating it as they do other streets, they cannot, when sued for an injury occasioned by the defective condition of that street, defend themselves by alleging want of authority in establishing the street. So, too, in Manchester v. Ericsson, 105 U. S. 347, 26 L. ed. 1099, it was ruled that, in a suit against the city for damages sustained by a party who fell at night from a causeway erected within its limits by an incorporated bridge company, but which was not provided with a proper guard or protection, although it extended from the company’s bridge to the level of the street, the question of fact as to whether the city treated the causeway as a street, and assumed such control of the locus in quo as to incur liability for its condition, was for the determination of the jury. See also Newport News v. Scott, 103 Va. 794, 50 S. E. 266. The alley in question was a mere paper street, had not been opened to public travel, had not been used by the public as a street, and hence the District authorities were under no obligation to maintain it as a public street.
But this alley was land belonging to the District of Columbia, and the question therefore arises whether the District owed a duty to the plaintiff’s intestate to maintain it in such a condition that he, in common with children of the neighborhood, would not be liable to injury if he resorted to it. In the Turntable Case (Sioux City & P. R. Co. v. Stout, 17 Wall. 657, 21 L. ed. 745), recovery was permitted where a child had been injured in playing with a turntable on the premises of the railroad company, the turntable being unlocked and unguarded and in such a condition that injury was almost certain to follow if children played with it. The court found that this device was a dangerous machine, attractive to children, and that the injury [114]*114which occurred was one that might have been anticipated by the company. In the Slack Pit Case (Union P. R. Co. v. McDonald., 152 U. S. 262, 38 L. ed. 434, 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 619), the railroad operated a coal mine within a few hundred feet of its depot and a small village. Between the shaft house of the mine and the depot were the tracks of the railroad. A narrow, rough, and uneven footpath extended from the depot building over the railroad tracks and close to the slack pit. This pit contained a large quantity of coal slack that was constantly burning underneath, the surface, however, containing a covering of ashes sufficient in depth to conceal the fire underneath. The plaintiff, a lad of about twelve years, was visiting in the village and went to the mine along the path previously mentioned, was frightened by mine boys, started back along the path, slipped and fell into the burning slack and was severely injured. Under a law of the State of Colorado such slack pits were required to be fenced, and a violation of the law was punishable by a fine, and, in addition, .the violator was declared liable to any party injured. The court, however, proceeded to treat the question upon general grounds, and in its opinion said: “In the present case there was no express invitation to the plaintiff to come upon the premises of the railroad company for any purpose. 'But if the company left its slack pit without a fence around it, or anything to give warning of its really dangerous cqndition, and knew or had reason to believe that it was in a place where it would attract the interest or curiosity of passers-by, can the plaintiff, a boy of tender years, be regarded as a mere trespasser, for whose safety and protection while on the premises in question, against the unseen danger referred to, the railroad company was under no duty or obligation whatever to make provision V’ Later on in the opinion the court said: “The slightest regard for the safety of these children would have suggested that they were in danger from being so near a pit, beneath the surface of which was concealed (except when snow, wind, or rain prevailed) a mass of burning coals into which 8, child might accidently fall and be burned to death. Under all the circumstances the railroad company ought not to be heard to say that the plaintiff, a mere lad, moved by curiosity to see [115]*115the mine in the vicinity of the slack pit, was a trespasser, to whom it owed no duty, or for whose protection it was under no obligation to make provision.”
A review of these two cases shows that they differ materially from the case under consideration. The turntable, as expressly found by the court, was a dangerous machine, and its dangerous condition, while apparent to the railroad company, was not apparent to children, to whom it was an attractive plaything. The company should have known if it left this machine unlocked and unguarded in a place where children were almost certain to play with it, serious results would almost inevitably follow. In other words, this machine was inherently dangerous, and the circumstances were such that it was incumbent upon the railroad company to use reasonable precautions to protect thoughtless children from being injured by it. Its disregard for the safety of the children it knew to frequent the vicinity was so great that it was not permitted to escape liability for the almost inevitable consequences by interposing a plea that it owed them no duty. This reasoning applies with even greater force to the slack pit case, for there the defendant was violating a law of the State by maintaining a place that was a menace to human life, and under conditions amounting to the grossest negligence.
