Miller, J.
The assignment made by Flanagan to the defendant was in trust to pay all the creditors of the assignor equally and alike, and without any preference; and it was admitted upon the trial that Flanagan, being insolvent, made and executed the assignment in good faith, and to insure, under and by virtue thereof, the distribution of all his property among his creditors without preference. It was also proved that it was made without any intention to delay, hinder or defraud creditors, or to defeat the object of the bankrupt act. The provisions with which it is claimed that the assignment was in conflict, and which rendered it void, declared that “ if any person, being insolvent or in contemplation of insolvency or bankruptcy, within six months before the filing of the petition by or against him, make any payment, sale, assignment, transfer, conveyance, or other disposition of any part of his property, to any person who then has reasonable cause to believe him to be insolvent, or to be acting in contemplation of insolvency, and that such payment, sale, assignment, transfer, or other conveyance, is made with a view to prevent his property from coming to the assignee in bankruptcy, or to prevent the same from being distributed under this act, or to defeat the object of, or in any way impair, hinder, impede or delay the operation and effect of, or to evade any of the provisions of this act, the sale, assignment, transfer or conveyance shall be void, and the assignee may recover the property, or the value thereof, as assets of the bankrupt; and if such sale, assign[30]*30ment-, transfer or conveyance is not made in the usual and ordinary course of business of the debtor, the act shall be prima facie evidence of fraud” (See. section 35, Bankrupt Law ; also the last two clauses, section 39, Bankrupt Law, before the amendment of June, 1874).
Although the referee found that the assignment was void under the bankrupt act, and that it did tend to evade the provisions of the same, and prevent the assignor’s property from being distributed, there is no distinct finding that the assignment was made in direct contravention of the provisions cited, and the fact that it was done in good faith, and without any intention to violate or defeat the provisions of the act, as already stated, rebuts any presumption arising under'the act that it was prima facie fraudulent. The conclusion of the referee referred to, therefore, rests upon the simple fact that the assignment was made, if at all, within six months prior to the filing of a petition in bankruptcy, under the act, in contemplation of insolvency by the bankrupt, and with the knowledge of the defendant, or reasonable cause to believe at the time that Flanagan was insolvent.
The real question to be determined, then, is, whether an act of this kind, made in good faith, and with no fraudulent intent, for the benefit of creditors, is in violation of the spirit and intention of the bankruptcy act, and for that reason fraudulent and void. The provisions cited evidently contemplated not only that the assignor should commit the .act when insolvent, or in contemplation of insolvency, but that the assignee should have reasonable ground to believe that such was the case, and that the assignment was made with a view of preventing the property from being disposed of under the bankrupt act, and as therein provided. As there is no finding of fact that the intent was to evade any of the provisions of the act, and as the proof and admissions show good faith, the conclusion that the assignment was void, and did tend to evade the provisions of the act, does not appear to be warranted. [31]*31The object and purpose of the act in question was to provide a system by which the property of an insolvent could be appropriated and applied to the payment of his debts, in equal and just proportions. The theory upon which the bankrupt act was based is, that no preference shall be allowed, that every creditor shall be entitled to his pro rata, share of the bankrupt’s estate, and thus fraud prevented in the distribution of his assets. When, therefore, an assignment is made for the benefit of all his creditors equally, in good faith, without fraud or any intent found to contravene any provisions of the law, or to hinder, delay or defraud creditors, it is not apparent how such assignment can be considered as a violation of the spirit and intention of the act itself. In Tiffany agt. Lucas (15 Wallace U. S. S. C. R., 410, 412), it was held that two things must concur to bring an assignment within the jurisdiction of the bankrupt act, viz., the fraudulent design of the bankrupt and the knowledge of it on the part of the assignee. Neither of these features characterize the case at bar. The admission and proof establish that there was no such design or knowledge. In fact, that all the parties acted in entire good faith, and with no intent to violate the provisions of the act. The principle is settled in this court that when the debtor has not been proceeded against, or taken any proceedings in the bankrupt court, an assignment for the benefit of creditors by an insolvent debtor, which gives no preference to any creditor, is not an instrument void per se as in hostility to the bankrupt act (Thrasher agt. Bentley, 59 N. Y., 649 ; see, also, Cook agt. Rogers, 31 Mich., 391; Beck agt. Parker, 65 Penn., 462; Hawkins' Appeal, 34 Conn., 548). The fact that proceedings were instituted within the six months provided for by the section cited does not change the application of the rule referred to, unless there is a fraudulent design and knowledge. In Sedgwick agt. Place (1 N. B. R., 204, 673), it was held, in the United States circuit court of New York, by Mr. justice Nelson, that a general assignment, untainted with [32]*32fraud, as against creditors or the bankrupt act, is valid, and the property will not be turned over to the assignee in bankruptcy. An application in this case was made for the benefit of the bankrupt act within six months after the assignment had been made. In Langley agt. Perry (2 Nat. B. Reg., 597), in the United States circuit court of Ohio, where the petition was filed against the debtor within six months, Swathe, J., held that such an assignment was not necessarily a conveyance with an intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors, and where the intention was to secure an equal distribution of all the debtor’s property among all his creditors, it was not a conveyance with an intent to defraud or delay the operation of the bankrupt act. It was said that the innocence or guilt of the act depended upon the mind of him who did it, and it was not a .fraud within the meaning of the bankrupt act unless it was meant to be so.