In the present case there was nothing inherently dangerous either in this alley or in the fact that the embankment wall along its southern side was not guarded. Children had played there for a considerable time apparently without mishap. Conditions were observable by all. If the District is to be held liable in this case, then it necessarily follows that it is its duty to fence every pond and every stream, and make absolutely safe every foot of ground under its jurisdiction, when children are liable to resort thereto. In McGraw v. District of Columbia, 3 App. D. C. 4-05, 25 L.R.A. 691, which was an action for the death of a boy at a bathing beach in the District prior to the opening of the beach for public use, the court ruled that the District was not liable. In Sullivan v. Huidekoper, 27 App. D. C. 154, 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 263, 7 Ann. Cas. 196, it was ruled that no duty rests upon the owner of real estate on whose land [116]*116' is an. open and unfenced pond, to keep his land safe for a tres- ■ passer, even though that trespasser is a child of tender years. The court said: “The danger of children who go to swim in ponds and other bodies of water is remote, and accidents are comparatively of rare occurrence. To hold an owner of real estate upon which there is a body of water, liable for the accidents that may happen to children while trespassing thereon, would be to place upon them an unfair burden.” In McCabe v. American Woolen Co. 124 Fed. 283, affirmed in 65 C. C. A. 59, 132 Fed. 1006, it was held that the defendant was not liable for maintaining an unguarded mill trench having precipitous banks, near the house of the father of the child who fell in and was drowned. The court distinguished the case from the Turntable and Slack Pit Cases, saying: “The case at bar, however, is essentially distinct in this particular. This canal was permanent, open, and plain to view,—as much so as though it had been a natural stream,-—and suggests nothing whatever which would change the relations of the parties from -what they would have been had it been a brook or a river. * * * ^Te think, therefore, that this canal was an object of guch a character that, both from the reason of the thing and the customs of the community, the defendant was entitled to assume that the plaintiff’s natural guardians would protect him .from any dangers attached thereto, as they easily could and ought'to have done.” Savannah, F. & W. R. Co. v. Beavers, 113 Ga. 398, 54 L.R.A. 314, 39 S. E. 82, 10 Am. Neg. Rep. 8, was an action for the death of a child, the death resulting from a fall into an unguarded excavation upon defendant’s premises. The court, after an exhaustive review of the authorities, ruled against recovery, distinguishing the case from the Turntable and Slack Pit Cases. In Loftus v. Dehail, 133 Cal. 214, 65 Pac. 379, the action was by an infant of seven years of age to recover damages for injuries sustained in falling into a cellar of defendant’s situated on a vacant lot in the city of Los Angeles. Recovery was denied. See also Gillespie v. McGowan, 100 Pa. 144, 45 Am. Rep. 365; Ratte v. Dawson, 50 Minn. 450, 52 N. W. 965; Bottum v. Dawks, 84 Vt. 370, 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 440, 79 Atl. 858, Ann. Cas. 1913A, 1025, 3 N. C. C. A. 186.
[117]*117The alley in tbe present case had not been designated as a public playground, and hence the children who frequented it were not there upon the invitation of the District authorities, either express or implied. The District, therefore, was under no greater duty to those children when there than when upon any other portion of the public domain not specially set apart for them. It had not left in a place known to he frequented by children an attractive and inherently dangerous machine that was just as certain to draw a child into peril as poisoned meat placed by the roadside would be likely to attract a neighbor’s dog; nor had it been guilty of another act of gross negligence by maintaining in a public place a concealed danger amounting to a nuisance. It had merely deferred putting a guard rail along land dedicated for an alley until the convenience of tbe public required tbe alley to be improved and opened. If there is to he any limit to the liability of the District in such cases, we must hold that no liability has been shown in this case.
Judgment affirmed, with costs. Affirmed.