In Mayer agt. Hillman (U. S. Sup. Ct., reported in 13 Alb. Law J., 200), the general doctrine was upheld that a general assignment for the benefit of creditors was not fraudulent nor absolutely void. Field, J., who delivered the opinion of the court, said there was much force in the position of counsel that such assignment is only a voluntary execution of what the bankrupt court can compel, and as it is not a proceeding in itself fraudulent as to creditors, and does not give a preference to one creditor over another, it conflicts-with no positive inhibition of the statute, and that it had the support of the decisions last above cited.
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Miller, J.
The assignment made by Flanagan to the defendant was in trust to pay all the creditors of the assignor equally and alike, and without any preference; and it was admitted upon the trial that Flanagan, being insolvent, made and executed the assignment in good faith, and to insure, under and by virtue thereof, the distribution of all his property among his creditors without preference. It was also proved that it was made without any intention to delay, hinder or defraud creditors, or to defeat the object of the bankrupt act. The provisions with which it is claimed that the assignment was in conflict, and which rendered it void, declared that “ if any person, being insolvent or in contemplation of insolvency or bankruptcy, within six months before the filing of the petition by or against him, make any payment, sale, assignment, transfer, conveyance, or other disposition of any part of his property, to any person who then has reasonable cause to believe him to be insolvent, or to be acting in contemplation of insolvency, and that such payment, sale, assignment, transfer, or other conveyance, is made with a view to prevent his property from coming to the assignee in bankruptcy, or to prevent the same from being distributed under this act, or to defeat the object of, or in any way impair, hinder, impede or delay the operation and effect of, or to evade any of the provisions of this act, the sale, assignment, transfer or conveyance shall be void, and the assignee may recover the property, or the value thereof, as assets of the bankrupt; and if such sale, assign[30]*30ment-, transfer or conveyance is not made in the usual and ordinary course of business of the debtor, the act shall be prima facie evidence of fraud” (See. section 35, Bankrupt Law ; also the last two clauses, section 39, Bankrupt Law, before the amendment of June, 1874).
Although the referee found that the assignment was void under the bankrupt act, and that it did tend to evade the provisions of the same, and prevent the assignor’s property from being distributed, there is no distinct finding that the assignment was made in direct contravention of the provisions cited, and the fact that it was done in good faith, and without any intention to violate or defeat the provisions of the act, as already stated, rebuts any presumption arising under'the act that it was prima facie fraudulent. The conclusion of the referee referred to, therefore, rests upon the simple fact that the assignment was made, if at all, within six months prior to the filing of a petition in bankruptcy, under the act, in contemplation of insolvency by the bankrupt, and with the knowledge of the defendant, or reasonable cause to believe at the time that Flanagan was insolvent.
The real question to be determined, then, is, whether an act of this kind, made in good faith, and with no fraudulent intent, for the benefit of creditors, is in violation of the spirit and intention of the bankruptcy act, and for that reason fraudulent and void. The provisions cited evidently contemplated not only that the assignor should commit the .act when insolvent, or in contemplation of insolvency, but that the assignee should have reasonable ground to believe that such was the case, and that the assignment was made with a view of preventing the property from being disposed of under the bankrupt act, and as therein provided. As there is no finding of fact that the intent was to evade any of the provisions of the act, and as the proof and admissions show good faith, the conclusion that the assignment was void, and did tend to evade the provisions of the act, does not appear to be warranted. [31]*31The object and purpose of the act in question was to provide a system by which the property of an insolvent could be appropriated and applied to the payment of his debts, in equal and just proportions. The theory upon which the bankrupt act was based is, that no preference shall be allowed, that every creditor shall be entitled to his pro rata, share of the bankrupt’s estate, and thus fraud prevented in the distribution of his assets. When, therefore, an assignment is made for the benefit of all his creditors equally, in good faith, without fraud or any intent found to contravene any provisions of the law, or to hinder, delay or defraud creditors, it is not apparent how such assignment can be considered as a violation of the spirit and intention of the act itself. In Tiffany agt. Lucas (15 Wallace U. S. S. C. R., 410, 412), it was held that two things must concur to bring an assignment within the jurisdiction of the bankrupt act, viz., the fraudulent design of the bankrupt and the knowledge of it on the part of the assignee. Neither of these features characterize the case at bar. The admission and proof establish that there was no such design or knowledge. In fact, that all the parties acted in entire good faith, and with no intent to violate the provisions of the act. The principle is settled in this court that when the debtor has not been proceeded against, or taken any proceedings in the bankrupt court, an assignment for the benefit of creditors by an insolvent debtor, which gives no preference to any creditor, is not an instrument void per se as in hostility to the bankrupt act (Thrasher agt. Bentley, 59 N. Y., 649 ; see, also, Cook agt. Rogers, 31 Mich., 391; Beck agt. Parker, 65 Penn., 462; Hawkins' Appeal, 34 Conn., 548). The fact that proceedings were instituted within the six months provided for by the section cited does not change the application of the rule referred to, unless there is a fraudulent design and knowledge. In Sedgwick agt. Place (1 N. B. R., 204, 673), it was held, in the United States circuit court of New York, by Mr. justice Nelson, that a general assignment, untainted with [32]*32fraud, as against creditors or the bankrupt act, is valid, and the property will not be turned over to the assignee in bankruptcy. An application in this case was made for the benefit of the bankrupt act within six months after the assignment had been made. In Langley agt. Perry (2 Nat. B. Reg., 597), in the United States circuit court of Ohio, where the petition was filed against the debtor within six months, Swathe, J., held that such an assignment was not necessarily a conveyance with an intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors, and where the intention was to secure an equal distribution of all the debtor’s property among all his creditors, it was not a conveyance with an intent to defraud or delay the operation of the bankrupt act. It was said that the innocence or guilt of the act depended upon the mind of him who did it, and it was not a .fraud within the meaning of the bankrupt act unless it was meant to be so.
In Mayer agt. Hillman (U. S. Sup. Ct., reported in 13 Alb. Law J., 200), the general doctrine was upheld that a general assignment for the benefit of creditors was not fraudulent nor absolutely void. Field, J., who delivered the opinion of the court, said there was much force in the position of counsel that such assignment is only a voluntary execution of what the bankrupt court can compel, and as it is not a proceeding in itself fraudulent as to creditors, and does not give a preference to one creditor over another, it conflicts-with no positive inhibition of the statute, and that it had the support of the decisions last above cited. He further stated that it was unnecessary to express any decided opinion upon the question, because its decision was not required, for the disposition of the case. Although the point now presented was not distinctly decided in the case last cited, yet that case in connection with the other cases referred to tend strongly to sustain the doctrine that a general assignment violates no provision of the bankrupt act (see, also, Smith agt. Victoria Ins. Co., 72 Nat. B. R., 185; Smith agt. Victoria Ins. Co., 4 N. B. R., 130; In re Kintzing, 3 N. B. R). There are [33]*33authorities adverse to the cases cited. Most of them are the decisions of the United States district court, which are not as authoritative as the cases already cited, and the distinct point now raised was not made, nor does it appear distinctly in all of them, as in the case here, that any of the assignments were made in good faith and with no design to evade the provisions of the bankrupt act (Foster agt. Harkly, 2 N. B. R., 406 ; In re Smith, 3 id., 377; In re Goldschmidt, 3 id., 164; In re Spencer agt. Ward, 3 id., 519; In re Randall agt. Sutherland, 3 B. R., 18; Prince agt. Northrup, id., 250; In re Wells, 1 id., 171; In re Reid, 1 Dillon, 439 ; Hardy agt. Bruminger, 4 N. B. R., 262). In the last case Wood-buff, J., makes some remarks in regard to the design of the bankrupt act in reference to the property of insolvents, and the effect of some of its provisions which would not apply when the property was in the hands of a receiver appointed by a state court, but the point now raised was not presented, and the case is not analogous. Although some of these cases appear to sanction the doctrine that the bankrupt act absorbs and swallows up all other proceedings in the state courts, yet there are the strongest reasons for holding that the act was not intended to interfere with the debtor, when with an honest purpose and entire good faith he sought to apply his property for the benefit of his creditors, precisely in the same manner as was intended and as would have been done by proceedings under the bankrupt act, and probably at less expense, and far more to the advantage of the creditors. The act was aimed at fraud and preference, and where neither of these are apparent there is no ground for claiming that an equitable distribution of the insolvent’s estate is in violation of th.e law. The latter case to which reference has been made upholds these views very decidedly, and I think should be followed. The court below erred in holding that the assignment was void and tended to evade the provisions of the bankruptcy act, and for this error, without considering the other ques-[34]*34tions raised, the judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to abide the event.
All concur.
Note.—The United States circuit court for the northern district of Ohio, in thé case of The Globe Ins. Co. agt. The Cleveland Ins. Co. (decided April 7, 1876, and recently reported in the National Bankruptcy Register Reps., vol. 14, p. 811), in an exhaustive opinion by Emmons, J., reviewing the English and American authorities upon the subject, held, that a general assignment for the equal benefit of all creditors is void as against an assignee in bankruptcy, being at war with the policy of the bankrupt law; that the same rule was applicable to the law of 1841; that such has always been the rule under each successive English act, and is now a matter of statutory provision in England; that the rule, that where a statute is taken from another country or state which has received a judicial interpretation, the presumption will be that such interpretation is also adopted, held to be applicable, in this instance, with more than ordinary force; that in the laws of 1867 the judicial interpretation which in England held general assignments to be void, as against a claimant, under the bankruptcy law, has been expressly adopted by adding the words, "or to defeat the operation of the act.” It was this effect in England which the courts declared avoided such transfers. The importance of the.question decided makes this conflict of authority between the state and United States court of sufficient interest to the profession to be noted.— [Rép.